Há uma grande discussão na literatura sobre como definir a ruralidade. Uma das correntes teóricas dessa discussão procura definir a ruralidade como um modo de vida. Essa abordagem contribuiu para o escopo deste artigo, cujo objetivo é verificar as diferenças entre os modos de vida daqueles que vivem no campo e que vivem na cidade, no âmbito brasileiro. Como abordagem teórica, tomou-se como base a literatura nacional e internacional sobre o tema, com autores como Carneiro, Wirth, Lefebvre e Foucault. Para o cumprimento de tal objetivo, utilizaram-se microdados do Censo de 2010. Esses dados fornecem indícios de aproximação dos modos de vida.

OBJECTIVE To describe end-stage renal disease (ESRD) quality of care (receipt of pre-ESRD nephrology care, access to kidney transplantation, and placement of permanent vascular access for dialysis) in US patients with ESRD due to lupus nephritis (LN-ESRD) and to examine whether quality measures differ by patient sociodemographic characteristics or US region. METHODS National surveillance data on patients in the US in whom treatment for LN-ESRD was initiated between July 2005 and September 2011 (n = 6,594) were analyzed. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined for each quality measure, according to sociodemographic factors and US region. RESULTS Overall, 71% of the patients received nephrology care prior to ESRD. Black and Hispanic patients were less likely than white patients to receive pre-ESRD care (OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.63-0.85] and OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.60-0.88], respectively) and to be placed on the kidney transplant waitlist within the first year after the start of ESRD (HR 0.78 [95% CI 0.68-0.91] and HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.68-0.98], respectively). Those with Medicaid (HR 0.51 [95% CI 0.44-0.58]) or no insurance (HR 0.36 [95% CI 0.29-0.44]) were less likely than those with private insurance to be placed on the waitlist. Only 24% had a permanent vascular access, and placement was even less likely among the uninsured (OR 0.62 [95% CI 0.49-0.79]). ESRD quality-of-care measures varied 2-3-fold across regions of the US, with patients in the Northeast and Northwest generally having higher probabilities of adequate care.

It is sometimes argued that poorer people choose to work less, implying less welfare inequality than suggested by observed incomes. Social policies have also acknowledged that efforts differ, and that people respond to incentives. Prevailing measures of inequality (in outcomes or opportunities) do not, however, measure incomes consistently with personal choices of effort. The direction of bias is unclear given the heterogeneity in efforts and preferences. Data on the labor supplies of single American adults suggest that adjusting for effort imposing common preferences attenuates inequality, although the effect is small. Allowing for preference heterogeneity consistently with behavior suggests higher inequality.

Democracy requires universal suffrage, but it also requires universal access to political office. This paper describes a mechanism commonly used by traditional economic elites to extend the suffrage without redistributing political power, namely, candidate eligibility requirements. These often take the form of minimum property or wealth requirements for those who want to access political office. We provide a citizen-candidate model that relates suffrage and eligibility requirements with implemented policies, showing that the extension of the suffrage is inconsequential in regimes with strict economic qualifications for candidates. We evaluate the effects of removing property qualifications for both suffrage and office in the sample of the 13 original colonies of the United States of America during the period 1776-1900. We find that reforms to universal suffrage increased turnout but did not affect government spending or the composition of the political class. The elimination of economic qualifications for political office on the other hand, increased government spending, enriched political competition and increased the class heterogeneity of the legislature.

This article analyzes patterns of geographic migration of black and white American families over four consecutive generations. The analysis is based on a unique set of questions in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) asking respondents about the counties and states in which their parents and grandparents were raised. Using this information along with the extensive geographic information available in the PSID survey, the article tracks the geographic locations of four generations of family members and considers the ways in which families and places are linked together over the course of a familys history. The patterns documented in the article are consistent with much of the demographic literature on the Great Migration of black Americans out of the South, but they reveal new insights into patterns of black migration after the Great Migration. In the most recent generation, black Americans have remained in place to a degree that is unique relative to the previous generation and relative to whites of the same generation. This new geographic immobility is the most pronounced change in black Americans migration patterns after the Great Migration, and it is a pattern that has implications for the demography of black migration as well as the literature on racial inequality.

