Today there is a strong interest in publishing set-valued data in a privacy-preserving manner. Such data associate individuals to sets of values (e.g., preferences, shopping items, symptoms, query logs). In addition, an individual can be associated with a sen- sitive label (e.g., marital status, religious or political conviction). Anonymizing such data implies ensuring that an adversary should not be able to (1) identify an individual’s record, and (2) infer a sen- sitive label, if such exists. Existing research on this problem either perturbs the data, publishes them in disjoint groups disassociated from their sensitive labels, or generalizes their values by assuming the availability of a generalization hierarchy. In this paper, we pro- pose a novel alternative. Our publication method also puts data in a generalized form, but does not require that published records form disjoint groups and does not assume a hierarchy either; instead, it employs generalized bitmaps and recasts data values in a nonrecip- rocal manner; formally, the bipartite graph from original to anony- mized records does not have to be composed of disjoint complete subgraphs. We configure our schemes to provide popular privacy guarantees while resisting attacks proposed in recent research, and demonstrate experimentally that we gain a clear utility advantage over the previous state of the art.

Immigrant destination typologies are increasingly used to compare immigrant outcomes across geographic areas within the United States. Results from analyses that use destination typologies, however, are sensitive to the choice of criteria that defines destination types, as well as to variations in the geographic unit of analysis. Destination categories may also mask important sources of intra-destination variation. I argue that the study of immigrant destinations could benefit from the use of multilevel modeling. Multilevel models allow researchers to examine how the characteristics of destinations and the individuals within them produce variations in outcomes across immigrantreceiving areas. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, I use the 2005-2009 American Community Survey to examine patterns of school non-enrollment amongMexican origin 15-17 year-olds across U.S. states. My models assess how individual and state-level factors produce between-state variation in the likelihood of Mexican origin non-enrollment. I argue that this modeling technique can inform the future study of immigrant outcomes across destinations.

New research concerning unprecedented growth in the US penal system during the twentieth century creates rich opportunities for prison museums to engage broad audiences in a conversation about the problems of mass incarceration. The case of Eastern State Penitentiary, however, suggests that public historians' ability to call the law into question may be limited by the founding vision of their host intuitions. Specifically at issue are the priorities of historic preservationists whose architectural commitments risk obscuring important histories of race, power, and community. If they do, we stand to forget that many of the same social forces underlying the United States' carceral turn account too for the gentrification of its urban spaces during the late twentieth century. Eastern State's complicity in both may explain why it still struggles to fulfill its mission to place current issues of corrections and justice in an historical framework."

The coverage provisions slated to be implemented under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014, could increase coverage among the U.S. population, including many uninsured veterans. We estimate that nearly half of uninsured veterans would qualify for expanded Medicaid coverage. Another 40 percent of uninsured veterans could potentially qualify for subsidized coverage through health insurance exchanges if they do not have access to affordable employer coverage. However, when we classify states according to how much progress they have made toward implementing exchanges, we find higher rates of uninsurance among veterans in those states that have thus far made the least progress; nearly 40 percent of uninsured veterans and their family members live in these states. To the extent that the ACA can achieve dramatic reductions in uninsurance among veterans and their family members, success will depend on aggressive ACA implementation and enrollment efforts nationwide.

Differential privacy is a robust principle for privacy preserving data analysis tasks, and has been successfully applied to a variety of applications. However, the number of queries that can be answered is limited for preventing privacy disclosure. Once the privacy budget is exhausted, all succeeding queries must be rejected. Therefore, each of the historical query answers is valuable and it is important to exploit them together to learn more about the data. We propose to integrate all available linear query answers into a consistent form that embodies our knowledge learned from the noisy answers, obtaining more accurate answers to past queries and even new queries, improving the data utility. Two distinct approaches are developed for this purpose, one via principle component analysis, and another via maximum entropy method. The second approach also generates a synthetic database, which is useful for differentially private data publishing. One important goal of our work is to ensure that the running time of our approaches does not grow with the cardinality of the universe of a data tuple, so that high-dimensional data with very large domain can still be tackled efficiently.

