Une tâche importante en analyse des données est la compréhension de comportements inattendus ou atypiques de groupes d’individus. Quelles sont les catégories d’individus qui gagnent de particulièrement forts salaires ou au contraire, quelles sont celles qui ont de très faibles salaires ? Nous présentons le problème d’extraction de tels groupes atypiques vis-à-vis d’une variable cible quantitative, comme par exemple la variable ″salaire″, et plus particulièrement pour les faibles et fortes valeurs d’un intervalle déterminé par l’utilisateur. Il s’agit donc de rechercher des conjonctions de variables dont la distribution diffère significativement de celle de l’ensemble d’apprentissage pour les faibles et fortes valeurs de l’intervalle de cette variable cible. Une adaptation d’une mesure statistique existante, l’intensité d’inclination, nous permet de découvrir de tels groupes atypiques. Cette mesure nous libère de l’étape de transformation des variables quantitatives, à savoir l’étape de discrétisation suivie d’un codage disjonctif complet. Nous proposons donc un algorithme d’extraction de tels groupes avec des règles d’élagage pour réduire la complexité du problème. Cet algorithme a été développé et intégré au logiciel d’extraction de connaissances WEKA. Nous terminons par un exemple d’extraction sur la base de données IPUMS du bureau de recensement américain. [An important task in data analysis is understanding unexpected or atypical behaviors of groups of individuals. What are the categories of individuals who earn particularly high wages or on the contrary, which ones have very low wages? We present the problem of extracting such atypical groups from a quantitative target variable, such as the variable "salary", and more particularly for the low and high values ​​of an interval determined by the user. It is therefore a question of looking for conjunctions of variables whose distribution differs significantly from that of the learning set for low and high values ​​of the range of this target variable. A adaptation of an existing statistical measure, the intensity of inclination, we allows to discover such atypical groups. This measure frees us from the step of transformation of the quantitative variables, namely the step of discretization followed by a complete disjunctive coding. So we propose an algorithm for extracting such groups with pruning rules to reduce the complexity of the problem. This algorithm has been developed and integrated into the software WEKA knowledge extraction. We end with an example extracted from the US Census Bureau's IPUMS database.]

A dasymetric map is a type of thematic map where boundaries are altered by the distribution of other phenomena. In dasymetric maps, administrative or enumeration boundaries are redrawn to better represent the distribution of data classes. Dasymetric mapping methods can improve the resolution of historical and present day census data. Using data collected for the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, I use the dasymetric approach to remap the distribution of census data based on residential land use. By overlaying census boundaries with land use and land cover information in a GIS database, census data can be partitioned into places where, from the land use information, we know people live. This method is particularly helpful in parts of the city and suburbs where residential land use is uneven, such as new subdivisions or industrial neighborhoods. This approach can also be employed to improve the spatial resolution of historical data, typically collected at coarse resolutions. I demonstrate with a case study of the Greater Baltimore Region that dasymetric mapping is also an effective method for environmental equity analysis. I conclude with some promises and limitations of this method for urban ecological research

The picture of economic well-being is crucially dependent on the yardstick used to measure it. The LIMEW is different in scope from the official US Census Bureau measure of gross money income (MI) in that our measure includes public consumption, income from wealth, and household production. In previous work, Wolff and Zacharias (2007) found that the median U.S. household was much better off in 2001 relative to 1989 according to LIMEW in comparison to MI. They also found that the racial gap widened according to LIMEW, while MI suggested a mild improvement. On the other hand, the hump-shaped relationship between age and economic well-being was not found when the LIMEW is used as the yardstick, due to the higher relative well-being of the elderly. Measured inequality was lower according to LIMEW than gross money income but the increase between 1989 and 2001 was higher for the LIMEW. In the current study, we extend the LIMEW backward in time to 1959. We find that median LIMEW and MI grew at about the same annual rate from 1959 to 2000 but LIMEW grew much slower from 1959 to 1982 and much faster from 1982 to 2000. Second, LIMEW showed a greater increase in inequality from 1959 to 2000 than MI (7.1 versus 5.7 Gini points), and particularly from 1959 to 1982. Third, the racial gap in mean values narrowed from 1959 to 1989 according to both measures but then widened from 1989 to 2000 according to LIMEW but continued to narrow according to MI.

From 1990 to 2006, the number of Hispanic students in U.S. public schools nearly doubled, accounting for 60% of the total growth in public school enrollment. Approximately 10 million Hispanic students are enrolled in the public K-12 system, comprising nearly one-fifth of public school students in the United States. This issue of "The Progress of Education Reform" looks at three recent research studies on academic success for Hispanic students and offers insights on strategies that show promise in promoting greater educational attainment for Hispanic students. A list of ECS resources is included.

