We estimated whether children’s parents or household heads worked or commuted during nontraditional hours by setting the start time for when the child potentially required care to the value of the “time of departure for work” variable. The end time for when care was potentially needed was calculated by taking the value of the “time of arrival at work” variable and adding the values of the “usual hours worked each week” variable divided by five (assuming work hours were spread over a fiveday workweek) and “travel time to work” (assuming commute time to home was the same as to work) to determine the typical time parent(s) arrived at home after work each day. For example, if a parent typically arrived at work at 9:00 a.m. and worked 40 hours a week, we assumed the parent worked 8 hours a day and departed work at 5:00 p.m.

Black birthing people are twice as likely to experience severe maternal morbidity (SMM) as their white counterparts. Structural racism provides a framework for understanding root causes of perinatal health disparities. Our objective was to investigate associations between measures of structural racism and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) among Black birthing people in the US. We linked delivery hospitalizations for Black birthing people in the National Inpatient Sample (2008–2011) with data from the American Community Survey 5-year estimates and the Vera Institute of Justice Incarceration Trends datasets (2008–2011). Structural racism measures included the Index of Concentration at the Extremes for race and income (i.e., racialized economic segregation) and Black-white incarceration inequality, assessed as quintiles by hospital county. Multilevel logistic regression assessed the relationship between these county-level indicators of structural racism and SMM. Black birthing people delivering in quintiles 5 (concentrated deprivation; OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.16–1.81) and 3 (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04–1.56) experienced increased odds of SMM compared to those in quintile 1 (concentrated privilege). After adjusting for individual characteristics, obstetric comorbidities, and hospital characteristics the odds of SMM remained elevated for Black birthing people delivering in quintiles 5 (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.02–1.71) and 3 (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02–1.51). Delivering in the quintile with the highest incarceration inequality (Q5) was not significantly associated with SMM (aOR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.72–1.25) compared to those delivering in counties with the lowest incarceration inequality (Q1). In this national-level study, racialized economic segregation was associated with SMM among Black birthing people. Our findings highlight the need to promote maternal and perinatal health equity through actionable policies that prioritize investment in communities experiencing deprivation.

Construction is one of the deadliest industries in the United States, with over 1,000 fatal occupational injuries each year since 2016. Although fatal occupational injuries in the industry are well researched, there is limited information on construction worker deaths not on the job among construction workers despite worksite exposures and tasks that may have lifetime health impacts, such as causing cancers. Prior research found, for example, that 19% of construction workers had a respiratory disease and 26% had cancer, diabetes, or heart, kidney, or liver disease. This Data Bulletin examines the leading causes of death among construction workers in 2020 for all deaths (both on and off the job site) and compares at work death trends with fatal occupational injury trends. Unless specified as at work, charts show all deaths. Examining all deaths provides important insights into conditions affecting construction workers that may be preventable, such as hypertension and diabetes, as well as information on conditions potentially associated with occupational exposures (e.g., cancers or neoplasms). Data for all causes of death were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) Mortality Multiple Causeof-Death data. The mortality data includes all states except Arizona, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia. NVSS data does not include employment status (full-time, unemployed, retired, etc.) at time of death and assumptions about employment by age should be made with caution, but the data does indicate the death occurred at work. Construction workers are defined in NVSS data as those whose usual industry was construction, including individuals currently employed, retired, or no longer in the workforce. Numbers for fatal occupational injuries for all employment were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupation Injuries and Illnesses (CFOI). Employment figures for civilian labor force and full-time equivalent workers (FTEs) were estimated using the BLS Current Population Survey (CPS), downloaded through IPUMS. CPWR calculated fatal occupational injury rates per 100,000 FTEs.

My paper analyzes the link between immigration and support for anti-immigrant parties in Europe. I assemble a unique data set on the share of foreigners for 356 regions in 26 European countries and construct a novel scale for the antiimmigrant position of political parties. I find that Europeans are less supportive of anti-immigrant parties in regions with a higher share of foreigners, consistent with group contact theory. The negative association is driven by Europeans with proredistribution attitudes and is stronger among those with tertiary education, who live in the city, are in the labor force, of younger age, and female. I address several endogeneity concerns, e.g., using a shift-share instrumental variable approach, which provides evidence for a causal channel.

