The housing bubble and bust become more dramatic when unpaid homeowner labor is included in GDP. Based on the American Housing Survey, I calculate that investment in home improvement increases by 36% for 1997 to 2009 when unpaid homeowner labor is included. This 36% relative increase has been roughly constant from 1997 to 2009. On the other hand, total home improvement investment rose dramatically during the housing bubble and fell slightly after it popped. Therefore, GDP becomes more volatile when unpaid homeowner labor is included.

Prior to 1965, black and white Southerners were educated in racially segregated schools with starkly different quality standards. At the same time, black earnings were substantially lower than white earnings. Using earnings data for young men in the 1940 Census, we measure the contribution of disparities in education quantity and quality to the black/white earnings gap. We find that pre-market education differences can explain 83% of the unconditional earnings gap, almost all of within-occupation disparities, and 56% of occupational sorting. We conclude that public-sector discrimination in the provision of education played a large role in explaining the black-white wage gap and that a separate but equal education quality standard would have reduced labor market inequalities by between 62 and 75% in 1940.

This essay delineates the main characteristics of internalizing and externalizing problems. Internalizing problems are described as inner-directed and generating distress in the individual, while externalizing problems are described as outer-directed and generating discomfort and conflict in the surrounding environment. Also examined are the influences of developmental changes as well as gender and cross-cultural differences on these dimensions during adolescence. Finally, these dimensions are related to personality traits and coping strategies, in this regard common and specific relations are pointed out.

Desde el año 2005 los estados de la Unión Americana han aprobado leyes y llevado a cabo medidas que pretenden excluir a los inmigrantes indocumentados de determinados beneficios públicos y servicios sociales, dificultar su acceso al mercado laboral, perjudicar las actividades básicas de su vida cotidiana e imponerles sanciones; con el objetivo último de que estos se autodeporten y de desincentivar la llegada de nuevos inmigrantes sin la debida documentación. En Arizona se aprobaron decenas de leyes relacionadas con la inmigración, entre ellas destaca la SB 1070 (2010), que adquirió fama internacional por su dureza con los inmigrantes. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir y analizar los elementos que explican la existencia y el sentido restrictivo de tales políticas en el estado fronterizo, y exponer cuáles son las posibles pretensiones de las mismas respecto al nivel federal, especialmente con la Ley Arizona.

Labor mobility is the flexibility of workers to walk away from an industry in response to better opportunities. I develop a model in which labor flows make bad times worse for shareholders who are left with capital that is less productive. The model shows that firms face greater operating leverage by providing flexibility to mobile workers. I construct an empirical measure of labor mobility consistent with the model and document an economically significant cross-sectional relation between mobility, operating leverage, and stock returns. I find that firms in mobile industries earn returns over 5% higher than those in less mobile industries.

Workers in similar occupations cluster, much like firms in similar industries. This may be due to firm clustering, but I propose a supply-side mechanism that may also provide an explanation. When workers face a risk of separation from a particular job, they will consider the other jobs available in a particular area in their location decision. Based on this theory I make three predictions. Workers will tend to cluster in areas where their skills are in high demand. They will be paid less in these areas, ceteris paribus. And demand shocks will affect workers' wages less, and employment more, in areas where their skills are in high demand. I test this mechanism using data from the decennial U.S. Census. I use O*NET data on occupational tasks to construct a measure of occupational distance. I then estimate labor supply curves to determine to test the predictions of the theory. I do not find substantial evidence for this mechanism.

