This paper addresses the phenomenon of husband wife in a marriage. It describes the husband wife experience as one in which a wife plays the role of the husband in a role-reversal situation. It examines the socio-psychological challenges which the husband wife experience poses to the institution of marriage, pointing out that the situation simply reduces the male partner in the marriage to a househusband. While identifying the conditions which could engender the husband wife situation such as job loss, sickness or lack of education, the paper recommends that marriages should be contracted on the foundation of strong moral principles which engender moral respect for both partners in the marriage.

Accounts when siblings worked together (sibling alliances) were examined to determine the impact of sibling alliance attempts on family relationships. Two hundred alliance attempts comprised the data, including one hundred successful and one hundred unsuccessful alliance attempts. Respondents indicated that engaging in the reported alliances was approximately as likely to have a positive effect on the relationship among siblings as to have no effect at all. Negative effects of sibling alliances were found in under 5% of cases. Most of the reported alliances had no effect on the relationships between targets of the alliance and the sibling allies. In those accounts when family alliance outsiders were aware of the alliance attempt, they were likely to respond favorably to the alliance attempt. Respondents indicated that managing competing dialectical tensions was a significant part of some sibling alliances.

Previous studies found normal weight compared to overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes had a higher mortality risk, and body-mass index (BMI)mortality studies do not typically account for baseline diabetes status.

The launch of Viagra in April 1998 led to a historically unprecedented high usage of erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs. We test whether Viagras introduction significantly influenced outcomes for its target population such as STD rates of older men, as well as its non-target populations, such as divorces, natality, the distribution of the age spread within couples, female STDs and sexual assault rates. We find causal evidence that Viagras introduction increased Gonorrhea rates in older men by 15-28%. We find no significant evidence of any effects on other variables. We take this as evidence that this lifestyle drug causes significant changes in choices only which affect short term outcomes, while long term planned decisions are unaffected. Overall, we find that the welfare impacts of Viagra with respect to our outcomes of interest are positive and large.

The current cross sectional quantitative study examined the structural and historical trends of social and economic effects on grandparents who raised grandchildren before and after the Great Recession of 2008. The study focused on the time period of 2007 and 2011 and analyzed the American Community Survey, which was made available for public use on the IPUMS website. The variables analyzed were individual, familial, and structural. The economic variation in income for the 2007 and 2011 time period is the main focus of this study, while age, citizenship employment status, education, gender, marital status, race, family size, relationship to head of the house, and location are the other variables that were analyzed as well. After running the multivariate test the analysis revealed the variables with the most variation from 2007 to 2011 were employment status, gender, and education.

Research Objective: To investigate: (1.) How the risk of delayed medical care varies by household composition and (2.) Whether the relationship between household composition and delayed care differs by disability status. Study Design: Data are from the Integrated Health Interview Series (IHIS). Disability was defined by the presence of an activity limitation. Household composition is was constructed as living: with a spouse, alone, or with others. Respondents were asked whether they delayed care in the past year for several reasons, including: cost, difficulty making a timely appointment, limited office hours, difficulty getting through by phone, lack of transportation, or too long of a wait in the office. We used logistic regression to assess the odds of each type of delayed care, with sub-group analyses by disability status, controlling for demographic characteristics. Population Studied: Non-institutionalized adults aged 65 and older who answered questions on reasons for delayed medical care (n=17,663). Principal Findings: Fifteen percent of those living alone and with others delayed care for any reason vs. 10% of those living with a spouse. Older adults with disabilities had higher rates of delayed care than those without disabilities (18% vs. 10%). In multivariate models, having a disability was associated with higher odds of each type of delayed care. In sub-group analyses, living alone and living with others were associated with higher odds of delayed care due to cost or lack of transportation, compared with older adults living with a spouse, regardless of disability status. However, older adults without disabilities living alone had lower odds of delayed care due to difficulty getting a timely appointment, limited office hours, or long waits in the doctor's office if they lived alone, compared with those living with a spouse. Conclusions: Risk of delayed care is associated with both household composition and disability status. In particular, the risk of delayed care due to cost or lack of transportation is higher for older adults living alone or with others, compared with those living with a spouse. These relationships differ by disability status, however, and older adults living alone without a disability actually face lower odds of several types of delayed care compared with their counterparts living with a spouse. Implications for Policy, Delivery or Practice: Patterns of living arrangements for older adults have changed in recent decades, with a decline in institutionalization and an increase in multigenerational households. Such arrangements are impacted by disability, with older adults acting as caregivers (e.g., for spouses or grandchildren) and receiving care themselves (e.g., from spouses and adult children). Despite evidence of these changing patterns and complex roles, there is limited research on how household composition affects health services use. Delayed medical care can lead to poor health outcomes and increased risk of hospitalization or nursing home use, especially for older adults with complex medical conditions. Identifying who is at greatest risk of delayed care by household composition and disability status can help to target interventions, including home and community-based care and medical transportation.