BACKGROUND: Evidence from clinical trials shows that newer second-line diabetes medications-glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is)-have cardio-renal protective effects in addition to their glucose-lowering properties. Despite strong evidence of benefits, there is limited evidence regarding prescribing patterns for these medications, especially among populations at high risk for disparities. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of cardio-renal and obesity comorbidities and neighborhood factors with the prescribing of GLP-1RAs or SGLT2is in comparison with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) or sulfonylureas (SFUs) and for each of the newer second-line diabetes medications (GLP-1RA vs DPP-4i, SGLT2i vs DPP-4i, GLP-1RA vs SFU, and SGLT2i vs SFU) in medically underserved populations. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records from a health care delivery system that serves medically underserved populations in the Mid-South region of the United States. Metformin-treated adult patients with type 2 diabetes, and at least 1 prescription for GLP-1RA, SGLT2i, DPP-4i, or SFU class medications, were identified between April 2016 and August 2021. Neighborhood factors were assessed at the census tract level by geocoding and linking patient addresses to neighborhood-level risk factors. Using multilevel logistic regression models, we examined the associations of comorbidities and neighborhood factors with the prescription of newer second-line diabetes medications. RESULTS: 7,723 patients received newer second-line diabetes medications, with 16% prescribed GLP-1RAs, 11% prescribed SGLT2is, 28% prescribed DPP-4is, and 45% prescribed SFUs. Patients with cerebrovascular disease were significantly less likely to receive newer second-line diabetes medications (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52-0.80). Patients with obesity were more likely to receive newer second-line diabetes medications (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.48-1.90). Living in neighborhoods with higher proportions of college graduates was associated with a higher likelihood of receiving newer second-line diabetes medications (quartile 3 vs 1: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.06-1.59; and quartile 4 vs 1: OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.13-1.88). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate substantial underprescribing and significant clinical and neighborhood variations in the use of newer second-line diabetes medications. We found lower use of newer second-line diabetes medications among patients with cerebrovascular disease and higher use in those with obesity. Our findings also suggest that newer second-line diabetes medications are first adopted by those in higher socioeconomic groups, thus increasing disparities in care. DISCLOSURES: Dr Surbhi reports grants or contracts from the Tennessee Department of Health, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and PhRMA Foundation. Dr Bailey reports honoraria from the SouthEast Texas Chapter of the American College of Healthcare Executives, leadership or fiduciary role in the Coalition for Better Health and The Healthy City, Inc., and stock or stock options in Proctor and Gamble, Walmart, and Apple. Dr Kovesdy reports personal fees from Bayer, Abbott, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Tricida, Akebia, Cara Therapeutics, Vifor, Rockwell, CSL Behring, Boehringer Ingelheim, and GSK, outside the submitted work. The other authors report no conflicts of interest.

Extensive scholarship links negative economic change to support for far-right movements. Yet the success of those movements is not confined to periods of economic decline. This article studies the political effects of the positive shock to manufacturing in the US caused by export demand during the First World War. Counties exposed to the boom experienced increases in population, manufacturing output, and wages. They also had more branches of the Ku Klux Klan and other far-right groups, experienced riots in the Red Summer of 1919, reduced the political power of immigrants, and increased law enforcement and incarceration. The export boom, by inducing in-migration, increased the immigrant and nonwhite shares of the population. The lack of negative economic effects on natives suggests that prejudice against out groups, not competition for scarce resources, accounts for the reaction. The path from globalization to illiberal backlash runs through globalization’s winners as well as its losers.

SUMMARY Chapter 1: The Effect of WWI Military Service on the Long-Term Outcomes of Immigrants Military service has a long-lasting impact on mental, physical, and socioeconomic well-being. Although previous research has concentrated on the effect of military service on the native-born population, military experience may have different effects on immigrants through improving English language skills, fostering social interactions with natives, and providing a faster path to U.S. citizenship. I use historical Census data and an instrumental-variables approach to analyze the effect of WWI military service on the long-term outcomes of immigrants. The instrument reflects the likelihood of being drafted based on two characteristics: age at the time of the draft and being born in a country classified as an enemy of the U.S. during WWI. I find that foreign- born WWI veterans were more likely to become naturalized citizens and work in protective services, but veterans earned less after the war than their non-veteran peers. Chapter 2: My Brother and Me: The Consequences of Being Foreign-Born Immigrant children represent a significant share of the U.S. population. However, foreign- born children are often disadvantaged compared to their native-born peers due to differences in language skills, schooling, and cultural integration. I use historical Census Data to analyze the differences in schooling and labor market outcomes between U.S.-born and foreign-born siblings to understand the long-term effects of nativity. Children observed in the 1910 decennial Census are linked to their 1940 Census records using a unique method of linking individuals across Census waves. Compared to their native-born siblings, those born abroad are 10.5, 4.1, and 1.7 percentage points less likely to complete eighth grade, high school, and college respectively. The effects are larger for children who arrived at older ages. I do not find a significant impact on wages, employment, and other labor market outcomes. These findings indicate that foreign-born status is a significant determinant of long-term outcomes of children. Chapter 3: Exploring the Impact of Local Media Coverage on Ethnic Arrest Disparities with Ashley Muchow U.S. media coverage linking immigration with crime has proliferated over the past three decades at the same time local law enforcement officers have assumed important roles in immigration enforcement. While scholarship has demonstrated the ability of media to shape public opinion on immigration, relatively little research has empirically assessed its effect on policing practice. We use novel data on local television newscasts on immigration and crime and agency-level arrest data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System from 2009 to 2016 to examine whether such coverage increases Hispanic-White arrest disparities. Given the endogenous nature of local news, we use Sinclair Broadcast Group acquisitions as an instrumental variable to isolate the effect of news coverage on arrest differences. We find that news coverage increases ethnic arrest disparities for drug crimes but has no discernible impact on arrest differences for violent offenses. Supplemental analyses suggest that increases in Hispanic-White drug arrest rate disparities are more pronounced in areas served by sheriff departments and experiencing immigrant population growth. These findings demonstrate the potential for local news coverage to influence policing practice and highlight the scenarios under which such coverage may aggravate ethnic disparities in criminal justice contact.

