The aim of this paper is to test whether younger generations are more egalitarian or whether their more gender-balanced behaviour is due to factors associated with the life cycle. Data used in the analysis are from the two editions of the Spanish Time Use Surveys carried out in 2002-2003 and 2009-2010. The unit of analysis is the couple, and we measure the degree of equality within the couple using differences between the spouses in the amount of time spent on unpaid work (housework and caregiving). We analyse differences at both moments for generations born between 1963 and 1982. We focus on the changes observed when there is a transition from 0 to 1 child and from 1 child to 2 children. Results confirm that there is a greater difference in the amount of time spent on unpaid work after the birth of a child. However, this pattern is not the same in the transition from 1 to 2 children, which may suggest that the second child has a smaller impact on couples division of unpaid work.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 expands health insurance coverage to a substantial number of persons without health insurance. In California, Latinos, especially Mexican immigrants, have one of the highest rates of uninsurance, making the ACA particularly important for that group. Using the 2007 California Health Interview Survey, this study examines how the generation in the U.S. of individuals of Mexican-origin is associated with their access to health insurance, doctor visits, and emergency room visits in California compared to that of U.S.-born non-Latino Whites. Results indicate that third generation Mexican Americans have similar levels of being insured, having a doctor visit, and having an ER visit compared to Whites, controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health status. First generation (immigrant) Mexicans have the least access to health care services with lower odds than Whites of accessing care across all measures. Second generation Mexican Americans also have lower odds than Whites, however, the differences are not as pronounced as for the first generation. This study finds that there are important differences in access to health care among Mexican Americans by generational status, with the greatest disparities for the generations closest to the immigrant experience. Implementation of the ACA will benefit Mexican Americans across generational statuses, but gaps will likely remain for first and second generation Mexican Americans.

Shopping is a key everyday activity for people of all ages. Yet, despite evidence that older people are increasingly engaged in consumer culture, consumer studies are still overwhelmingly focused on younger age groups. Consequently almost nothing is known about the shopping patterns of older people, whether these have changed over time or vary for different groups of older people. To redress this, data from 10 years of the American Time Use Survey (2003-2012) were used to explore time trends in the time spent shopping between and within age groups. The results show that, apart from the oldest and youngest groups, age differences in time spent shopping have largely disappeared. However, amongst those aged 60 and over differences by gender, income, marital status and age persist. Understanding the shopping practices of older people may help businesses to become more age-aware and ensure that older people have a positive shopping experience.

Background Obesity is known to increase the risk of many diseases and reduce overall quality of life. This study examines the relationship with self-reported health (SRH) and happiness. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of the 163 066 UK Biobank participants who completed the happiness rating. The association between adiposity and SRH and happiness was examined using logistic regression. SRH was defined as good (excellent, good), or poor (fair, poor). Self-reported happiness was defined as happy (extremely, very, moderately) or unhappy (moderately, very, extremely). Results Poor health was reported by 44 457 (27.3%) participants. The adjusted ORs for poor health were 3.86, 2.92, 2.60 and 6.41 for the highest, compared with lowest, deciles of Body Mass Index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and body fat percent, respectively. The associations were stronger in men (p<0.001). Overall, 7511 (4.6%) participants felt unhappy, and only class III obese participants were more likely to feel unhappy (adjusted OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.53, p<0.001) but the associations differed by sex (p<0.001). Among women, there was a significant association between unhappiness and all levels of obesity. By contrast, only class III obese men had significantly increased risk and overweight and class I obese men were less likely to be unhappy. Conclusions Obesity impacts adversely on happiness as well as health, but the association with unhappiness disappeared after adjustment for self-reported health, indicating this may be mediated by health. Compared with obese men, obese women are less likely to report poor health, but more likely to feel unhappy.

In the United States workers receive their salaries weekly, biweekly, semimonthly or monthly, depending on job characteristics and state-level regulation. In this paper I show that the frequency of pay affects the within-month patterns of household expenditures and aggregate economic activity. To identify causal effects, I exploit exogenous variations in pay frequency in the US, both at household and state levels. First, I take advantage of a source of random variation in the pay frequency of retired couples. Monthly pensions are paid in different weeks depending on recipients day of birth, which leads to otherwise similar retired couples having, by chance, one or two paydays every month. I find that households with two paydays have smoother expenditure paths along the month. Second, I compare the pattern of economic activity in states with different pay frequency requirements, exploiting state variation in legislation that originates in laws enacted at the beginning of the 20th century. States requiring weekly payments exhibit a smoother within-month path of aggregate economic activity, measured by air pollution, traffic accidents and information from time use surveys. On the other hand, in states with laws requiring a lower pay frequency the economic activity significantly increases during pay weeks, which may lead to costly congestion in sectors with capacity constraints (roads, hospitals, restaurants, etc.). These results have important policy implications in a context where firms and workers do not internalize these congestion costs.

