There is relatively little comparative research studying religious subgroups of military veterans. Using data from the 1970 United States Census, the income and the influences on the income of Jewish World War II veterans were compared to the income and the influences on the income of non-Jewish World War II veterans. The same analyses were then performed on veterans of the Korean War and the Vietnam War and compared to World War II veterans. Additionally, a novel approach was used to quantify the association of military service during World War II with the income of veterans. Jewish World War II veterans and Jewish Korean War veterans earn a greater amount of income than non-Jewish World War II veterans and non-Jewish Korean War veterans. Military service during World War II is associated with a decrease in the income of Jews and an increase in the income of non-Jews. The influences on income differ by religion, war, and veteran status. The results are discussed within a framework of sociological theory.

In 1922, T. Edward Hill, the director of the West Virginia Bureau of Negro Welfare and Statistics, described his home state as a place where, "the races live side by side, work side by side, co-operate for community uplift and show a spirit of fairness and tolerance unsurpassed anywhere and equaled in but few places."1 Hill's writings are contradicted by ongoing events in the state capital during the years following World War I. During these years, local blacks in Charleston formed one of the most active early branches of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in the nation, under the leadership of a new arrival, the Reverend Mordecai Wyatt Johnson. Their actions revealed the fault lines of race relations in the state capital and the willingness of local blacks to challenge discrimination in their city and state.

Racial distinctions in the United States have long been characterized as uniquely rigid and governed by strict rules of descent, particularly along the black-white boundary. This is often contrasted with countries, such as Brazil, that recognize mixed or intermediate racial categories and allow for more fluidity or ambiguity in racial classification. Recently released longitudinal data from the IPUMS Linked Representative Samples, and the brief inclusion of a mulatto category in the U.S. Census, allow us to subject this generally accepted wisdom to empirical test for the 18701920 period. We find substantial fluidity in black-mulatto classification between censusesincluding notable downward racial mobility. Using person fixed-effects models, we also find evidence that among Southern men, the likelihood of being classified as mulatto was related to intercensal changes in occupational status. These findings have implications for studies of race and inequality in the United States, cross-national research on racial classification schemes in the Americas, and for how demographers collect and interpret racial data.

An important recent labor market trend is the rapid increase in the number of immigrants employed in the information technology sector who have temporary worker status. The dual labor market theory suggests that temporary immigrant workers will be affected more adversely than native workers during a recession. This study uses OLS regression models to predict wages and employment levels (through usual hours worked) in information technology (IT) occupations as a function of immigration status, education level, age, gender, the recession and a set of interactive terms. The results from this study unexpectedly show that employment of native workers in IT occupations fell during the recession while the employment of temporary immigrant workers in IT occupations rose. Also surprising is that wages of temporary immigrant workers in IT occupations do not appear to be significantly different from their native counterparts in those occupations even during the recession. This suggests that employers retained temporary immigrants and even added to their employment to maximize productivity and fill a skills gap rather than realize alternative benefits of retaining native workers in long-term positions.

In the decade following the Mexico-US trade integration, the manufacturing skill premium rose by almost 60 percent in Mexico and by only 12 percent in the US. Standard trade theory predicts that when countries with different levels of skilled labor integrate the skill premium should fall - not rise - in the skill-scarce country. In this paper, I reconcile theory and data by building a model in which intermediate goods are produced using rented technology. After integration, producers in Mexico begin to rent technologies from the United States, which are more advanced and, hence more skill-intensive. This has two effects: The skill premium in Mexico rises due to adoption of the more advanced technology and the skill premium in the US rises due to increased investment in this technology, which is driven by the increased marginal return on technology arising from its adoption in Mexico. The mechanism is supported by industry-level evidence: Mexican industries which are integrated into the US supply chain have higher skill premia than their non-integrated counterparts. the calibrated model can account for about two-thirds of the increase in the skill premium in each country.

