This paper replicates Moretti (AER, 2010). I estimate the local employment multiplier between the tradable and the nontradable sector in MSAs in the United States using two methods. The first replicates Morettis results, based on the description he gives in his paper and part of his estimation files. I am able to reverse engineer the specification he uses, but identify some discrepancies with his results. The second method is an alternative to his specification that produces more robust estimates of the local multiplier effect with more policy relevance. Using an alternative instrument which, I argue is more plausibly exogenous, I find that for each 100 new jobs in the tradable sector, there are 84 additional jobs created in the nontradable sector of the same city. This is 75 fewer jobs than predicted by Moretti.

A book about latinos and hispanics in New Orleans before and after hurricane Katrina.

Independent researchers have reported an alarming decline in life expectancy after 1990 among US non-Hispanic whites with less than a high school education. However, US educational attainment rose dramatically during the twentieth century; thus, focusing on changes in mortality rates of those not completing high school means looking at a different, shrinking, and increasingly vulnerable segment of the population in each year. We analyzed US data to examine the robustness of earlier findings categorizing education in terms of relative rank in the overall distribution of each birth cohort, instead of by credentials such as high school graduation. Estimating trends in mortality for the bottom quartile, we found little evidence that survival probabilities declined dramatically. We conclude that widely publicized estimates of worsening mortality rates among non-Hispanic whites with low socioeconomic position are highly sensitive to how educational attainment is classified. However, non-Hispanic whites with low socioeconomic position, especially women, are not sharing in improving life expectancy, and disparities between US blacks and whites are entrenched. Findings underscore the urgency of an agenda to equitably disseminate new medical technologies and to deepen knowledge of social determinants of health and how that knowledge can be applied, to promote the objective of achieving population health equity.

These GIS SHP files cover the spread of different modes of transportation in the Lower 48 states from this nations founding through (approximately) 1911. Each transportation modecanals, steamboat-navigated (as opposed to navigable) rivers, and railroadshas its own archive ZIP file which contains the complete series of files (projection, database and polyline files, etc.) required by ESRIs ArcGIS and ArcGIS Pro. These are collectively referred to as a SHP file though there are actually multiple files for each mode of transportation. Once unpacked, these files for each SHP must be kept together and should only be edited using a GIS program. If corrupted, the entire SHP file will become unusable.

The objective of this study was to examine disparities in quality of pediatric primary care among children from immigrant families in the US. Drawing from a nationally representative sample of 83,528 children ages 017 years from the 2007 National Survey of Childrens Health, weighted logistic regression was used to assess the effect of immigrant family type on five indicators of quality of healthcare across childrens racial/ethnic groups. Analyses controlled for indicators of childs access to care, family socio-economic characteristics, and primary language spoken in the household. Unadjusted estimates revealed a pattern of decreasing disparities from immigrant children to second-generation children, native-born children of immigrant parents, and to third-generation children, native-born children of native-born parents. Controlling for confounders showed that the positive effect of generational status on the quality of healthcare of children from immigrant families varied across indicators and among racial/ethnic groups. Not even third-generation Hispanic and Black children reached parity with third-generation White children on reported amount of time that providers devoted to their care and on providers sensitivity to their familys values and customs. In contrast, disparities in reports of providers listening carefully to caregivers disappeared after adjusting for confounders, and only families headed by immigrant parents reported receiving less specific health-related information than the families of native-born White children. Our study suggests that it is important to develop interventions that help healthcare professionals to learn how different types of immigrant families perceive the interactions with the healthcare system and how to deliver care that increases the satisfaction of children from different racial/ethnic groups.

This special section draws upon theoretical work outlining two halves of the ongoing gender revolution (Goldscheider, Bernhardt, & Lappegard, 2014). In the 1970s, women, particularly mothers, began to move from primary involvement in the private sphere at home to greater involvement in the public sphere through paid employment. This first half of the process was completed in many countries by the mid-1990s, with a leveling off of the increase in married mother's labor force participation (OECD Economics Department, 2004). Men are expected to complete the revolution through greater involvement in the private sphere at home, but this part is ongoing. The second half of the gender revolution is the focus of this special section.