Birth rates in the U.S. have steadily declined since the Great Recession. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR), which estimates the average number of births women will have if they experience current birth rates throughout their childbearing years, was at a record low of 1.73 births per woman in 2019 and dropped further to 1.64 births per woman in 2021 (Osterman, Hamilton, Martin, Driscoll, & Valenzuela, 2023). However, the TFR does not reflect changes in birth timing, and although birth rates have fallen at younger ages, they have risen for women 35 and older (Osterman et al., 2023). As such, looking at the number of children ever born provides another way of examining fertility trends. In this profile, we use data from the Current Population Survey’s (CPS) biennial June Fertility Supplement for the years 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2022 to analyze completed fertility at the end of the reproductive years. We present trends in the distribution of children ever born (one, two, three, or four or more) for women aged 40-44 for the overall population and by race-ethnicity and education.

Introduction: In the U.S., low-income individuals generally smoke more than high-income individuals. However, detailed information about how smoking patterns differ by income, especially differences by birth cohort, is lacking. Methods: Using the National Health Interview Survey 1983–2018 data, individual family income was calculated as a ratio of the federal poverty level. Missing income data from 1983 to 1996 were imputed using sequential regression multivariate imputation. Age‒period‒cohort models with constrained natural splines were used to estimate annual probabilities of smoking initiation and cessation and smoking prevalence and intensity by gender and birth cohort (1900–2000) for 5 income groups: <100%, 100%–199%, 200%–299%, 300%–399%, and ≥400% of the federal poverty level. Analysis was conducted in 2020–2021. Results: Across all income groups, smoking prevalence and initiation probabilities are decreasing by birth cohort, whereas cessation probabilities are increasing. However, relative differences between low- and high-income groups are increasing markedly, such that there were greater declines in prevalence among those in high-income groups in more recent cohorts. Smoking initiation probabilities are lowest in the ≥400% federal poverty level group for males across birth cohorts, whereas for females, this income group has the highest initiation probabilities in older cohorts but the lowest in recent cohorts. People living below the federal poverty level have the lowest cessation probabilities across cohorts. Conclusions: Smoking prevalence has been decreasing in all income groups; however, disparities in smoking by family income are widening in recent birth cohorts. Future studies evaluating smoking disparities should account for cohort differences. Intervention strategies should focus on reducing initiation and improving quit success among low-income groups.

Recent studies have documented the disparate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labor market outcomes for different racial groups. This paper adds to this literature by documenting that the employment of Asian Americans—in particular those with no college education—has been especially hard hit by the economic crisis associated with the onset of the pandemic. This can only partly be explained by differences in demographics, local market conditions, and job characteristics, and it also cannot be entirely explained by possible different selection into education levels across ethnic groups. The burden on Asian Americans is primarily borne by those who are not US-born.

Through the case study of Euclid, an " inner-ring suburb " and formerly industrial metropolis of Cleveland, Ohio, this article focuses on the demographic changes of these "in-between" suburbs. of the Midwestern Surburbia . Initially largely neglected in scientific and cultural productions in favor of wealthy suburban suburbs, then more recently the subject of increased attention since the strong Black Lives Matter mobilizations of 2014 in Ferguson, a suburb close to Saint Louis, Missouri, these spaces become during the second half of the 20th century privileged sites for a whole section of the “new black middle class” ( the “New Black Middle Class”) then in full social and spatial mobility. Through archival research and the conduct of oral history interviews, this article seeks to reconstruct their migratory journeys, which began in the 1970s from the center of Cleveland, sometimes from elsewhere, to Euclid. It will thus seek to demonstrate how, before revealing themselves, at the beginning of the 21st century , as formidable barometers on the state of racial relations in the United States, these spaces were first of all bearers of the dreams and ambitions of an intermediate but mobile segment of the African-American population claiming their share of material safety and comforts in the suburbs after the Civil Rights Movement.