Over the last several decades, U.S. women's rates of college attendance and completion, which used to be lower than men's, have grown to exceed men's rates by a considerable margin. Following work by Goldin, Katz, and Kuziemko (2006), this paper focuses on the role of teenagers' anticipated labor force participation in explaining the upward trend in women's college-going. A simple formal model implies that individuals with more anticipated lifetime hours of work are more likely to invest in college education. My analysis using data from three National Longitudinal Surveys supports the theoretical implication. This finding, combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion.

This research examines the impact of home country's economic status on immigrant self-employment probability in the U.S. We estimate a probability model and nd that, consistentacross race, immigrants from developed countries are more likely to be self-employed in the U.Sthan are immigrants from developing countries. This result is unexpected given previous re-search which suggests that immigrants from countries with high levels of self-employment tend tobe more involved in self-employment in the U.S. Developing countries, on average, have higherself-employment rates than do developed countries but our research shows that immigrants fromdeveloping countries have similar or lower self-employment probabilities relative to that of na-tive born White-Americans. In contrast, immigrants from developed countries have signicantlyhigher self-employment probabilities relative to that of native born White-Americans. We pro-vide evidence that this result cannot be explained by dierences in wealth or savings of imigrant.Instead, we hypothesize that institutional arrangements in the developed world may be similaracross countries allowing immigrants from developed countries to have an informational or rele-vant skill advantage over immigrants from developing countries. This informational or skill ad-vantage makes it easier for immigrants from developed countries to transition to self-employmentin the U.S. Our results provides evidence in support of this hypothesis

The contemporary economic crisis should be considered within the framework of the contradictions created by theneoliberal model that was adopted in the mid-1970s, in the United States and throughout much of the world. The changes inthe labor market and new forms of workforce exploitation based on deregulation, the increase of off-shoring, and flexiblehiring practices have led to new precarious labor conditions. Due to the crisis, the United States labor market has beencharacterized by four factors: the increase of the unemployment, the unedited growth of the informal sector, a dramatic increase in precarious labor conditions for all workers, especially young people, minorities, and immigrants, and the increasing wage polarization. However, capitalist profit rates have actually substantially increased due to neoliberal policies and the resulting economic crisis. This situation led to a rise in the overexploitation of labor. It has had subsequent effects on unemployment, informal work, precarious labor conditions, and unequal salary distribution, especially in recently created positions. Increased labor flexibility has changed the typical forms of wage employment, and stable employment has been replaced by temporary and part-time employment usually with low wages and without social security and benefits.

In 2007, the Current Population Survey (CPS) introduced a measure that identifies all cohabiting partners in a household, regardless of whether they describe themselves as unmarried partners in the relationship to householder question. The CPS now also links children to their biological, step-, and adoptive parents. Using these new variables, we analyze the prevalence of cohabitation as well as the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of different-sex cohabiting couples during the years 20072009. Estimates of cohabitation produced using only unmarried partnerships miss 18 % of all cohabiting unions and 12 % of children residing with cohabiting parents. Although differences between unmarried partners and most newly identified cohabitors are small, newly identified cohabitors are older, on average, and are less likely to be raising shared biological or adopted children. These new measures also allow us to identify a small number of young, disadvantaged couples who primarily reside in households of other family members, most commonly with parents. We conclude with an examination of the complex living arrangements and poverty status of American children, demonstrating the broader value of these new measures for research on American family and household structure.

Findings from numerous studies indicate that individuals living in more unequal societies are at greater risk for a variety of health problems. However, questions remain about the possible pathways that link health outcomes and income inequality. In general, the debate about how income inequality affects individual health centers around two issues: 1) whether the relationship is representative of the level of social cohesion within a given area, and/or 2) whether it is more indicative of the level of local investment in public health infrastructure. Each of these theories, then, represents a potential mediating mechanism through which income inequality impacts individual health.The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the social cohesion and local investment mechanisms through which income inequality may impact individual-level health outcomes. By examining variation in levels of social welfare spending and civic engagement, I investigate which of these competing variables has a stronger mediating effect in the relationship between income inequality and individual health outcomes. To address this research question, I use data from the Integrated Health Interview Series (IHIS)a collection of microdata based on the public use files of the U.S National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) which is linked to the National Death Index (NDI). Using multi-level modeling techniques, I simultaneously examine the role of environmental-level effects (i.e. degree of local investment/social cohesion) and individual-level effects (e.g. income) on the likelihood of individual mortality in metropolitan areas.The findings presented in this dissertation contradict previous claims about the Income Inequality Hypothesis, which suggests that income inequality is detrimental to individual health. In addition, findings do not support the Social Cohesion or Local Investment Mechanisms as mediating pathways through which income inequality impacts individual health. These results raise questions about the causal effects of income inequality, and the sensitivity of this relationship to level of aggregation and to what factors research choose to control