Young adults aged 19-24 are significantly less likely to have health insurance since most family insurance policies cut off dependents when they turn 19 or finish college. In recent years, several states in the United States have expanded eligibility to allow young adults to remain covered under their parents employer-provided health insurance. For those who qualify for these benefits, the expansion of parental dependent coverage partially reduces the value of being employed by a firm that provides health insurance or of working full-time, as adult children can now obtain health insurance through another channel. In this study, we employ quasi-experimental variation in the timing and generosity of states eligibility rules to identify the effect of the policy change on young adults labor market choices. Our results suggest that the expansion of dependent coverage increases the group dependent coverage rate and reduces labor supply among young adults, particularly in full-time employment. The results are robust to a variety of empirical specifications and sample selection.

The Waite-Gallagher Marriage Benefit Theory (2000) articulates the premise of greater financial advantage, health benefits, and social well-being for married couples, not shared by cohabitating or singles. This benefit was not generalizable to same-sex couples or African-American. The significance of the current study is the use of a large dataset (The U. S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey) to explore if there is an association between type of legal status of marital relationship and financial advantage and health benefits for same-sex couples. Minority stress explains the systematic exclusion of same-sex couples from the entitlements of citizenship. The wage disadvantage theory of minority groups counters Waite and Gallagher and sheds light on a problem of comparison related to a heterosexual, Caucasian sample. Combining insights from a historical, political, economic, and social perspective, with a large secondary dataset from the 2010 American Community Survey 1-year tabulation, this quantitative dissertation seeks to extend the Waite-Gallagher theory. The findings suggest support for the Waite-Gallagher marriage benefit theory i.e. marriage does matter for lesbian and gay males. The principal conclusion is the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the state context (legal recognition of marriage vs. non-recognition) and financial advantage and health benefits when using a large secondary data set.

Using established theories of neighborhood selection as a theoretical framework, as well as qualitative and quantitative methods and mixed data sources, this paper documents a study exploring the residential patterns of African Americans living in Arlington, Virginia, during Segregation (1900–1970). A southern town bordering Washington, D.C., Arlington has been home to African Americans since slaves first worked the tobacco farms in the 1600s. During the period when black neighborhoods in Northern cities were inundated by southern, black migrants during the Great Migration, Arlington’s farms and settlements, many of them integrated, were similarly inundated by white federal workers from across the Potomac River. Developers, the County, and the federal government each played a role in accelerating Arlington’s transition from a collection of farms into a bustling white suburb with three highly segregated black neighborhoods. The study introduces a new procedure for aggregating manuscript census data for use with segregation indexes.

This paper examines the impact of Medicaid and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program(CHIP) on childrens educational progress, namely whether they are on track with their expected educational trajectory. It also examines cross-state variation in Medicaid policies and whether thesedifferent policies lead to different effects on the educational variable. With individual-level data from theCurrent Population Survey from years 1995 through 2006, along with information regarding each states Medicaid policies, I seek to test the hypotheses that Medicaid/CHIP coverage will improve the likelihood of an individual being on track with his/her education and that states with qualitatively better Medicaid policies will see stronger positive effects on that educational measure. Using an ordinary least squares regression model composed of Medicaid/CHIP indicators, demographic characteristics, state dummies, and state*Medicaid interaction terms, I find that, counter to the past research underlying these hypotheses, there is evidence that being covered by Medicaid or CHIP has a small, but statistically significant,negative impact on whether a child is on track with his/her education in a given year. Furthermore, there is no evidence of a discernible pattern linking qualitatively better state Medicaid programs to higher values for the dependent variable. Further evidence suggests, however, that there may be a cumulative positive effect of Medicaid/CHIP coverage; that is, longer exposure to available public health insurance programs is shown to have a positive impact on whether an individual is on track with his/her education. Although the data did not support the original hypotheses, this analysis does provide support for the idea that there is some relationship between Medicaid/CHIP coverage and educational variable, and therefore points to the importance of future research in this area.

