We analyze the consequences of illegally residing in a country on the likelihood of reporting a crime to the police and, as a consequence, on the likelihood to become victims of a crime. We use an immigration amnesty to address two issues when dealing with the legal status of immigrants: it is both endogenous as well as mostly unobserved in surveys. Right after the 1986 US Immigration Reform and Control Act, which disproportionately legalized individuals of Hispanic origin, crime victims of Hispanic origin in cities with a large proportion of illegal Hispanics become considerably more likely to report a crime. Non-Hispanics show no changes. Difference-in-differences estimates that adjust for the misclassification of legal status imply that the reporting rate of undocumented immigrants is close to 11 percent. Gaining legal status the reporting rate triples, approaching the reporting rate of nonHispanics. We also find some evidence that following the amnesty Hispanics living in metropolitan areas with a large share of illegal migrants experience a reduction in victimization. This is coherent with a simple behavioral model of crime that guides our empirical strategies, where amnesties increase the reporting rate of legalized immigrants, which, in turn, modify the victimization of natives and migrants.

Este estudio se orienta a comprender las dinámicas del transnacionalismo político de los migrantes colombianos en la ciudad de Nueva York y en el área norte de Nueva Jersey durante el período 1990-2010, a partir de los procesos de desprecio y sufrimiento moral (estigmatización social) que experimentan, las implicaciones de estos procesos en la identidad/autonomía de los migrantes (en tanto generadores de heridas identitarias) y su búsqueda de reconocimiento social. Para ello se abordan los principales factores que, en materia económica, social y política, configuran los contextos de origen y llegada de esta migración a las áreas mencionadas durante el período 1990-2010. Se propone además un marco interpretativo que articula los siguientes aspectos: (1) algunas de las herramientas analíticas propuestas por Axel Honneth, (2) los interrogantes del transnacionalismo político, (3) las particularidades del caso colombiano en el contexto específico de la ciudad de Nueva York y el área norte de Nueva Jersey y (4) algunas de las herramientas de la perspectiva decolonial, las cuales permiten comprender las jerarquías sociales que dan forma a los tipos . . .

Previous research shows that clergy make less money than others with similar levels of education. We use Current Population Survey data to offer five contributions to knowledge about clergy compensation. First, we document and take into account the shift in clergy compensation from the provision of free housing to the payment of housing allowances. Second, although the clergy earnings disadvantage appears to have increased over the last 40 years relative to their educational peers, the picture changes when we exclude the highest income occupations. Clergy have lost ground to doctors, lawyers, and investment bankers, but they have gained ground relative to everyone else. Third, these gains are largely because of decline in the number of hours clergy report working. Fourth, we show that clergy working in churches earn less than clergy working elsewhere. Fifth, we document immediate wage penalties for those who become clergy and, among clergy, for those who begin to work in congregations. Overall, although clergy still earn less than comparable workers, their position has improved in recent decades relative to all but the highest earning occupations.

The Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) is the most widely used type of Current Population Survey (CPS) data because of its rich information on employment, unions, health insurance and taxes. Researchers typically use these data as repeated cross sections despite the longitudinal component of the CPS, which many researchers are unaware of and very few leverage. The IPUMS-CPS (https://cps.ipums.org) project at the University of Minnesota is undergoing a large-scale effort to unlock the enormous research potential of the CPS by making it easier to access and use monthly CPS data and to link observations over time. Making the ASEC available to the research community as part of the larger collection of linked CPS panel data is of enormous value given the widespread use of the ASEC. But the unique aspects of the ASEC compared to other Basic Monthly CPS files make it cumbersome to use it as part of a longitudinal CPS panel. This paper details the complexities of the ASEC oversampling and the creation of an identifier that links the ASEC and the March Basic Monthly data which drastically simplifies analyzing ASEC data as part of a panel of CPS observations.

