The purpose of this analysis is to examine the correspondence between short-term ozone exposure and respiratory illness hospital reports, adopting from the methods used in Metaanalysis of the Association between Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Respiratory Hospital Admissions by Meng Ji, Daniel S. Cohan, and Michelle L. Bell. This meta-analysis was published in 2011 on studies that have connected asthma cases in hospitals and ozone measurements in air quality reports. Studies seem to suggest that there is a strong correlation between asthma and ozone level increases in the outdoor air. The point of exploring their research is to see if one could take real time collected data from an area such as Champaign-Urbana and prove or disprove the results of this meta-analysis. The datasets to attempt fulfilling this purpose have been drawn from Project Indicator, the Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) Air Quality System (AQS), and Midwestern Regional Climate Centers (MRCC) Application Tools Environment (cli-MATE). The tools required to accomplish this analysis included Oracles Data Miner, MS Excel, and R and along with methods for analysis. These included linear regression to understand the interaction of the quantitative data from the two main data variables, respiratory illnesses and ground ozone and classification to explore in more detail other variables that interacts with respiratory illnesses and ground ozone. The results of the study ultimate suggested that ozone and respiratory illness correlate with multiple environmental variables though they do not significantly correlate with each other.

It is difficult to determine whether racial housing segregation is socially desirable, because segregation has some effects that are hard to measure. To overcome this challenge, we estimate a migration choice model to measure the willingness to pay for reduced segregation. The key idea underlying our empirical approach is that if segregation is undesirable, migrants should be willing to give up some earnings to avoid living in segregated cities. Using decennial census data from 1980 to 2000, we provide evidence that segregation is an urban disamenity. It is shown that both black and white migrants prefer to live in less segregated cities. For example, for a one percentage point reduction in the dissimilarity index, the estimated marginal willingness to pay of blacks is $436 (in 1999 dollars) in 2000. Among whites, this marginal willingness to pay is $301.

We study whether war service by one generation affects service by the next generation in later wars, in the context of the major US theaters of the 20th century. To identify a causal effect, we exploit the fact that general suitability for service implies that how close to age 21 an individual’s father happened to be at a time of war is a key determinant of the father’s likelihood of participation. We find that a father’s war service experience has a positive and significant effect on his son’s likelihood of service. We estimate an intergenerational transmission parameter of approximately 0.1, across all wars, and that each individual war had a substantial impact on service in those that followed. We find evidence consistent with cultural transmission of war service from fathers to sons, and with the presence of substitutability between this direct transmission and oblique transmission (from society at large). In contrast, father’s war service increases sons’ educational achievement and actually reduces the likelihood of military service outside of wartime, suggesting that the results cannot be explained by material incentives or broader occupational choice. Taken together, our results indicate that a history of wars helps countries overcome the collective action problem of getting citizens to volunteer for war service.

Although many U.S. state policies presume that human capital is important for state economic development, there is little research linking better education to state incomes. In a complement to international studies of income differences, we investigate the extent to which quality-adjusted measures of human capital can explain within-country income differences. We develop detailed measures of state human capital based on school attainment from census micro data and on cognitive skills from state-and country-of-origin achievement tests. Partitioning current state workforces into state locals, interstate migrants, and immigrants, we adjust achievement scores for selective migration. We use the new human capital measures in development accounting analyses calibrated with standard production parameters. We find that differences in human capital account for 20-35 percent of the current variation in per-capita GDP among states, with roughly even contributions by school attainment and cognitive skills. Similar results emerge from growth accounting analyses. JEL-Code: I250, O470, J240.

This paper analyzes workers who may search for jobs using di§erent social contacts. We study a dynamic general equilibrium model where jobs are matched through either strong ties (family and friends) or weak ties, such as an ethnic group. We test the model using data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey. We show that workers are more likely to search through their strong ties when the ethnic network in their city is either very small or very large. Workers who Önd their job through their strong ties of family and friends earn about 10 percent lower wages.