Over the past four decades, income inequality has increased and familystructures have diversified.We argue that family structure has becomean important mechanism for the reproduction of class, race, and genderinequalities. We review studies of income inequality and family structurechanges and find a wide range of estimates of the correlation.Wediscuss how increases in income inequality may lead to increases insingle motherhood, particularly among less educated women. Singlemotherhood in turn decreases intergenerational economic mobility byaffecting childrens material resources and the parenting they experience.Because of the unequal distribution of family structure by raceand the negative effects of single motherhood, family structure changesexacerbate racial inequalities. Gender inequalities also increase as mothersincur more child-related costs and fewer fathers experience familylife with children.

From 1910 to 1940, a period known in U.S. educational history as the high school movement, the fraction of youths enrolled in public and private U.S. secondary schools increased from 18 to 71 percent. The fraction graduating nationwide soared from 9 to 51 percent (see fi gure 9.1) and the increase was even greater in most northern and western states (see fi gure 9.2 for U.S. regional data). Such increases are as large as those achieved in the recent histories of nations undergoing the most rapid of transitions to mass secondary schooling. In South Korea, for example, the fraction graduating from upper secondary school increased from 25 percent to 88 percent in the three decades from 1954 to 1984.

This dissertation examines employment, earnings, and income of the six major foreign and native born Asian groups, namely, Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Koreans, and the Vietnamese for the year 2000. The dissertation makes three contributions. First, it provides an updated analysis of employment and earning attainments of Asian individuals disaggregated by countries of origin, gender, and nativity status using the latest available and most suitable data. Second, it explores the use of a non-parametric technique, namely reweighting, to assess the Asian -white earning gaps. Third, it analyzes intergroup variations in household income, inclination to pool resources, and factors associated with the likelihood of forming nuclear living arrangements. Descriptive statistics document high average levels of employment, earnings, and human capital attainments for Asians relative to whites with notable subgroup differences. The multivariate and reweighting analyses show that foreign born Asians experience greater disadvantage relative to whites than the native born Asians. The gender comparisons indicate that being native relative to being foreign born is more beneficial for Asian women than men, with native born Asian women experiencing higher earnings than white women. Additionally, there is evidence of a 'glass ceiling' among Asian men. At the household level, the descriptive associations show the relative economic position of Asian households depends on the specific measure of household income employed. Asian households experience similar or higher levels of total household income and income per labor hour employed but lower levels of per capita income than white households. Also, a higher inclination to pool resources among the foreign compared to the native born Asian and white households is seen. Intergroup comparisons indicate foreign born Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese households having a greater tendency to pool resources than the foreign born Indians and the Japanese. Multivariate analyses show a positive relationship between the householder's earnings, education, and length of stay and the likelihood of forming nuclear relative to nonnuclear households. The overall findings from this dissertation suggest that - at both the individual and household levels, the differences between the foreign and the native born Asians are more significant than the intergroup variations among Asians.

The most recent data released by the U.S. Census Bureau for 2007 indicate that New York Citys Latino population increased by 2.5% between 2006 and 2007. Puerto Ricans remained the largest national group among all Latinos (778,628) and 33.3% of the total Hispanic population of the City, an increase of .9% since 2006. Even though marginal, this is the first increase noted among the Citys Puerto Rican population since the 1980s. Even though Dominicans decreased by 1.3% from 2006, and this is the first time since the 1980s this has occurred, they continued as New Yorks second largest national group (602,093) and 25.8% of all Latinos. Mexicans continued to be the fastest growing of the Latino nationalities increasing by a remarkable 9.8% between 2006 and 2007. By 2007 the Citys Mexican population stood at 289,755 and 12.4% of the total Hispanic population. Mexicans in New York City have increased by 57.7% since 2000.

This paper examines the impact of living in ethnic enclaves in different parts of the metropolitan area on low-skilled Latino immigrants’ employment accessibility. It does so by comparing the employment status and commuting times of Latinos living in and out of ethnic neighborhoods in central city, inner-ring suburbs and outer-ring suburbs in Chicago, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. Using 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), this paper finds that enclave effect is much muted and spatial mismatch effect evident in the central cities. But in the suburban areas, while as likely to work as nonenclave counterparts, enclave residents tend to commute longer to jobs, suggesting the importance of ethnic networks in enclave neighborhoods. These disparities in commuting duration are not fully compensated for by their wage earnings or neighborhood-level housing costs. Further distinguishing Latino immigrants by gender shows that women are more enclave-disadvantaged than men.

This paper presents the design and the overall plan of the "Digital Application Platform Of History and Geography".The application system is based on Chinese historical data,which mainly come from CHGIS at present.With which researchers from all disciplines can conveniently develop various historical special maps and special historical GIS on literature,archacology,economy,military and so on.