In this paper, we document the importance of high-skilled immigration for U.S. employment in STEM elds. To begin, we review patterns of U.S. employment in STEM occupations among workers with at least a college degree. These patterns mirror the cycle of boom and bust in the U.S. technology industry. Among younger workers, the share of hours worked in STEM jobs peaked around the year 2000, at the height of the dot-com bubble. STEM employment shares are just now approaching these previous highs. Next, we consider the importance of immigrant labor to STEM employment. Immigrants account for a disproportionate share of jobs in STEM occupations, in particular among younger workers and among workers with a master's degree or PhD. Foreign-born presence is most pronounced in computer-related occupations, such as software programming. The majority of foreign-born workers in STEM jobs arrived in the U.S. at age 21 or older. Although we do not know the visa history of these individuals, their age at arrival is consistent with the H-1B visa being an important mode of entry for highly trained STEM workers into the U.S. Finally, we examine wage dierences between native and foreignborn labor. Whereas foreign-born workers earn substantially less than native-born workers in non-STEM occupations, the native-foreign born earnings dierence in STEM jobs is economically much less signicant. Further, foreign-born workers in STEM elds reach earnings parity with native workers much more quickly than they do in non-STEM elds. Whereas in non-STEM jobs, foreign-born workers require 20 years or more in the U.S. to reach earnings parity with natives, in STEM elds they achieve parity in less than a decade.

Social and economic mobility has long been the cornerstone of American economic democracy - “The American Dream.” Although many suspect mobility in the U.S. is historically low, there are little data to test whether social mobility is low or has, indeed, declined. This Roundtable will present four data projects that create data to examine the changes in socio-economic mobility over time and space. Participants in this Roundtable will demonstrate the importance of their data in evaluating policies that impact socio-economic mobility over time and changes in the well-being of American families. Current and previous APPAM Presidents have stressed that the big data revolution – facilitating analysis of large-scale data sets drawn from administrative records or linked records from multiple sources -- will form the future of evidence-based policymaking. The creation of these integrated data sources will also provide essential input for the new Commission on Evidence-Based Policymaking. The purpose of the Commission is to evaluate survey and administrative sources to “...facilitate program evaluation, continuous improvement, policy-relevant research, and cost-benefit analyses by qualified researchers and institutions.” The four data projects include: The American Opportunity Study (AOS), which will locate individual records in the 1990 long form census and then track the same individuals into the 2000-2010 decennial censuses, the American Community Surveys (ACS), and ultimately future decennial censuses and American Community Surveys. The Census Bureau’s CLIP (Census Longitudinal Infrastructure Project), which creates a longitudinal data set by linking the 2000 and 2010 Census to later ACS data, other survey data, and administrative data, with plans to link the 1940 Census. The Longitudinal, Intergenerational Family Electronic Micro-Database (LIFE-M), which uses vital records linked to Census data to describe the intergenerational transmission of socio-economic inequality for the first two thirds of the 20th century (before the PSID begins). The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), which has been the cornerstone survey used to evaluate socio-economic mobility (using income, earnings, education, or occupation), following the same families since 1968, their offspring and split-offs. The Roundtable consists of Timothy Smeeding, Lee Rainwater Distinguished Professor of Public Affairs and Economics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and one of the founders of the AOS; Martha Bailey, Associate Professor of Economics and Research Associate Professor at the Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan and PI for LIFE-M; Amy O’Hara, Chief of the Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications at the US Census Bureau; David Johnson, the Deputy Director of the PSID and Research Professor at the University of Michigan. Bruce Meyer, McCormick Foundation Professor at Chicago Harris School, who has been actively involved in the development of the Commission on Evidence-Based Policymaking, will moderate the session. Together, these innovative data products, along with survey data, will provide researchers and policy makers a resource of unparalleled statistical power; an opportunity for causal research on an exceptional scale; and a source of data for a wide variety of problems unprecedented in the social and behavioral sciences.

This paper shows the improvement of current characteristic rule learning in Attribute Oriented Induction (AOI) data mining technique. The proposed algorithm was applied with improvement upon current algorithm with 3 steps where the first step is elimination for checking condition if there is no higher level concept in concept hierarchy for attribute. The second step is elimination of attribute removal if fulfill for checking condition if there is no higher level concept. The third step is elimination of attributes in input dataset which no higher level concept in concept hierarchy. The development of these data mining algorithm applied Knowledge Data Discovery (KDD) methodology which consist 7 steps. Current and proposed AOI characteristic rule learning were implemented with server programming such as PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) and using 4 input datasets such as adult, breast cancer, census and IPUMS from University of California, Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository. The experiments showed that proposed AOI characteristic rule are better than current AOI characteristic rule, where experiments upon adult, breast cancer, census, IPUMS datasets have average 11, 3.8, 7.2, 7.2 respectively times better performance. The experiments were carried on AMD A10-7300(1.90 GHz) processor with 8.00 GB RAM

Nearly one in seven young adults in the Houston area is neither working nor in school. Despite the country’s gradual economic recovery following the recent recession, these youth ranging in age from 16 to 24 years, represent an often over-looked segment of society. Nationally, such disconnected youth – referred to here at Opportunity Youth and Young Adults – are estimated to number 6.7 million. Here in Houston, there are an estimated 111,000 disengaged youth and young adults. Many have dropped out of school. Still more finished high school but had few options awaiting them. Barriers like criminal records and a lack of skills, experience or even transportation often work against their best intentions. The cost of inaction is an estimated $30 billion in the Houston area. But there are organizations working to reengage them and help them meet their potential.