Racial distinctions in the United States have long been characterized as uniquely rigid and governed by strict rules of descent, particularly along the black-white boundary. This is often contrasted with countries, such as Brazil, that recognize "mixed" or intermediate racial categories and allow for more fluidity or ambiguity in racial classification. Recently released longitudinal data from the IPUMS Linked Representative Samples, and the brief inclusion of a "mulatto" category in the U.S. Census, allow us to subject this generally accepted wisdom to empirical test for the 1870-1920 period. We find substantial fluidity in black-mulatto classification between censuses-including notable "downward" racial mobility. Using person fixed-effects models, we also find evidence that among Southern men, the likelihood of being classified as mulatto was related to intercensal changes in occupational status. These findings have implications for studies of race and inequality in the United States, cross-national research on racial classification schemes in the Americas, and for how demographers collect and interpret racial data. ancestry, or a self-fulfilling prophecy of social turned racial status as perceived by others, or both. We examine evidence for a recursive relationship between racial and social status among Americans of African ancestry, using person fixed-effects models and panel data from the IPUMS Linked Representative Samples. Preliminary results suggest that the likelihood of being perceived as mulatto was related to increases in occupational status among men, but only in the South. We also find high levels of fluidity in mulatto classification between censuses -- including notable downward racial mobility.

We examine the varying influence of the presence of homosexual couples on average home prices with different compositions of educational attainment and race. We find that a higher number of homosexuals in relatively higher educated areas is associated with higher average prices and lower average prices in areas with less educated residents. The magnitude of positive influence and negative influence is lower when the number of black residents increases. This suggests that education is associated with a greater revealed tolerance for homosexuals, but the influence of education is less for areas with a higher percent black, perhaps due to homophily.

Data publishing is an easy and economic means for data sharing, but the privacy risk is a major concern in data publishing. Privacy preservation is a major task in data sharing for organizations like bureau of statistics, and hospitals. While a large number of data publishing models and methods have been proposed, their utility is of concern when a high privacy requirement is imposed. In this paper, we propose a new framework for privacy preserving data publishing. We cap the belief of an adversary inferring a sensitive value in a published data set to as high as that of an inference based on public knowledge. The semantic meaning is that when an adversary sees a record in a published data set, s/he will have a lower confidence that the record belongs to a victim than not. We design a method integrating sampling and generalization to implement the model. We compare the method with some state-of-the-art methods on privacy-preserving data publishing experimentally, our proposed method provides sound semantic protection of individuals in data and, provides higher data utility.

Macroeconomists have long been interested in understanding differences in hours worked across countries. Prescott (2004) shows that differences in labor income tax explain the majority of the difference in hours worked between theUnited States and European countries. In this paper we go one step further in quantifying the impact of labor income tax on differences in hours worked between the United States and European countries. First, we decompose hoursworked by gender and marital status, and we find that females are responsible for more than half of the difference in hours worked. Within females, we find that married females are responsible for more than half of the difference in hours worked. Second, given these findings, we quantify the impact of differences in labor income tax in explaining differences in aggregate hours worked. The main contribution of this paper is that we do not restrict the analysis of differences in labor income tax to differences in the progressivity of the tax schedule, but wealso incorporate differences in the treatment of secondary earners across countries. As a result, we find that differences in labor income tax explain two thirds of the difference in aggregate hours worked across countries, and we also find that differences in the treatment of secondary earner explain two thirds of the difference in hours worked between married and single females.

The state of Georgia allocated most of its land to the public through a system of lotteries. These episodes provide unusual opportunities to assess the long-term impact of large shocks to wealth, as winning was uncorrelated with individual characteristics and participation was nearly universal among the eligible population of adult white male Georgians. We use one of these episodes to examine the idea that the lower tail of the wealth distribution reflects in part a wealth-based poverty trap because of limited access to capital. Using wealth measured in the 1850 Census manuscripts, we follow up on a sample of men eligible to win in the 1832 Cherokee Land Lottery. We assess the impact of lottery winning on the distribution of wealth 18 years after the fact. Winners are on average richer (by an amount close to the median of 1850 wealth), but mainly due to a (net) shifting of mass from the middle to the upper tail of the wealth distribution. The lower tail is largely unaffected.