I build a new dataset from archival sources that contains rich information on high school teachers in Tennessee in the early twentieth century. I use the data to measure the gender wage gap and test hypotheses about its underlying causes. Micro-level data on wages, detailed background characteristics, and job characteristics are extremely rare for this period, as women increasingly entered white-collar employment. High school teachers are particularly useful to study in this context because the job requirements and curricula were defined at the state level and, as such, the jobs were similar for both genders. In addition, high school teacher is one of the few occupations that employed large numbers of both men and women, facilitating close comparisons and measurement of the gender gap. I find a large gender wage gap even after controlling for detailed background information on the teachers education, experience, subjects taught, and other personal observables and local fixed effects. Variables such as university attended and teaching experience can account for little of the gender gap, whereas promotion to principal status accounts for a sizable share of the gap. Variation in the remaining gap across locations is consistent with the hypothesis that monopsony power by county school boards, rooted in social norms about womens work, also contributed to the gender gap.

Fathers child care time increased substantially between 1965 and 2011. The objective of this paper is to examine whether there was continued change in father care time and whether father time was linked to family structure and partners employment. Data on the time use of men aged 1864 living with children under age 18 were drawn from the American Time Use Survey from 2003 to 2013 (N = 20,609). Not all fathers reported child care time; the proportion of fathers reporting primary child care increased during the recession but by 2013 had returned to pre-recessionary levels. Fathers total time in child care increased significantly as did their time in play and management activities. The additional amount of child care time contributed by unemployed fathers was substantial 40 to 55 minutes per day compared to employed fathers with employed wives. The recession impacted single fathers care more than partnered fathers.

The comparative study of return migration of Latin Americans from Spain and the United States is investigated in this chapter, where it intensity and selectivity are analyzed by sex, age and educational attainment based on stock data from countries of origin and return. The results for 2006-2011 show that intensity of return migration is higher from Spain than from the United States, higher for men than for women, higher for qualified women, as well as concentrated in young adulthood, and the prevalence of returns associated with retirement seems marginal. As for the educational selectivity of returnees three patterns varying according countries of origin and return were appreciated: i) return is more likely among the more educated; ii) return is more likely among the less educated; and iii) polarized selectivity, indicating that return occurs either among the least and the most educated. Keywords: return, selectivity, Spain, United States.

This paper investigates the dynamic economic relationship between healthcare expenditure, macroeconomic determinants, the age structure of the population, and the elderly's self-assessed health status. We investigate the dynamic relationship between health expenditure and its determinants after transformations to stationarity. We find that an improvement in the elderly's health status slows down the rising healthcare cost. The increase of the proportion of the elderly people in the population has a positive effect on the rising healthcare cost. Healthcare is found to be a necessity good after controlling for the other determinants. Moreover, relative healthcare price and public financing are significant factors affecting the increase of the healthcare cost. An out-of-sample prediction analysis shows that accounting for the elderly's health status helps to improve the accuracy of the health expenditure forecasts, compared to ignoring the relationship and to official (CMS) forecasts.

Here, we describe a mechanism by which railroads not only affected finance on the extensive margin, but also led to efficiency changes that enhanced the intensity of financial intermediation. And, of course, it is the interaction of the intensity of intermediation with its quantity that seems most important for long-run growth (Rousseau and Wachtel 1998, 2011). This relationship proves to be one that does not generalize to all types of transportation; rather, railroads seem to have been the only transportation method that affected banks in this way.