Research has shown that the job access of the poor has been declining because of two major reasons: the spatial distribution of employment and housing, and socioeconomic restructuring. This paper aims to untangle the effects of the two factors on poor job seekers' access to jobs in the Chicago metropolitan area from 1990 to 2010. Using census tracts as the unit of analysis, this research examines the effects of these two factors on the growth and distribution of poor job seekers and their matching jobs, as well as the consequential changes in job demand, supply and job access across the study area. Results show that spatial changes have increased job accessibility for the poor while socioeconomic transformation has adversely affected it.

This dissertation seeks to understand two main issues. The first issue concerns changes in the gender gaps in college attendance and choice of majors between 1960 and 2010. The second main issue concerns changes in the marriage rate in the US since the early twentieth century. The main objective of Chapters 1 and 2 is to answer the following two questions about educational choices: Why do women today invest in a college education at much higher rates than men, whereas fifty years ago men graduated more frequently? And given their high college attendance rates today, why do women continue to select disproportionately into lower-paying majors, with almost no gender convergence along this margin since the mid-1980s? In Chapter 1, I document first that changes in returns to skill over time and gender differences in wage premiums across majors cannot explain the observed gender gaps in educational choices. I then provide reduced-form evidence that two factors help explain the observed gender gaps: first, college degrees provide insurance against very low income for women, especially in case of divorce; second, majors differ substantially in the degree of "work-family flexibility" they offer, such as the size of wage penalties for temporary reductions in labor supply. Based on this reduced-form evidence, in Chapter 2 I construct and estimate a dynamic structural model of marriage, educational choices, and lifetime labor supply. I use the model to analyze the contribution of changes in wages and . . .

We analyze a neoclassical general-equilibrium model to explain cross-metro variation in population, density, and land supply based on three amenity types: quality-of-life, productivity in tradables, and productivity in non-tradables. We develop a new method to estimate elasticities of housing and land supply, and local-productivity estimates, from cross-sectional density and land-area data. From wage and housing-cost indices, the model explains half of U.S. density and total population variation, and finds that quality of life determines locations more than employment opportunities. We show how changing quality of life, relaxing land-use regulations, or neutralizing federal taxes can redistribute populations massively.

We explore cultural assimilation of European immigrants during the US during the Age of Mass Migration. First generation immigrants exhibit a strong tendency toward in-group marriage, which weakens by the second generation. At the same time, there is sizeable variation in the endogamy rate across countries of origin, with the strongest by Italians and the weakest by the Scots. On average, immigrant parents chose less foreign-sounding names for sons as they spend more time in the US (proxied by birth order); this pattern is muted for daughters, sons born abroad or sons of native-born parents. By this metric, German, Russian, and Scandinavian immigrants exhibit near-complete naming convergence with natives, while other groups particularly Italian and Irish immigrants retain distinctive naming patterns. Men given foreign names earned less than comparable sons of immigrant parents in 1940.