The number of children residing in single‐father families in the United States quadrupled as a proportion of children's living arrangements during the past few decades of the 20th century. Research on single fathers also increased and changed in nature. This article is a review of the research on single fathers and their families from the 1970s until recently, focusing on modifications in methodology and theoretical underpinnings. In general, research on single‐father families evolved from qualitative studies focused on the well‐being of single fathers to quantitative studies focusing on child outcomes and within‐group variation among single fathers. Research also moved from descriptive studies to those testing gender and microstructural theories. This article also summarizes the main findings on single fathers and concludes with directions for future research.

Although many U.S. state policies presume that human capital is important for state economic development, there is little research linking better education to state incomes. In a complement to international studies of income differences, we investigate the extent to which quality-adjusted measures of human capital can explain within-country income differences. We develop detailed measures of state human capital based on school attainment from census micro data and on cognitive skills from state- and country-of-origin achievement tests. Partitioning current state workforces into state locals, interstate migrants, and immigrants, we adjust achievement scores for selective migration. We use the new human capital measures in development accounting analyses calibrated with standard production parameters. We find that differences in human capital account for 20-35 percent of the current variation in percapita GDP among states, with roughly even contributions by school attainment and cognitive skills. Similar results emerge from growth accounting analyses.

Our dataset and approach complement richly detailed studies of supply-chain restructuring in individual industries by providing a more systematic analysis of manufacturing. Recoded across decades for consistency in terms of industries and occupations, these data provide the means to track long-range shifts in manufacturing across multiple, simultaneous dimensions.

The purpose of this research is to understand how a college degree will affect an individuals earnings. I use data from the American Community Survey and a human capital model to investigate the question. Earnings increase around 60 percent when an individual earns any form of college degree. There are other factors that influence both income and an individuals decision to continue education after high school, but this model suggests that furthering education should lead to higher earnings.

This chapter begins with a summary of the findings for each of the preceding chapters. It then demonstrates that the negative effects of demographic change can be overcome through measures to reduce levels of socioeconomic inequality between racial/ethnic groups. It indicates that higher levels of income are associated with higher levels of education for all racial/ethnic groups across occupational groups. It shows that past growth rates from 1980 through 2010, if continued through 2060, do not close the socioeconomic gaps between racial/ethnic groups or lead to levels of economic growth equal to those of the past. Further results indicate that current patterns of growth in aggregate household income, aggregate net worth, mean household income, net worth per household, consumer expenditures and tax revenues per household have not kept pace with household growth and decreasing per household values. Only poverty rates exceed the growth rate in households. The analysis shows net reductions in per capita and mean household income, consumer expenditures, employment in higher skilled occupations, and educational attainment levels in 2060 compared to 2010 if rates for 2010 are applied to 2060 population bases, but increases if average 1980–2010 rates were to characterize the future. Finally data are shown that demonstrate that the highest rates of economic growth will result from complete closure of socioeconomic levels between minority and nonHispanic Whites.

Although many U.S. state policies presume that human capital is important for state economic development, there is little research linking better education to state incomes. In a complement to international studies of income differences, we investigate the extent to which quality-adjusted measures of human capital can explain within-country income differences. We develop detailed measures of state human capital based on school attainment from census micro data and on cognitive skills from state-and country-of-origin achievement tests. Partitioning current state workforces into state locals, interstate migrants, and immigrants, we adjust achievement scores for selective migration. We use the new human capital measures in development accounting analyses calibrated with standard production parameters. We find that differences in human capital account for 20-35 percent of the current variation in per-capita GDP among states, with roughly even contributions by school attainment and cognitive skills. Similar results emerge from growth accounting analyses. Abstract: Although many U.S. state policies presume that human capital is important for state economic development, there is little research linking better education to state incomes. In a complement to international studies of income differences, we investigate the extent to which quality-adjusted measures of human capital can explain within-country income differences. We develop detailed measures of state human capital based on school attainment from census micro data and on cognitive skills from state-and country-of-origin achievement tests. Partitioning current state workforces into state locals, interstate migrants, and immigrants, we adjust achievement scores for selective migration. We use the new human capital measures in development accounting analyses calibrated with standard production parameters. We find that differences in human capital account for 20-35 percent of the current variation in per-capita GDP among states, with roughly even contributions by school attainment and cognitive skills. Similar results emerge from growth accounting analyses.