This paper examines the temperature-mortality relationship over the course of the twentieth-century United States both for its own interest and to identify potentially useful adaptations for coming decades. There are three primary findings. First, the mortality impact of days with mean temperature exceeding 80 degrees F declined by 75 percent. Almost the entire decline occurred after 1960. Second, the diffusion of residential air conditioning explains essentially the entire decline in hot day-related fatalities. Third, using Dubin and McFadden's discrete-continuous model, the present value of US consumer surplus from the introduction of residential air conditioning is estimated to be $85-$185 billion (2012 dollars).

Syrian immigrants and refugees have frequently been in the news over the past year, and not always in a positive light. President-elect Donald Trump lashed out against Syrians coming to the United States during his campaign, promising a ban on immigration from countries compromised by terrorism, calling for extreme vetting of immigrants from Muslim and Arab nations, and saying of people already granted refugee status who fled Syria, If I win, theyre going back. Considering this negative rhetoric, it may come as a surprise to some that immigrants from Syria who live in the United States are in fact doing very well. They are learning English, getting good jobs, owning homes, and starting businesses at impressive rates. These findings are reassuring and should provide the basis for more informed and thoughtful consideration of how to think about current and future Syrian immigrants and refugees. The Syrian immigrants in the study conducted for this issue brief are overwhelmingly people who came to the United States before the recent refugee crisis. Their success is a positive sign that the United States is a place that can provide opportunity for a wide range of people and shows that immigrants from Syria, like other immigrants, are making a real contribution to local economies around the country. Their success is also encouraging as the United States continues to accept refugees fleeing the horrific Syrian war zone. Those refugees will find that it can help to have a receiving community that includes people who speak the same language; share cultural and, in many cases, religious backgrounds; and understand both sides of the transition that refugees will be making from living in Syria to living in the United States.

Analyzing household income trends across Indiana enables us to understand challenges facing Hoosiers seeking high-quality, affordable housing. In 2013, an estimated 70% of Hoosier households owned their homes, while 30% rented. At $60,041, the median income of homeowners is more than twice that of renters, at $27,005.

We utilize the individual-level World War I Draft Registration Cards matched to late-nineteenth century hurricane paths and the 1940 U.S. Census to explore whether fetal and early childhood exposure to stress caused by hurricanes affects human capital development and labor market outcomes in adulthood. Difference-in-differences estimates indicate that white males who were born in the South and experienced a hurricane either in utero or as infants had lower income at ages 42 to 53. They are robust to alternate specifications of either the treatment or outcome variables, as well as changes in the tolerance for imperfectly matched historical data.

In this technical report we document a methodology developed by the UC Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education to estimate the number of workers impacted by proposed local minimum wage laws, as well as the expected increase in wages. This methodology is similar to that used by researchers to generate impact estimates for national and state minimum wage proposals, but differs in several respects because of significant data limitations for city-or county-based analyses. In Section A we describe the data source, sample definition, and wage variable creation and cleaning. In Section B we describe the process for estimating the number of workers affected and the expected increase in wages. A. Data and Wage Variable Creation 1. Data source We use the 2012-2013 IPUMS American Community Survey (ACS) (https://usa.ipums.org/usa/). We use the ACS rather than the Current Population Survey (CPS) because the ACS (a) has much larger sample sizes, which is critical for local analyses; (b) is representative at the city or county level, which the CPS is not; and (c) allows us to construct a sample based on place of work, which the CPS does not. That said, the ACS does not have a respondent-reported measure of hourly wages; we address this issue below. 2. Sample definition The sample consists of U.S. civilians aged 16 to 64, who had non-zero income in the previous 12 months, who worked last week, and who were not self-employed, unpaid family workers, or federal or state government employees (these groups of workers are not covered by city or county minimum wage laws).

There is a strong cross-border demographic and socioeconomic dynamic between Tijuana and San Diego; job opportunities in San Diego have brought it a growing population of Mexican origin. These two cities' interrelated economies bring about changes in the population and economic activity. This article examines the economic context from 1970 to 2010, including key events such as the Border Industrialization Program, the Simpson-Rodino Act, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the 2008 financial crisis. Tijuana's main employer is manufacturing, while in San Diego services and commerce are the main employers for workers of Mexican origin, who are increasing their participation in the professional services sector.