Interstate migration in the United States has declined by 50 percent since the mid-1980s. We study the role of the aging population in this long-run decline. We argue that, in addition to a direct compositional effect on migration, the aging population has an indirect general equilibrium effect through the labor market. We develop a spatial general equilibrium model consisting of two locations with two types of workers who differ in moving costs. Firms prefer hiring workers who have higher moving costs, because their lower outside option allows firms to hire them at lower wages. We show analytically that there is a positive composition externality of high-moving-cost workers on the local labor market: An increase in the fraction of high-moving-cost workers causes firms to recruit more from the local labor market. This increase in the local job-finding rate reduces the migration rate of all workers. We label this effect as migration spillovers. Our quantitative analysis suggests that population aging decreases the annual interstate migration rate by 0.9 percentage points, which accounts for 59 percent of the observed decline. Of this 0.9 percentage points, 78 percent is attributable to the indirect general equilibrium effect of the aging population and only 22 percent is due to the direct effect.

The use of electronic genealogical databases facilitates the construction of accurate and extensive pedigrees for potential use in genetic services. Genealogy databasescan be linked to specific disease databases, such as cancer registries, in order to increase the accuracy of pedigreesused, and inform the genetic risk assessment. To review the published literature on the use of genealogy databases to construct pedigrees for risk assessment in genetic health service, a systematic literature search was undertaken using 12 combined search terms to identify all relevant published articles. Data sources: EbscoHost, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid and the grey literature, as well as the reference lists of identified studies. Of 1,035 titles identified, two papers described a study on the use ofgenealogy databases in cancer risk assessment and two werediscussion papers. While authors of the four papers described the potential use of genealogy databases in clinical genetic services, such use has not been adequatelyinvestigated and further research is required.

Le tabac a évolué de différentes façons à travers les pays et les cultures. L’habitude de fumer étant considérée comme coutume en Europe, est simplement comparée à une mauvaise habitude en Amérique du Nord. Depuis plus de 30 ans, plusieurs résultantes ont découlé de l’usage de ces substances tel que le crime (Carpenter 2005; Carpenter and Dobkin, 2010), le risque de comportements sexuels dangereux (Waddell, 2012), le chômage (Renna 2008) et les accidents mortels routiers (Grant, 2010). D’autant plus, Bernheim et Rangel (2004) rapportent qu’en un mois aux États-Unis, en 1999, plus de 57 millions de personnes fument au moins une fois par mois, plus de 41 millions boivent cinq verres ou plus d’alcool au moins une fois au cours d’un mois et 12 millions fument de la marijuana au moins une . . .

In contrast to earlier waves of immigration, the post1965 Asian immigration to the United States has not spawned an exclusionist backlash among native whites. Rather, the new Asian immigrants and their children are rapidly gaining access to the American mainstream. Whether in integrated residential communities, in colleges and universities, or in mainstream workplaces, Asian Americans' presence is ever more the rule, not the exception. The success of so many Asian American immigrants suggests that race may not be as decisive a factor in shaping socioeconomic attainment as it was in the American past; civil rights reform has been incorporated in a more inclusive American mainstream. As a group in which those of legal status predominate, Asian Americans have enjoyed more open access to mainstream institutions, paving the way to their rapid assimilation.

Analysts of survey data suggest that blacks are less approving of homosexuality than whites. We empirically test this hypothesis by analyzing the influence of homosexuals on house prices in neighborhoods with varying concentrations of black residents. We find that an additional homosexual couple is associated with a decrease in house prices in predominantly black neighborhoods, but an increase in house prices in predominantly white neighborhoods. Although this association is present for neighborhoods with extremely high concentrations of blacks, the net effect is positive for most neighborhood compositions.