우리나라는 국가통계체제는 고속성장이라는 국가적 과제와 발전의 궤를 같이 하면서 필요할 때마다 관련 통계를 만들어 왔으며 이로 인해 기초통계가 체계적으로 균형 있게 발전해오지 못 한 한계를 지니고 있다. 변화하는 경제사회 환경에 맞추어 필요통계를 발굴해내는 수요체계 파악, 국제기구의 통계와의 정합성 제고, 유사중복통계 작성 방지, 통계인력의 전문성 제고 등 구조적 문제를 해결하기 위한 법적 및 실질적 운영상의 개선 노력이 필요하다. 국가통계 총괄 · 조정기능 강화하고 실천력이 전제되는 거버넌스 구조를 위해 통계청을 차관급인 처나 장관급 행정부로 격 상시키고 통계기관장을 임기제로 하고 공모를 통하여 선정해야 한다. 행정자료의 활용도 제고를 위한 대통령직속위원회의 신설, 민간 통계생산기관과의 협력강화, 지방자치단체의 통계역량 제고, 자료처리센터의 설치, 마이크로데이터의 공동 활용 시스템 설치 등도 시급한 과제들이다.

In this paper, we develop a gender-specific crosswalk based on dual-coded Current Population Survey data to bridge the change in the Census occupational coding system that occurred in 2000 and use it to provide the first analysis of the trends in occupational segregation by sex for the 1970-2009 period based on a consistent set of occupational codes and data sources. We show that our gender-specificcrosswalk more accurately captures the trends in occupational segregation that are masked using theaggregate crosswalk (based on combined male and female employment) provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Using the 2000 occupational codes, we find that segregation by sex declined over the period but at a diminished pace over the decades, falling by 6.1 percentage points over the 1970s, 4.3 percentage points over the 1980s, 2.1 percentage points over the 1990s, and only 1.1 percentage points (on a decadalbasis) over the 2000s. A primary mechanism by which occupational segregation was reduced over the 1970-2009 period was through the entry of new cohorts of women, presumably better prepared than their predecessors and/or encountering less labor market discrimination; during the 1970s and 1980s, however, there were also decreases in occupational segregation within cohorts. Reductions in segregation were correlated with education, with the largest decrease among college graduates and very little change in segregation among high school dropouts.

It is well known that marital ethnic endogamy declines by immigrant generation, but there is little information on how many generations are required for full marital assimilation. This study for 18801910 includes information on the birthplace of mens grandparents, so we can compare the first, second, third, and later generations. We estimate the odds of marrying a native white woman with native-born parents (NWNP) for Irish, Germans, British, and men of other ethnicities. Most groups even in their third generation still show a significantly lower rate of marital assimilation than native stock men. But mixed ancestry (having at least one NWNP parent or grandparent) can result in nearly complete marital assimilation by the third generation.

This paper uses a gravity model of migration to analyze how income differentials affect the flow of immigrants into U.S. states using annual data from the American Community Survey. We add to existing literature by decomposing income differentials into short- and long-term components and by focusing on newly arrived less-educated immigrants between 2000-2009. Our sample is unique in that 95 percent of our observed immigrant flows equal zero. We accommodate for the zeros by using scaled ordinary least squares, a threshold tobit model from Eaton and Tamura (1994), and the two-part model to analyze the determinants of immigration. Models that include observations with zero flow values find that recent male immigrants respond to differences in (short-term) GDP fluctuations between origin countriesand U.S. states, and perhaps to (long-term) trend GDP differences as well. More specifically, short-run GDP fluctuations pull less-educated male immigrants into certain U.S. states, whereas GDP trends push less-educated male immigrants out of their countries of origin. Effects for less-educated women are less robust, as GDP coefficient magnitudes tend to be much smaller than in regressions for men.