The typical displacement metric for sea-level rise adaptation planning is property inundation. However, this metric may underestimate risk as it does not fully capture the wider cascading or indirect effects of sea-level rise. To address this, we propose complementing it by considering the risk of population isolation: those who may be cut off from essential services. We investigate the importance of this metric by comparing the number of people at risk from inundation to the number of people at risk from isolation. Considering inundated roadways during mean higher high water tides in the coastal United States shows, although highly spatially variable, that the increase across the United States varies between 30% and 90% and is several times higher in some states. We find that risk of isolation may occur decades sooner than risk of inundation. Both risk metrics provide critical information for evaluating adaptation options and giving priority to support for at-risk communities. Sea-level rise is threatening communities with inundation. This work considers isolation—being cut off from essential services—as a complementary metric that highlights earlier risks from high tides across the coastal United States.

In contemporary societies, social status–especially income–is one of the most important determinants of ever marrying among men. Using U.S. census data, we estimated the importance of income for ever marrying among men and women, analyzing birth cohorts from 1890 to 1973. We examined individuals between the ages of 45 and 55, a total of 3.5 million men and 3.6 million women. We find that for men, the importance of income in predicting ever being married increased steadily over time. Income predicted only 2.5% of the variance in ever marrying for those born in 1890–1910, but about 20% for the 1973 cohort. For women, the opposite is true: the higher a woman’s income among those born between 1890 and 1910, the lower her odds of ever being married, explaining 6% of the variance, whereas today a woman’s income no longer plays a role in ever being married. Thus, our results provide evidence that income may represent a very recent selection pressure on men in the US, a pressure that has become increasingly stronger over time in the 20th and early 21st centuries.

Insomnia is characterized by persistent difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality. It is considered to be chronic when these symptoms occur at least three nights a week for at least three months. Studies have reported mixed results about the prevalence of insomnia in the US population; however, conservative estimates indicate that 10% of adults live with chronic insomnia. Treatments for chronic insomnia take the form of medication, lifestyle changes, and/or behavioral treatment regimens. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia, or CBT-I, is considered to be the first-line behavioral treatment for insomnia by multiple professional organizations because of its short-term and long-term efficacy without the health risks associated with sleep medication. It follows a highly structured protocol including a combination of five core skills: stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, relaxation training, and cognitive therapy. This chapter provides an overview of the diagnostic features of insomnia, its etiology, and mechanisms to assess if CBT-I treatment may be appropriate for patients. An overview of CBT-I, including a description of and empirical support for each core treatment component, is provided, followed by a case vignette illustrating the CBT-I techniques in practice and suggested resources for both clinicians and patients.

This study sought to explore the role of soft skills in African American women's ascension to corporate leadership as they navigate and overcome barriers. The disparity of African American women in corporate leadership is longstanding. African American women's corporate American experience is distinct and often fraught with difficulties. In order to overcome the obstacles they encountered while pursuing executive leadership, this study investigated if soft skills were thought to be a crucial skill required. The study fills a gap in research that addresses African American women specifically. Previous studies have addressed the barriers that African American women face in corporate America while omitting the discussion of strategies to overcome these barriers. Previous studies have also discussed the plight of women in corporate America without a lone discussion of African American women. This study utilized the phenomenological qualitative approach to understand the lived experience of African American women in corporate America as they ascend to corporate leadership. The researcher interviewed twenty participants to collect data. Through data analysis, themes emerged that addressed the role of soft skills in African American women's ability to ascend to leadership and overcome barriers. The research findings suggest that soft skills play a vital role in African American women's ascension and ability to navigate barriers to corporate leadership. The implications of these findings show that African American women’s soft skills are individual KSAOs that serve as man capital resources that add value to organizations. Therefore, organizations must recognize and foster the value of African American women in leadership.