Public sector employees receive large fractions of their lifetime income in the form of deferred compensation. The introduction of the opportunity provided to Illinois public school employees to purchase additional pension benefits allows me to estimate employees' willingness-to-pay for benefits relative to the cost of providing them. The results show employees are willing to pay 20 cents on average for a dollar increase in the present value of expected retirement benefits. The findings suggest substantial inefficiency in compensation and cast doubt on the ability of deferred compensation schemes to attract employees.

The report, Breadwinning Mothers, Then and Now, offers new insights into the demographics of mothers whose earnings help keep their families afloat. Author Sarah Jane Glynn finds that the trend toward female breadwinning continues, in spite of changes to our economic landscape. As our analysis shows, working mothers are not just bringing home pocket money: Nearly two-thirds of mothers are primary or co-breadwinners for their families, including more than half of married mothers52.9 percentwho bring home at least 25 percent of their families incomes. Glynn notes that breadwinning mothers are not all cut from the same cloth. She compares mothers who are single breadwinners, married breadwinners, married co-breadwinners, and married mothers with no earnings along a number of demographics in order to better understand how women tend to combine working with caregiving. She finds notable differences among the groups in terms of family income, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, age, and the age of the youngest child.

This stu dy aims at understanding the recent proliferation of social enterprises, a class of organizations explicitly committed to advancing non - financial stakeholders interests, against the historical backdrop of economic financialization, which institutionalized shareholder value maximization as the sole legitimate purpose of firms. These increasing claims of an organizational identity that is deviant from the dominant institutional logic pose an intriguing puzzle to organization theories. This study addresses th is puzzle by examining why (mechanism) and when (facilitating context) organizations adopt an institutionally - deviant identity. Informed by an inductive qualitative analysis, this study first identifies two routes to a deviant identity: first, consistent w ith the current organizational identity literature, organizations strategically adopt a deviant identity to appeal to the stakeholders who are disembedded from the dominant logic; and second, reminiscent of identity movements, organizations also politica lly claim a deviant identity to disassociate themselves from and transform the existing institutional framework. These arguments were then tested in the context of the Certified B Corporations, a growing form of social enterprises. The quantitative analysi s supports both predictions by finding that claims of the B Corporation identity was facilitated both by the stakeholder discontent with the shareholder - centered approach and by the salient negative consequences of the economic financialization.

This paper estimates intergenerational elasticities across three generations in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We extend the methodology in Olivetti and Paserman (2013) to explore four different channels of intergenerational mobility: fathers- sons-grandsons, fathers-sons-granddaughters, fathers-daughters-grandsons and fathers-daughters- granddaughters. We document three main findings. First, there is evidence of a strong second-order au- toregressive coefficient for the process of intergenerational transmission of income. Second, the socio-economic status of grandsons is influenced more strongly by paternal grandfathers than by maternal grandfathers. Granddaughters, on the other hand, are more strongly influenced by maternal grandfathers. We propose two alternative theoretical frameworks that can rationalize these findings.

Data linking 1972 and 1992 adolescent skill endowments to adult outcomes reveal increasing complementarity between cognitive and social skills. In fact, previously noted growth in demand for cognitive skills affected only individuals with strong endowments of both social and cognitive skills. These findings are corroborated using Census and CPS data matched with Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) job task measures; employment in and earnings premia to occupations requiring high levels of both cognitive and social skill grew substantially compared with occupations that require only one or neither type of skill, and this emerging feature of the labor market has persisted into the new millennium.

The productivity gains due to offshoring may, in part, accrue to workers. This paper estimates the magnitude of these gains and compares it to the magnitude of employment loss due to worker displacement. A model based on the production task framework from Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) is used to demonstrate that the effect of offshoring depends on the intensity of use of these tasks and, ultimately, impacts domestic employment through three channels: a direct displacement effect, which negatively impacts employment; an output effect generated by the productivity gains from offshoring, which reorganizes and increases aggregate production in the economy and impacts domestic employment positively; and a substitution effect among factors and tasks, which has an ambiguous effect Using the model's structure as a roadmap and applying it to detailed U.S. manufacturing sector data over 20012007, results from GMM 3SLS regressions provide overall support for the structure and predictions of the tasks model of offshoring. In particular, the economic magnitude of the productivity gains is found to have been important. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Over the last four decades, the proportion of Americans who are currently divorced more than quadrupled, rising from 2.9% in 1970 to 13.4% in 2012 (FP-14-07). Although prior research suggests the divorce rate peaked in the late 1970s (Stevenson & Wolfers, 2007), new work indicates researchers may have underestimated the divorce rate in recent years, particularly for persons over age 35 (Kennedy & Ruggles, 2014). Roughly half of first marriages are expected to end in separation or divorce, and the risk of divorce varies substantially according to educational attainment and racial/ethnic status (Amato, 2010; Raley & Bumpass, 2003).