There are many different approaches to the analysis of regional economic growth potential. One of the more recent is the theory of the creative class, and its impact on creative centers. Much of the criticism surrounding this theory is in how the creative class is defined and measured. The goal of this thesis is to explore alternate definitions to better understand how thes e variations impact the ranking of creative centers as well as their location through space and time. This is important g iven the proliferation of rankings as a benchmarking tool for economic development efforts . In order to test the sensitivity that the c reative class has to definitional changes, a new set of rankings of creative centers are provided based on an alternate definition of creative employment, and compared to Richard Floridas original rankings. Findings show that most cities are not substanti ally affected by the alternate definitions derived in this study. However, it is found that particular cities do show sensitivity to comparisons made to Floridas definition, with the same cities experiencing greater variations in rank over time.

This article provides new evidence that family planning programs are associated with a decrease in the share of children and adults living in poverty. Our research design exploits the county roll-out of US family planning programs in the late 1960s and early 1970s and examines their relationship with poverty rates in the short and longer-term in public census data. We find that cohorts born after federal family planning programs began were less likely to live in poverty in childhood and that these same cohorts were less likely to live in poverty as adults.

Traditional spatial analysis and data mining methods fall short of extracting temporal information from data. This inability makes their use difficult to study changes and the associated mechanisms of many geographic phenomena of interest, for example, land-use. On the other hand, the growing availability of land-change data over multiple time intervals and longer time frames, often based on satellite imagery, presents to land-change study a great opportunity, given that this information can be effectively utilized. This methodological gap highlights the need to better understand the analytical challenges brought by temporal complexities, and to investigate alternative analytical frameworks that could handle those challenges.This research attempted to achieve three goals: 1) finding metrics to capture temporal trends, 2) dealing with temporally imprecise data due to constraints of frequency, duration, and starting time of data collection, and 3) handling variables with time-changing values. A simulated land-change dataset based on an agent-based model of residential development and an empirical dataset from two case study sites in San Diego and Tijuana were used for this investigation.Results from the simulation dataset indicated that the survival function and the hazard function are important metrics to reveal temporal trends. Time dependent variables present a major challenge in land-change analysis, and survival analysis can better handle time-independent variables and thus better forecast urban growth.