Little is understood about displacement in urban contexts. Some of the difficulties that have impeded previous research are methodological as the data necessary for displacement research tends to be speculative, prohibitively expensive, or difficult to obtain. The greater problem I argue is conceptual. Outside of Neil Smith's rent gap hypothesis or the philosophy of property rights, there is little theoretical ground that explains urban displacement or facilitates analysis. Within the literature on urban change, where displacement would seem to have a strong theoretical foundation, displacement tends to exist uncomfortably between a range of theories from the neoclassicist's preference for atomized rational choice, the Chicago School's tenacious equilibrium mechanisms, and most recently, a version of demographic invasion based in economic restructuring. This research on evictions in Los Angeles seeks to challenge these conceptual and empirical shortcomings. Through a spatial pattern analysis of over 70,000 geographically referenced evictions, four distinct geographies of displacement are shown to have existed between 1994 and 1999 in Los Angeles including Downtown, Hollywood, Koreatown, and South Los Angeles. Logged transformations of eviction rates in the 381 census tracts comprising the area of study are furthermore regressed to three factors for each of the six years of the study. Results provide evidence that two of these factors are statistically correlated with eviction rates. The first factor is negatively correlated with eviction rates and describes deterrence to eviction based on relative affluence, educational attainment, and racial segregation in the form of high proportions of whites relative to other racial groups. The second expresses investment in desirable locations through average property sales and nonfamily households and is positively correlated with eviction rates. Taken together, the spatial pattern and spatial regression analyses confirm that evictions are socio-spatial phenomena forming three types of displacement in Los Angeles: (1) poverty- and race-related; (2) investment-related; and (3) a combination of poverty-, race-, and investment-related displacement. The four geographies of displacement are furthermore investigated using exploratory data analysis and archival methods to uncover the specific role that property owners played in each. The results of this research demonstrate that gentrification only partially explains one of the four displacement geographies while the other three are non- or pre-gentrifying contexts more appropriately described through growth machine strategies, uneven development, negative spillover effects, and financial restructuring. The dissertation ends with a call for a number of policy recommendations including a right to counsel in eviction cases and increased tenant organization.

Although women's representation among international migrants in many countries has risen over the last 100 years, we know far less about gender gaps in the labor force participation of immigrants across a wide span of host societies. Prior studies have established that immigrant women are doubly disadvantaged in terms of labor market outcomes in the U.S., Canada, and Israel. These studies suggest an intriguing question: Are there gender gaps in immigrant labor force participation across destinations countries? In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the double disadvantage exists for immigrant women in a variety of host countries. We also examine how marriage moderates this double disadvantage. For the U.S., although we find that immigrant women have had the lowest labor force participation rates compared to natives and immigrant men since 1960, marital status is an important stratifying attribute that helps explain nativity differences. Extending the analysis to eight other countries reveals strong gender differences in labor force participation and shows how marriage differentiates immigrant women's labor force entry more so than men's.

現代のアメリカでは，家族の多様化とともに，実親ではなく養親や継親のもとで養育される児童の 割合が増えている．家族構成（fami1y StruCture）は子どもの健康や教育と強い相関を持つことが知ら れており，子どもの厚生に大きな影響を与えると考えられる．歴史的にも，実父母の保護に恵まれな い児童は常に存在した、しかし，養子や継子を対象とした定量的な歴史分析は極めて少ない．そこで， 本論文では！880～1930年と2000年のアメリカ国勢調査個票データを用いて，二親世帯に属する実 子・養子・継子の社会経済的状況と教育環境を比較する．分析の結果，二十世紀初期には，白人の養 子・継子および黒人継子については観察可能な世帯属性では説明できない実子との教育格差があった ことが明らかになった．一世紀を経て養子・継子の相対的な養育環境に改善したが，継子については 一2000年にもなお実子との教育格差が観察される．

Nearly four years after the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) and nearly one year after its first open enrollment period, many key provisions of the legislation are still just beginning to come into focus. Policy expertscritics and friends of the law alikeexpect the laws rocky rollout and uneven implementation (i.e., the delay of the employer mandate until 2015 and the extension of some non-ACA-compliant individual policies until 2016) to produce significant uncertainty in the non-group health-insurance market for several years. One critical area of uncertainty before the launch of health-insurance exchanges was how the law would affect a fast-growing alternative to traditional health plans, called Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). HSAs are paired with high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) and allow funds to be used pretax for out-of-pocket health expenditures. Consumers trade off higher deductibles under these plans in return for lower monthly premiums and tax-advantaged, out-of-pocket spending; the savings can be substantial and can be rolled over, year after year. Services above the deductible are often covered entirely by insurance.