The initial marketing of the opioid analgesic OxyContin in 1996 increased fatal drug overdoses over the course of the opioid epidemic in the US. However, the long-term impacts of this marketing on complications of injection drug use, a key feature of the ongoing crisis, are undetermined. This study evaluated the effects of exposure to initial OxyContin marketing on the long-term trajectories of injection drug use–related outcomes in the US. We used a difference-in-differences analysis to compare outcomes in states with high versus low exposure to initial marketing before and after the 2010 reformulation of OxyContin, which facilitated the use of illicit drugs and the spread of infectious disease. Exposure to initial OxyContin marketing statistically significantly increased rates of fatal synthetic opioid–related overdoses; acute hepatitis A, B, and C viral infections; and infective endocarditis–related deaths. The greatest burden of adverse long-term outcomes has been in states that experienced the highest exposure to early OxyContin marketing. Our findings indicate that OxyContin marketing decisions from the mid-1990s increased viral and bacterial complications of injection drug use and illicit opioid–related overdose deaths twenty-five years later.

This paper aims to understand the relationship between high-skill immigration and multinational activity. I assemble a novel firm-level dataset on high-skill visas and show that there is a large home bias effect: foreign multinationals hire more immigrants from their home countries than from other origins. I then build and estimate a quantitative model that relates multinational production with immigration. First, I impose a restrictive immigration policy in the US and evaluate how it affects production and wages. Second, I increase the barriers to multinational production and show that immigration is an important channel to quantify the welfare gains generated by multinationals.

In this study, the authors explore the association between employee education level and the efficiency of corporate investment using data from a sample of Chinese listed firms during the period from 2011 to 2018. By examining the impact of education on investment efficiency, the authors' study provides valuable insights that contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying economic mechanisms related to education.,The authors conduct multivariate regression analyses to examine the relationship between investment efficiency (following Richardson, 2006) and the level of employee education, along with a series of control variables. To ensure the reliability of the authors' findings, the authors subject the their results to a comprehensive set of robustness tests, such as a staggered difference-in-difference (DiD) regression approach, an instrumental variable (IV) method and the use of alternative employee education level and investment efficiency measurements.,The findings offer compelling evidence that higher levels of education have a positive impact on firms' investment efficiency, and this effect remains robust across various model specifications and endogeneity considerations. Moreover, the influence of education is more pronounced in firms that prioritize employee training, maintain effective internal communication and offer attractive financial rewards. Furthermore, the results suggest that the relationship between education and investment efficiency is influenced by the firms' business nature and competitive environment. Factors such as business complexity, labor intensity and business location also play a role in shaping the impact of education on investment outcomes.,The study emphasizes the crucial role of education in influencing investment decisions and performance within firms. By delving into this previously unexplored area, the authors' research contributes to the existing literature, establishing that the level of employee education is a significant determinant of corporate investment efficiency. This valuable insight has substantial implications for firms aiming to enhance their investment decision-making processes and overall performance. Understanding the positive impact of education on investment efficiency can empower organizations to leverage their human capital effectively and achieve better investment outcomes, ultimately contributing to long-term success and competitiveness in the market.

How, when, and why did women in the US obtain legal rights equal to men's regarding the workplace, marriage, family, Social Security, criminal justice, credit markets, and other parts of the economy and society, decades after they gained the right to vote? The story begins with the civil rights movement and the somewhat fortuitous nature of the early and key women's rights legislation. The women's right movement then formed to press for further rights. Public opinion to strengthen women's status became more favorable in the 1970s. Of the 134 critical moments in women's rights history from 1905 to 2023, almost 50% occurred between 1963 and 1973. The greatly increased employment of women, the formation of women's rights associations, and the unstinting efforts of various members of Congress (mainly women) were behind the advances. But, women became splintered by marital status, employment, region, and religion far more than men. A substantial group of women emerged in the 1970s to oppose various rights for women, just as they did during the suffrage movement, and they remain a powerful force today.

Hazardous air pollutants emitted by United States (U.S) coal-fired power plants have been controlled by the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) since 2012. Sociodemographic disparities in traditional air pollutant exposures from U.S. power plants are known to occur but have not been evaluated for mercury (Hg), a neurotoxicant that bioaccumulates in food webs. Atmospheric Hg deposition from domestic power plants decreased by 91% across the contiguous U.S. from 6.4 Mg in 2010 to 0.55 Mg in 2020. Prior to MATS, populations living within 5 km of power plants (n = 507) included greater proportions of frequent fish consumers, individuals with low annual income and less than a high school education, and limited English-proficiency households compared to the US general population. These results reinforce a lack of distributional justice in plant siting found in prior work. Significantly greater proportions of low-income individuals lived within 5 km of active facilities in 2020 (n = 277) compared to plants that retired after 2010, suggesting that socioeconomic status may have played a role in retirement. Despite large deposition declines, an end-member scenario for remaining exposures from the largest active power plants for individuals consuming self-caught fish suggests they could still exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose for methylmercury.