One of the leading explanations for the drastic increase in the labor force participation of married women observed in developed countries during the 20th-century, emphasizes theimportance of technological progress in the household sector (e.g., Greenwood, Seshadri, and Yorukoglu (2005)). In this paper, we provide an assessment of this theory in two steps. First, we propose a simple choice-theoretic model of employment decisions of married women and homeappliances adoption. Second, we use micro-level data from the 1960 and 1970 US censuses to analyze the changes over time in home appliances ownership for households where women work versus households where women do not work. Our model shows that not all women who buy home appliances decide to work. Moreover, the fraction of households that own appliances is slightly higher for women who do not work compared to women who work in both census samples. Finally, the magnitude of the increase in home appliances ownership between 1960 and 1970 is similar for women who work and women who do not work. Based upon these findings, we propose an alternative interpretation of the impact of home appliances on the participation decision of married women, where the demand for home appliances depends on family size and household total income but is unrelated to the work decision. We show that our theory is consistent with all relevant facts, the micro ones and the aggregate ones.

Immigrants from countries with more effective institutions are more likely than other immigrants to have a relationship with a bank and to use formal financial markets more extensively. The evidence that a country's institutional environment shapes beliefs-025EFand by extension the use of financial services-025EFprovides support for policies that focus on institutional reforms in promoting financial access. After holding wealth, education, and other factors constant, the impact of institutional quality in the country of origin affects the financial market participation of all immigrant groups except those who have lived in the United States for more than 28 years. These findings are robust to alternative measures of institutional effectiveness, to controlling for additional country of origin characteristics, and to various methods for addressing potential biases caused by immigrant self-selection.

In the United States, voter turnout rates have been declining for the last 4 decades; however, this pattern differs substantially by region. Southern states have actually seen a fairly dramatic increase in turnout since the 1950s and currently the South and non-South have almost identical rates of voter registration and turnout. Using a series of Heckman probit models, which examine voting as a two-step process of registering and casting a vote, we systematically investigate differences in rates of registering and voting across regions and test explanations for regional convergence over time. Using data from the American National Election Studies (1956-2000), we find that regional convergence in voter registration is primarily due to the removal of formal and informal barriers to registration and voting in the South and declining efforts to mobilize potential voters in the non-South. In addition, we find some fairly distinct differences in which predictors are important to each stage of the voting process; for example, race is a better predictor of registering to vote than voting. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these results.

. . . importantly parental education and income, on their children;s successful transitions to adulthood (Duncan, Featherman, and Duncan 1972; Hogan 1981; Marini 1978a, 1978b). For example, Sandefur and colleagues (this vol., chap.9) show that parental education and family income are positively associated with the likelihood of pursuing higher education and, in general getting off to a good start in early adulthood. Further, Osgood and colleagues (this vol., chap.10, 345) conclude: "The path on takes, therefore, typically reflects the social-class values and resources of one's natal family."

We study US divorce rates, which despite the continuing rise in female labor force participation (FLFP), have been falling since the mid-1980s, reversing a two-decadetrend. A cross section of U.S. states for the year 2000 displays a negative relationship between the divorce rate and FLFP. We present theory and evidence in support of the view that these recent trends are the product of two distinct economic forces: relative to their non-career counterparts, career women display greater selectivity in the search for marriage partners and greater flexibility in sharing the benefits of a marriage with their partners.Greater selectivity implies that career women will be older when they first marry and that their marriages will be of higher average quality, possibly making them lessprone to breakup. Greater flexibility implies that it is easier for two-earner families to re-adjust the intrahousehold allocation to compensate for changes in outside opportunities, making marriages more resistant to shocks. Our evidence shows that both effects may be playing a role in generating the trends the trends.

This thesis utilizes a regression model and three different occupational status scores, namely, Duncan‘s SEI, Nam-Powers-Boyd Occupational Status Score and Prestige Score of Nakao and Treas, to examine the impact of sexual orientation. Previous studies have found that lesbian women have an advantageous wage effect, compared to their heterosexual counterparts irrespective of marital status. A special focus of comparing the occupational status of cohabiting lesbians with married women and cohabiting heterosexual women has not been studied in the past. Using 2006 ACS sample data from IPUMS-USA, the results of this analysis suggested that compared to married women, lesbians obtain a significant advantage in occupational status only with the Nam-Powers-Boyd metric. Compared to cohabiting heterosexual women, lesbians were shown to have an occupational status advantage with regard to each of the three occupational status metrics. In conclusion, using the most appropriate occupational status score such as the Nam-Powers-Boyd Score, lesbians have more occupational status points compared to their heterosexual peers and human capital theory provides a powerful explanation for the lesbians‘ advantageous occupational status.

. . . for growing up exists that is culturally prescribed but flexible enough tot take account of economic and demographic vicissitudes. Individuals learn this timetable both by watching what others do and by taking cues from institutions that are gatekeepers of the life course (Heinz 2001). The fluidity of the timing and sequence of the life course suggests that institutions and actors operate in a contingent fashion -- forming provisional norms that may be altered under certain conditions. As we shall see later . . .