Florida faces growing challenges for meeting the mobility needs of travelers and businesses. The 2060 Florida Transportation Plan forecasts a near doubling of both population and employment over 2010. At the same time, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) acknowledges that available funding will not be sufficient to pay for necessary improvements to the transportation system with the funding gap expected to widen. FDOT has developed several goals to help bridge the gap between transportation demands and funding. For example, FDOT recognizes the goal for enhancing livable communities means providing more choices for where Floridians can live requires more effective transportation options (Florida Department of Transportation, 2010). Such a formidable challenge means, Floridas commuter assistance programs (CAPs) like other transportation programs, will need to make continual improvements. To that end, FDOT has committed to review and update processes and guidelines to make sure Florida is achieving the desired results. This project aligns itself with those goals and objectives. Table 1 summarizes the key performance measures for the statewide CAP effort.This project is the first statewide look at Florida CAPs to help establish a basis for showing future progress. The projects goal is to provide a statewide view of the CAP programs TDM efforts to measure many of the performance measures identified in the 2008 Florida Commuter Assistance Program Performance Measures report. Six of the seven CAPs were evaluated. At the time of the data collection, the CAP programs in District 5, which includes Orlando, Daytona Beach, and Space Coast areas, were reorganizing into a single organization managed by a consultant to the District, and thus the District 5 CAP was excluded from the data collection.The expectation is that the FDOT Districts and CAPs will find value in the following data to help improve performance, including communicating with their peers about ways to continue to deliver more value to their communities. This analysis was based on representative samples from general population living in the areas served by the CAP and another sample drawn from persons who have registered with the programs to receive ride-matching or other services. The general population survey helps assess public awareness of the programs and of program advertising messages, and to assess use of different commute options by the general public. The survey of customers is used to estimate the effects that the programs have had on commuting, measure customer satisfaction, and understand how customers hear about the programs and what services they use.

In agricultural settings, environment shapes patterns of settlement and land use. Using the Great Plains of the United States during the period of its initial Euro-American settlement (18801940) as an analytic lens, this article explores whether the same environmental factors that determine settlement timing and land usethose that indicate suitability for crop-based agriculturealso shape initial family formation, resulting in fewer and smaller families in areas that are more conducive to livestock raising than to cropping. The connection between family size and agricultural land availability is now well known, but the role of the environment has not previously been explicitly tested. Descriptive analysis offers initial support for a distinctive pattern of family formation in the western Great Plains, where precipitation is too low to support intensive cropping. However, multivariate analysis using county-level data at 10-year intervals offers only partial support to the hypothesis that environmental characteristics produce these differences. Rather, this analysis has found that the region was also subject to the same long-term social and demographic changes sweeping the rest of the country during this period.

Approximately 1 million French-Canadians moved to the United States,mainly between 1865 and 1930, and most settled in neighboring New England. In 1900 almost a fifth of all persons born in French Canada lived in the U.S. These migrants exerted considerable efforts to maintain their language and to replicate their home country institutions,most notably the schooling system, in theirnew country. For decades, this resistance to assimilation generated considerable attention and concern in the U.S. The concerns are strikingly similar to those often invoked today in discussions of immigration from Hispanic countries, notably Mexico. Mexicans may not be assimilating into mainstream America as European immigrants did. We look at the convergence in the educational attainment of French Canadian immigrants across generations relative to native English-speaking New Englanders and to European Roman Catholic immigrants. The educational attainment ofFranco-Americans lagged that of their fellow citizens over a long period of time. By the time of the 2000 Census, they appear to have largely achieved parity. The effects of World War II, especially military service,were very important in speeding up the assimilation process through a variety of related channels: educational attainment, language assimilation, marrying outside the ethnicgroup, and moving out of New England. Economic assimilation was very gradual because of the persistence of ethnic enclaves.