BACKGROUND Prior research on the New Great Migration of Blacks to the U.S. South from other U.S. regions has neglected the issue of how long Black migrants have lived or can be expected to live in the South. This is a critical omission because duration of residence is an important precondition for and an indicator of migrants integration in receiving areas. Unfortunately, data limitations prevent estimating Black migrants duration of residence in the South in the usual way, using information from retrospective questions and life histories. OBJECTIVE Taking an unconventional but familiar approach, this study develops the first estimates of Black migrants expected duration of residence in the South to shed light on the temporal characteristics of the New Great Migration. METHODS Microdata from four U.S. censuses and an adaptation to the accounting procedures in multiregional life tables are used to estimate Black migrants expected duration of residence in the South between 1965 and 2000 for four birth cohorts (those born in 1920, 1930, 1940, and 1950), with uncertainty. We further disaggregate our results by place of birth (South versus non-South). RESULTS Black migrants could expect to live about half of their remaining life between 1965 and 2000 in the South, with variation across cohorts and by place of birth. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a needed point of reference for research on the New Great Migration of Blacks to the South, and shows how analyses of the age and origindestination structure of migration flows can reveal their implied temporal dynamics.

A household is considered to be housing cost-burdened when its housing costs are greater than 30% of its income. Households at lower incomes are more likely to be housing cost-burdened than those at higher incomes. In fact, 46% of Hoosier renters are housing cost-burdened, particularly at lower incomes.

Hard work is supposed to provide the income to allow people to get by and set their children up for future success. North Carolina policymakers have violated that promise, both with their policy choices that make it more difficult for North Carolinians to connect to good jobs and with their failure to enact the policies that make sure work translates into greater economic security.

In the past decade, most states have banned or considered banning the use of credit checks in hiring decisions, a screening tool that is widely used by employers. Using new Equifax data on employer credit checks, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Consumer Credit Panel/Equifax data, and the LEHD Origin-Destination Employment data, we show that these bans increased employment of residents in the lowest-credit score census tracts. The largest gains occurred in higher-paying jobs and in the government sector. At the same time, using a large database of job postings, we show that employers increased their demand for other signals of applicants’ job performance, like education and experience. On net, the changes induced by these bans generate relatively worse outcomes for those with mid-to-low credit scores, for those under 22 years of age, and for blacks, groups commonly thought to benefit from such legislation.

The U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics recently developed a substantially improved measure of poverty, the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). The SPM has only been released since 2009, and prior efforts by researchers to construct a historical SPM time series have not taken into account an essential element of the new measure - geographical differences in the cost of living - which is necessary for accurately describing poverty trends in important demographic and regional subgroups. We build the first historical SPM time series from 1967-2014 that adjusts poverty thresholds for cost of living. We do so bringing together a constellation of data sources - the Current Population Survey, the Decennial Census, the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Fair Market Rents, and others. We find that geographically adjusting thresholds increases poverty rates in metro areas, the Western states, and among Latinos, but decreases poverty rates in non-metro areas and in the South. The geographic adjustment of poverty thresholds is an impactful component of the SPM.

Is there any return to education in criminal activities? This paper is one of the first to investigate whether education has not only a positive impact on legitimate, but also on illegitimate activities. We use as a case study one of the longest running criminal corporations in history: the Italian-American mafia. Its most successful members were capable businessmen, orchestrating crimes that required abilities that might be learned at school: extracting the optimal rent when setting up a racket, weighting interests against default risk when starting a loan sharking business or organizing supply chains, logistics and distribution when setting up a drug dealing system. We address this question by comparing mobsters to a variety of samples drawn from the United States 1940 Population Census, including a sample of their closest (non-mobster) neighbors. We document that mobsters have one year less education than their neighbors on average. We find that mobsters have significant returns to education of 7.5–8.5% , which is only slightly smaller than their neighbors and 2–5 percentage points smaller than for U.S.-born men or male citizens. Mobster returns were consistently about twice as large as a sample of Italian immigrants or immigrants from all origin countries. Within that, those charged with complex crimes including embezzlement and bookmaking have the highest returns. We conclude that private returns to education exist even in the illegal activities characterized by a certain degree of complexity as in the case of organized crime in mid-twentieth century United States.