This dissertation contributes to the discussion of the labor market performance of immigrants and their economic assimilation in terms of welfare program participation. The composition of immigrant labor force in U.S. has been fluctuating dramatically. In 1980, for example, the immigrant share of persons aged 50--74 was 8.9% but in 2000, more than 14.5% of this older population group were from foreign countries. Then in 2010, this proportion dropped to around 13.2%. Part of this variation is due to the aging of previous immigrants residing in U.S. but many recent inflows also include a surprisingly high proportion of people in their late 50s or even older. In the meantime since the elimination of origin-quota in immigration laws in 1965, the source countries with the major inflows of immigrants have shifted from predominantly European countries to non-European origins. Since the 1980's, more than 85% of the immigrants admitted to the US have come from Asian and Latin American countries with Mexico, Philippines, China, and India consistently sending the most number of immigrants. The variations in the general demographic characteristics of recent immigrants have an in-depth impact on the labor market experience of the recent arrival cohorts. Thus in the empirical analysis I focus on the labor force participation of recent elderly entrants and the welfare participation behaviors of immigrants from both Hispanic and Asian origins and especially the countries like Mexico, Cuba, China and Philippines. This dissertation includes two chapters. In the first chapter, using the 1980--2000 Census and 2010 American Community Survey data I examine the labor supply decisions of recent immigrant cohorts near retirement ages. The analysis extends the double-cohort method to reveal that there are cohort effects not only in the rate of labor market assimilation, with elderly newcomers working harder approaching retirement ages than those who entered as young workers, but also in the entry labor market participation, with post-1990 arrivals showing less incentive to contribute to the pay-as-you-go system. Our empirical analysis also shows that the ten-year working requirement rule can explain the kink on older entrants' employment profiles: before reaching the required 40 quarters the elderly exert efforts in labor market participation, and they choose to drop out of the labor market immediately after they become eligible to claim the Social Security Old Age benefits. The immigrants who entered in their prime ages pursue a slightly higher but same smoothly declining employment profile approaching retirement ages as their native counterparts do. Furthermore the inclusion of the ownership of residence accounts for more than one third of the decline in the entry level of labor force participation for the post-1990 arrivals. In the second chapter, I use the 2000 U.S. Census and the 2010 American Community Survey extracted from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) to study the economic assimilation of recent immigrants in terms of welfare participation. By adding the interaction between duration of stay and specific arrival cohort indicator, we generalize the traditional Age, Period and Cohort method to allow for the cohort difference not only in the entry level but also in the growth rate in economic assimilation. Estimations are carried out on female and male household heads separately. The welfare participation in Social Security, Supplemental Security Income(SSI) and The Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (AFDC)/Temporary Assistance for Needy Families(TANF) programs are analyzed exclusively. Four major source countries of recent arrivals studied are Mexico, Cuba, China and Philippines. The major findings of this study are: first, consistent with previous studies, once observable characteristics are controlled for, many groups of immigrants have a comparable or lower propensity to participate in welfare programs than natives with one exception of the elderly female Mexican household heads migrated before 1980s. Second, the Cuban immigrants exceed other source countries in terms of the pace to assimilate out of welfare programs. The longer a Cuban headed household stays in the U.S., the less likely for the whole household to participate in any type of social assistance programs. This trend is statistically significant for both male and female Cuban household heads. Third, The Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (AFDC)/Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) works better than Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program in terms of promoting self sufficiency. Immigrants from all four source countries are more likely to assimilate out of AFDC/TANF programs than out of SSI(with an exception of the Mexican female heads migrated before 1980). A number of new immigration legislations and welfare program implementations have been proposed to promote the self sufficiency of immigrants in the new era

During the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913), the United States maintained an open border, absorbing 30 million European immigrants. Prior cross-sectional work finds that immigrants initially held lower-paid occupations than natives but converged over time. In newly assembled panel data, we show that, in fact, the average immigrant did not face a substantial occupation-based earnings penalty upon first arrival and experienced occupational advancement at the same rate as natives. Cross-sectional patterns are driven by biases from declining arrival cohort skill level and departures of negatively selected return migrants. We show that assimilation patterns vary substantially across sending countries and persist in the second generation.

China and India, the two most populated countries in the world, also have the largest overseas populations scattered all over the world. Following the global migration flow, many overseas Chinese and Indians have re-migrated from their diasporic communities to the United States in the post-1965 immigration era. This article, focusing on twice-migrant Chinese and Indians in the United States, has two interrelated objectives. First, it shows twice-migrant Chinese and Indians regions and countries of origin that roughly reflect their global dispersals. Second, it examines their attachment to their original homeland using two indicators: use of ethnic language (a Chinese or an Indian language) at home and their choice of ancestry. It uses the combined 2009-2011 American Community Surveys as the primary data source. This article is significant because by using an innovative data source, it describes the origins and ethnic attachment of the two largest twice-migrant groups in the United States.

Studies for major immigrant-receiving countries provide evidence on the comparative economic performance of immigrant classes (skill-, kinship-, and humanitarian-based). Developed countries are increasingly competing for high-skilled immigrants, who perform better in the labor market. However, there are serious challenges to their economic integration, which highlights a need for complementary immigration and integration policies.

Figure A1 shows the number of votes on immigration in a given year in the first panel. Starting in the 1950s, Congress considered immigration bills almost every year and the average number of votes have increased since 1980. While the total number of votes on immigration has increased over the last 30 years, it has not increased greatly as a proportion of the Senate’s total business (second panel of Figure A1). Immigration has never been more than 10% of the Senate’s total business in a given congress. . .