This issue brief highlights key issues and demographic trends in the Washington region, and dives specifically into issues of poverty and opportunity that affect girls capacity to attain economic security in adulthood.

Demographic change of the Pacific region is analyzed using eight censuses, six demographic surveys, and vital registrations. To some extent, population processes have been similar in the Caribbean and the Pacific regions; however, salient differences were found in comparison to Bogotá and the rest of the country. Despite a systematic reduction on age dependency ratios, the effective dependency ratio remains higher than other Colombian regions, being one of the limits to the economic development of peripheral regions. A retrospective estimation of the under-5 mortality in the Pacific shows a substantial decline within the past few decades, but the gap to the rest of the country represents the negative penalty of being born and living in the less developed regions of Colombia. Indirect estimations of the adult mortality and the life expectancy at working ages lead to the same conclusion.

In modern American higher education, people ages twenty-five and older account for nearly forty percent of all undergraduates. Though neglected by scholars, these students and their experiences are both important in their own right and can help shed light on the broader world of non-elite postsecondary education. In this dissertation, I combine qualitative and quantitative methods to address central questions relating to college-going among adults. I draw on data from a nationally-representative longitudinal study (the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort) and from in-depth interviews with thirty-six adult undergraduates in order to explore factors that lead students to drop out of college and to enroll at older ages. I utilize sequence analysis techniques to investigate the impact of non-standard college-going patterns on other aspects of the transition to adulthood, event history analysis to identify the proximal and distal correlates of adult enrollment, and both fixed-effects and marginal structural models to estimate the impacts of college participation and completion in adult years on wages and benefits. My study indicates that a substantial portion of adults are motivated to attend college because of insecurity or poor conditions in the non-baccalaureate labor market, but that adults who do enroll tend to benefit by doing so, and that women in particular . . .

This report focuses on young people between the ages of 18 and 29 working across Los Angeles County. While most studies of young workers focus on middle-class youth experience, we have captured a diverse segment of young people in the early stages of their employment journeys and careers. Youth in Los Angeles make up nearly 20 percent of the nation’s most populated and diverse county and 1 of every 4 LA County workers is a young worker.

In the medical model, disability becomes the person's sole, salient identity; the focus is on the inability to function and individual reliance on others for care. The alternative model is the social model, which views disability as a creation of society. One of the most popular kinds of sociological research on disability is content analyses of various media genres. Many disability-studies scholars and some sociologists claim that threats of euthanasia and eugenics are increasingly encroaching on the lives of those with disability. The most pressing issue that faces disability as a human rights issue is to ensure that people who consider themselves human rights activists understand how and in what way disability is a human rights issue, along with gender, sex, poverty, race, age, and other identity characteristics that are routinely denied privilege. Currently, disability is an afterthought in human rights conversations and considerations.

In the Washington region alone, 450,000 women and girls live near poverty or below twice the poverty line. In this issue brief, we look at the economic state of women in the Washington region and how we can address the obstacles challenging them and foster strategies that support them in their journey to economic security.

Unlike many other countries, when the United States enacted its private-sector labor law, the National Labor Relations Act, in 1935, it did not include public employees within the same or similar framework for collective bargaining. Not until the late 1950s and 1960s did state and local governments grapple with a labor law to govern their rapidly growing public-sector labor forces. No state or local government chose to transplant the private-sector model of collective bargaining; instead they adopted some parts of it, chose to create no bargaining framework at all, or prohibited collective bargaining. This paper describes the rapid growth of labor laws that have enabled public-sector collective bargaining, and examines the effects of various labor law frameworks on public employee wages.

We generate ideal points based on 38 inferred policy positions from 22 questions on the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey (CCES). The CCES common content includes questions about a wide range of policy domains that provide a reliable baseline for estimating a scaled measure of ideology. (Warshaw and Rodden, 2012; Tausanovitch and Warshaw, 2013; Shor and Rogowski, 2013). Below we provide the text of each policy question and our dichotomization choices.1 Following . . .