We investigate how and when social change arises. We use data on the spatial diffusion of the fertility transition across US counties to identify the contribution of coordination and learning in the emergence of a new family model. We provide several measures of local and global spatial correlation to establish the existence of a significant geographic pattern in the data. We propose a mechanism in which cultural assimilation is the engine of the fertility transition. Using Census data starting from 1850, we estimate the speed of fertility assimilation for the different ethnic groups to show that their process of convergence is a crucial channel to explain the aggregate decline of fertility rate over time and across space

This report, an update of a previous NIRS report published in 2013, examines the readiness of working-age households, based primarily on an analysis of the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) from the U.S. Federal Reserve. The study analyzes workplace retirement plan coverage, retirement account ownership, and household retirement savings as a percentage of income, and estimates the share of working families that meet financial industry recommended benchmarks for retirement savings.

This paper develops cost of living (COL) indices that vary across space. While conventional indices adjust for differences in prices, the COL defined here also reflects access to public goods. This analysis relies on the structure of a residential sorting model to estimate the COL index for each of 226 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in 1990 and 2000 in the United States. Empirical results show signifi-cant differences in the COL across the spatial landscape. This paper focuses on the Gini coefficient as a measure of inequality to demonstrate the distribution of public goods across the population.

We investigate a model of one-to-one matching with transferable utility and general unobserved heterogeneity. Under a separability assumption that generalizes Choo and Siow (2006, Journal of Political Economy, 114, 175–201), we first show that the equilibrium matching maximizes a social gain function that trades off exploiting complementarities in observable characteristics and matching on unobserved characteristics. We use this result to derive simple closed-form formulae that identify the joint matching surplus and the equilibrium utilities of all participants, given any known distribution of unobserved heterogeneity. We provide efficient algorithms to compute the stable matching and to estimate parametric versions of the model. Finally, we revisit Choo and Siow’s empirical application to illustrate the potential of our more general approach.

Economists theorize that mens marriage premium derives in part from gender specialization in household paid and unpaid labor. We argue that in the current earnings structure, specialization is feasible only for the highest-earning men. In contrast, lower-earning men continue to benefit from marriage if they contribute more to unpaid tasks. We pool 2010-12 American Time Use Survey data and use semi-parametric regressions to estimate the impact of unpaid work at different percentiles of mens earnings distribution. At no percentile does the inclusion of mens unpaid time significantly alter their net marriage premium. Greater time in nonroutine housework predicts a further earnings premium for men in the lower quartile of the earnings distribution. At the median, mens greater time in both nonroutine housework and childcare predicts greater earnings. Partnered mens greater productivity in family work therefore predicts greater market earnings for average and lower-earning men.

More than three-quarters of a million (772,000) older Californians are among the “hidden poor” – older adults with incomes above the federal poverty line (FPL) but below a minimally decent standard of living as determined by the Elder Economic Security Standard™ Index (Elder Index) in 2011. This policy brief uses the most recent Elder Index calculations to document the wide discrepancy that exists between the FPL and the Elder Index. This study finds that the FPL significantly underestimates the number of economically insecure older adults who are unable to make ends meet. Yet, because many public assistance programs are aligned with the FPL, potentially hundreds of thousands of economically insecure older Californians are denied aid. The highest rates of the hidden poor among older adults are found among renters, Latinos, women, those who are raising grandchildren, and people in the oldest age groups. Raising the income and asset eligibility requirement thresholds for social support programs such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI), housing, health care, and food assistance would help California’s older hidden poor make ends meet.

The U.S. Healthcare system is one of the most expensive healthcare system in the world , and the government has been continously making efforts to make insurance more affordable. In 2009, pre-ObamaCare was launched and its main action was to have everybody insured. However, it is an understudied area about how this will reduce healthcare costs. This research examines insurance consumer market and focuses on insurance demand fluctuation. insurance demand fluctuation. Linear regression test, T-test and sensitivity analysis are used to analyze the pre-ObamaCare insurance market in 1999-2009. This study was able to statistically confirm the positive consumer reaction to increasing costs. As counter-intuitive as it seems, this irrationality in consumer behavior is understandable due to perceived future health costs. Insurance are not substitutable in covering consumers’ healthcare costs. The study shows that when healthcare costs increaseand lay more financial burden on the public, healthcare consumers would react nervously and start buying insurance even at a higher premium price.