Background: National survey data linked with state cancer registry data has the potential to create a valuable took for cancer prevention and control research. A pilot project - developed in a collaboration of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS) at the University of Miami - links the records of the 1986-2009 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 1981-2010 FCDS. The project assesses the feasibility of performing a record linkage between NCHS survey data and a state-based cancer registry, as well as the value of the data produced. The linked NHIS-FCDS data allow researchers to follow NHIS survey participants longitudinally to examine factors associated with future cancer diagnosis, and to assess the characteristics and quality of life among cancer survivors. Methods: This report provides a preliminary evaluation of the linked national and state cancer data and examines both analytic issues and complications presented by the linkage. Conclusions: Residential mobility and the number of years of data linked in this project create some analytic challenges and limitations for the types of analyses that can be conducted. However, the linked data set offers the ability to conduct analyses not possible with either data set alone.

This paper measures intertemporal earnings correlation across occupations in the U.S. using the Current Population Survey, 1971-2012. Then predictors of occupational earnings correlation are identified from among measures of occupational dissimilarity based on the O*Net database. Its findings measures and measures of earnings correlation, as well as distance measures with negative estimated effects on earning correlation. The explanatory power of distance measures for earnings correlations is weak, however, rejecting the simple theory of spatially dependent sectoral shifts among occupations.

The onset of World War I spurred the "Great Migration" of African Americans from the US South, arguably the most important internal migration in US history. We create a new panel dataset of more than 5,000 men matched from the 1910 to 1930 census manuscripts to address three interconnected questions: To what extent was there selection into migration? How large were the migrants' gains? Did migration narrow the racial gap in economic status? We find evidence of positive selection, but the migrants' gains were large. A substantial amount of black-white convergence in this period is attributable to migration.

ObjectiveMany social policies and academic studies assume that education is the great equalizer that is capable of counteracting the unequal social resources of different demographic groups. This study aims to determine whether non-Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities indeed experience comparable health benefits with greater educational attainment.MethodsData from the National Health Interview Survey 19972012 were used to conduct ordered logistic models comparing the self-rated health of 518,288 non-Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities aged 3065 across the full spectrum of educational attainment.ResultsEducational attainment was found to affect the health of whites more than minorities, even with the inclusion of a wide range of potential sociodemographic, behavioral, and economic mediators.ConclusionWe discuss the possibility that unmeasured variables, such as childhood environment and other individual characteristics, are responsible for the stronger effect of education for whites than minorities, and what the implications are for future policy and research.

During the Great Recession, millions of Americans found themselves out of work. The federal government’s response to the large increase in unemployment was to extend the number of weeks of unemployment insurance an individual may collect while unemployed. It was during this time that the nation also saw a dramatic rise in average unemployment duration to record levels. This paper seeks to determine whether the federal benefit increase was a contributing factor to the sharp rise in unemployment duration. The analysis found that extending unemployment benefits increased unemployment duration spells. When examining all duration spells, each additional week of unemployment benefits resulted in a 0.08 week increase in unemployment duration. There was evidence of a larger impact on the long-term unemployed. For every additional week of unemployment benefits, unemployment duration increased by 0.16 weeks for those individuals who had been unemployed at least 26 weeks.

Research on how the residential segregation of immigrant populations has impacted their labor market outcomes presents many challenges because of the fact that immigrants often choose to locate near co-ethnics to share resources and cultural amenities. Because not all immigrants choose to live in these ethnic communities, identification of a causal effect on living in an ethnic community is problematic. The estimation of the effect of living in these ethnic communities is also difficult because it is ambiguous whether such residence will help or harm the labor market outcomes of immigrants. This study implements a number of approaches to help identify a causal effect, including using sample of adults whose residential location is plausibly exogenous with respect to their labor market outcomes and using the current recession as a source of exogenous variation. Results suggest that residence in an ethnic community after the recession increases the likelihood of working, albeit with longer commutes.