Although the emergence of sibling differences has long been a subject of interest, little empirical work has examined the development of sibling differentiation over time, or the ways in which sibling differentiation is linked to relational and individual outcomes. This study focused on sibling differences in self-rated activity interests (e.g., the extent to which siblings differ in their level of interest in sports, reading, hobbies, etc.), with the goal of examining associations between sibling differentiation and both sibling relationship quality and youths’ self-worth over time. Specifically, this study addressed the following research aims: (1) to describe the trajectory of sibling differentiation from middle childhood through adolescence, (2) to assess linkages between sibling differentiation and sibling intimacy and conflict, and (3) to assess linkages between sibling differentiation and youths’ self-worth. I began by charting the developmental trajectory of differences between siblings’ self-reported activity interests from middle childhood through late adolescence. Based on deidentification theory and existing work in behavioral genetics, it was anticipated that siblings would become increasingly different over time. Sibling dyad gender constellation was also examined as a potential moderator of change patterns, given its importance to sibling differences from both the deidentification and behavioral-genetic perspectives. Multi-level modeling (MLM) was then used to examine the longitudinal linkages between differentiation in siblings’ activity interests and their reports of sibling intimacy and conflict. Existing perspectives offer conflicting hypotheses: grounded in Adler’s ideas about the family context of individual development, deidentification theory holds that becoming more different will reduce rivalry and conflict between siblings, allowing for a more harmonious relationship. Principles of homophily suggest the opposite—that the more siblings have in common, the more likely they will be to report close relationships with one another. Sibling dyad gender constellation and birth order were also examined as potential moderators of change patterns, given their relevance to sibling relationship dynamics. To address the third aim, MLM was used to assess linkages between sibling differences in activity interests and a measure of siblings’ individual adjustment—self-worth. Here again, there are competing predictions: deidentification theory predicts that greater differentiation will be linked with positive self-worth. Self-affirmation theory, however, predicts the opposite, as similarity between siblings serves as a source of personal validation and self-worth. Sibling dyad gender constellation was included as a potential moderator of change patterns, given its potential relevance to sibling differentiation. Results for Aim 1 revealed a negative quadratic effect that was qualified by a significant cubic effect for sibling differentiation over time: Sibling differences increased in early adolescence, leveled off, and then increased again in late adolescence--findings that generally support both deidentification and behavioral genetics perspectives. A significant linear by gender constellation interaction also emerged, with follow ups showing that mixed-sex sibling dyads, but not same sex dyads, showed linear increases in differentiation over time. For Aim 2, support was found for principles of homophily. At the within-family level, at times when sibling dyads were more different than their average, youths reported lower levels of intimacy. A similar effect was also found at the between-family level, as youths from families with higher than average levels of sibling differences reported lower levels of intimacy. No association was found between sibling differentiation and sibling conflict, although some significant interactions were found between linear age and both birth order and gender constellation. With respect to Aim 3, support was found for self-affirmation theory: sibling similarity was linked positively to self-worth at the between-family level, such that youths from families with higher than average levels of sibling differences reported lower levels of self-worth. Further, at the within-family level (dyads across time), a significant interaction with gender constellation emerged, indicating that youths from same-sex sibling dyads reported lower levels of self-worth at times when sibling differences were higher their cross-time average—an effect not seen in youths from mixed-sex sibling dyads. Discussion focuses on implications of the findings for theories of sibling influence and directions for future study.

There is much that is known about poverty in the United States. It is well known that the United States has more poverty than most other equally well-off countries.1 It is well known that poverty increased with the Great Recession and that, despite the recovery, there has not yet been any substantial reduction in poverty.2 It is well known that, relative to whites, blacks and Hispanics continue to be especially hard hit by poverty.3 We know somewhat less, however, about the spatial and regional patterning of poverty and how that has changed, if at all, since the Great Recession. Have some . . .