This report was prepared by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR) as a part of a series of papers on defining college affordability sponsored by the Lumina Foundation. The report examines how efforts to understand and improve college affordability can be informed by the experiences and circumstances of low-income adults, students of color, and students with dependent children.

Martorella's "sleeping giant" is awakening via geospatial tools. As this technology is adopted, it will transform the history curriculum in three ways: deepening curricular content, making conceptual frameworks more prominent, and increasing connections to local history. These changes may not be profound and they may not be sudden, but they will come as geospatial technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous and easy to use. Each of these three predicted transformations is described and illustrated, and implications for teacher education programs are addressed.

The 1993 expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit created the first meaningful separation in benefits between families containing two or more children and those with only one child. If income is protective of health, we should see improvements over time in the health for mothers eligible for these higher EITC benefits. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey, we find improvements in self-reported health for affected mothers. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we find reductions in the probability of having risky levels of biomarkers for these same women.

According to the culture of honor hypothesis, the high prevalence of homicide in the South of the United States originates from the settlement by herders from the fringes of Britain in the 18th century. This paper confirms that historical Scot or Scots-Irish presence is associated with higher contemporary homicide, particularly by white offenders, and that the culture of honor was transmitted to subsequent generations; but only in the South and, more generally, where historical institutional quality was low. The interpretation is that the culture of honor prevailed and persisted as an adaptive behavior to weak institutions. The influence of the culture of honor is also found to be fading over time. The results are robust to using different proxies for institutional quality, to controlling for state fixed effects and for a large number of historical and contemporary factors, as well as to relying on instrumental variables for historical settlements. The results are also specific to a particular type of homicide and background of settlers.

The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a better understanding of race differences in womens family formation behaviors, including non-marital birth and marriage. This research addresses three aims using data from various sources. The first aim is to examine the demographic factors that contribute to racial differences in nonmarital fertility rates. The second research aim is to investigate how black mens incarceration (admission rate, release rate, and conditional release rate from/to prisons) is related to black womens non-marital fertility rate at the county level from 1985 to 2000. The last research aim is to examine how mens incarceration (admission rate, release rate, and conditional release rate from/to prisons) is associated with womens transition to first marriage and non-marital birth, and how this association differs by womens race. To examine the first research aim, I employed a decomposition analysis and found that sexual activity and post-conception marriage no longer contribute to racial differences in non-marital fertility. Instead, the pregnancy rate among sexually active single (not cohabiting) women is the largest contributor to race-ethnic variation in nonmarital fertility rates. More importantly, I find that contraceptive use patterns explain the majority of the race-ethnic differences in pregnancy rates. To pursue the second research aim, I used a fixed effects model and found that changes in black mens incarceration are positively associated with changes in black womens non-marital fertility rate between 1995 and 2000, even after adjusting for an extensive set of controls. Lastly, building on this finding, I also examined the relationship between mens incarceration and womens transition to first marriage and non-marital birth using a discrete time hazard model. The results indicate that county-level mens incarceration is negatively associated with womens transition to first marriage, even net of family background, individual womens SES, and other county characteristics. Although county-level mens incarceration contributes to the explanation of lower rates of transition to first marriage for women, it does not fully explain racial differences in marriage. Unlike marriage, womens transition to first non-marital birth is not significantly affected by county-level mens incarceration, net of womens SES and family background. Altogether, this study updated our knowledge about the relative importance of marriage to racial differences in non-marital fertility and better explained racial differences in family formation behaviors, including non-marital fertility and marriage, by linking them with mens incarceration.

There is mounting evidence that there is some differential in consumption according to race and ethnicity. There is also some new evidence that this difference in consumption by race and ethnicity may not be as strong when one takes into account the notion of conspicuous consumption first outlined by Veblen (1899). This paper adds to this literature by first pointing out that Hispanics, more so than any other groups, are likely to shop with companions and that this fact may alter their consumption patterns when compared to Whites or Blacks. Furthermore, we find that consumer emulation also suggested by Veblen (1899) may not be as persistent as he indicated but it is at least wide spread. Nonetheless, even with the Veblen effects, the racial and ethnic differences in consumption are not eliminated in all expenditure categories.