Previous epidemiological studies observed the lack of an association between increased body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) and all-cause mortality in US-residing Hispanic adults. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the validity of three hypothesized explanations for the absence of significant associations. Using data on Hispanic participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [1988-1994 and 1999-2004] and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), this dissertation examined whether: (1) BMI was associated with cause-specific mortality; (2) measures of body composition was associated with all-cause mortality; and (3) the BMI-all-cause mortality association differed as a function of Hispanic ancestry subgroup. For the first paper, using NHANES data, hazard ratios were calculated for specific causes of death (e.g., cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes and other). For the second paper, also using NHANES data, proportional hazard models were fitted using seven different measures of body composition. For the third paper, using NHIS data, proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between BMI, Hispanic ancestry subgroup and all-cause mortality and whether the association varied by subgroup. Statistical models were adjusted for age, gender and smoking status. In the first paper, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 associated significantly with diabetes-related mortality but only in the NHANES 1999-2004 data. In the second paper, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (in NHANES 1999-2004 only) associated significantly with all-cause mortality. In the third paper, when controlling for Hispanic subgroup, only BMI ≥ 35 kg/m 2 associated with an increased risk of death. Stratified by subgroup, those classified as ‘Other Hispanic’ who had BMI’s ≥ 35 kg/m2 were at an increased risk of death. No other subgroup demonstrated significant elevated BMI-mortality associations. This dissertation did not find strong evidence supporting the three hypothesized explanations for the absence of obesity-mortality associations among US-residing Hispanic adults. Overall, the results of this dissertation provide support for the Hispanic paradox, an epidemiological finding where Hispanics exhibit lower mortality rates despite higher prevalence of chronic illness and lower socio-economic status. Examining genetic factors and factors such as acculturation or cultural differences in health behaviors may help to explain these results and warrant future investigation.

Patchwork of Paychecks is the second report in Alliance for a Just Societys 2015-2016 Job Gap Economic Prosperity Series. The report highlights the lack of living wage jobs, as well as the high rate of part-time jobs and their impact on women and workers of color.

This paper introduces a new measure of residential segregation based on individual-level data. We exploit complete census manuscript files to derive a measure of segregation based upon the racial similarity of next-door neighbors. Our measure allows us to analyze segregation consistently and comprehensively for all areas in the United States and allows for a richer view of the variation in segregation across time and space. We show that the fineness of our measure reveals aspects of racial sorting that cannot be captured by traditional segregation indices. Our measure can distinguish between the effects of increasing racial homogeneity of a location and the tendency to segregate within a location given a particular racial composition. Analysis of neighbor-based segregation over time establishes several new facts about segregation. First, segregation doubled nationally from 1880 to 1940. Second, contrary to previous estimates, we find that urban areas in the South were the most segregated in the country and remained so over time. Third, the dramatic increase in segregation in the twentieth century was not driven by urbanization, black migratory patterns, or white flight to suburban areas, but rather resulted from a national increase in racial sorting at the household level. The likelihood that an African American household had a non-African American neighbor declined by more than 15 percentage points (more than a 25% decrease) through the mid-twentieth century. In all areas of the United States -- North and South, urban and rural -- racial segregation increased dramatically.

We argue that US welfare would rise if unemployment insurance were increased for younger and decreased for older workers. This is because the young tend to lack the means to smooth consumption during unemployment and want jobs to accumulate high-return human capital. So unemployment insurance is most valuable to them, while moral hazard is mild. By calibrating a life cycle model with unemployment risk and endogenous search effort, we find that allowing unemployment replacement rates to decline with age yields sizeable welfare gains to US workers.

This paper utilizes the 2009/2010/2011 American Community Survey to examine spatial patterns of later-life relocation from the state of New York into Florida. Given that the first-wave of the Baby Boom generation reached the retirement age of 65 years in January 2011 and many more will continue to do so, examining the mobility/subsequent residential choices of this group is a worthwhile undertaking. This research paper is also a noteworthy contribution because it offers an interdisciplinary study of spatial statistics and population geography. Exploratory spatial analysis and multinomial regressions suggest older adults from New York leave select origins, such as Capital District, Mid-Hudson, and Lower Hudson. In addition, these older adults select preferred destinations in Florida, such as Fort Myers, Fort Pierce Stuart, and West Palm Beach. This finding can inform planners, policy analysts, and social workers about how to best address issues related to health and community services since not all older adult migrants seeking coastal and recreational areas in Florida maintain greater wealth and better health.