Entrepreneurial activity differs substantially across immigrant groups in the USA, but relating self-employment rates in the US to home-country self-employment shares has provided inconclusive results in previous studies. This paper offers new evidence on the relationship between native self-employment and the self-employment decision of immigrants and their descendants. We argue that the previous literature has neglected to account for different proxies of entrepreneurial behavior and for determinants of self-employment in the country of origin. We find mixed evidence of a significant relationship between entrepreneurial activity of US immigrants and two different measures of entrepreneurial activity in their respective countries of origin. Our findings suggest that differences in self-employment across immigrants of different origin are to some degree an expression of the behavior acquired under varying economic and institutional environments.

It is evident that a strong positive correlation persists between the educational attainment of parents and that of their children in many, if not most, populations. This relationship may form an important part of the phenomenon of low social mobility as well as inefficiently low investment in human capital by youth who have parents with relatively low educational attainment. Is it a genetic inter-generational transmission of innate ability from parents to their children (i.e. nature) or is it the environment that the better educated parents provide for their children (i.e. nurture) that explains this positive relationship? Understanding the relative contributions of nature versus nurture is critical to the development of any social policy designed to increase social and economic mobility between generations. Separating the so-called nature and nurture effects of this relationship is a difficult task.We use the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery as a natural experiment to address the nature-nurture question. Attending university in order to avoid the draft created a cohort which included individuals who would not normally have attended post-secondary educational institutions. Comparing the educational attainment of children of this cohort to that of cohorts who attended university in "normal times" creates a natural experiment to test the relative importance of the nature or nurture explanations. Our findings provide evidence in support of the nurture argument.

The contraceptive Pill was FDA approved in 1960. However, it would be another decade before young unmarried women had full access. In the meantime, marriage constituted a way to the Pill. The later 1960s/early 1970s also saw a convergence on 18 as the minimum age of marriage, many states lowering it from 21. Exploiting these law changes, we find that a lowered minimum age precipitated marriage, delayed marital fertility, and improved women׳s educational and occupational outcomes. Marriage easing credit constraints combined with the contraceptive properties of the Pill form the hypothesized pathway.

There is little research on the gender variation in the crime market. We document a gender gap in criminal activities, based on property crimes, using data from the U.S. National Incident Based Reporting System from 1995 to 2015. We show that there is a gender participation gap, with only 30 percent of the crimes being committed by females. We try to explain the gender participation gap by focusing on incentives to commit crime, such as criminal earnings and probability of arrest. We show that on average females earn 13 percent less than males while they face a 9 percent lower likelihood of arrest. We find that males respond more to changes in illegal earnings, with an elasticity of 0.36, while females are less responsive with an elasticity of 0.23. Both genders respond equally to changes in the probability of arrest, with an elasticity around -0.14. Using a Blinder- Oaxaca type decomposition technique, we find that differences in incentives explain about 8 percent of the gender participation gap, while differences in responsiveness to changes in incentives, especially illegal earnings, explain about 56 percent of the gap. The fact that females behave differently than males has implications for the heterogeneity in response to crime control policies.

This paper defines economic inclusion as the ability of all people, including the disadvantaged, to share in economic gains, that is, the conditions that allow for broadly shared prosperity. Beyond the right to access consumption in cities, and beyond relatively standardized safety net policies that support economic security, inclusion demands intentional, flexible, context-appropriate strategies aimed at shifting the dynamics of local land and labor markets, public education, and other institutions. The paper analyzes the varied contexts for designing and supporting such strategies in a rapidly changing society, where urban regions have long been critical to incorporating a broad cross-section of people, including immigrant newcomers. Four dimensions are particularly crucial: an urban areas level of economic growth, the quality of its jobs, its demographic profile, and its geography of opportunity (degree and form of spatial inequality). Economic inclusion is particularly urgent in Americas strongest local markets, which are pricing out the lowest-wage workers and showing a disturbing tendency to import rather than grow the talent needed for the emerging, innovation-driven economy. But weak-market regions face important challengesand a range of options for leveraging demographic and other changesas well. And for now, in all types of cities, innovative and promising strategies remain small in scale, in part because they are competing for support with entrenched, underperforming systems.

Our auto-sklearn framework contains 15 base classifiers from scikit learn (out of which exactly one is chosen at each point during the optimization process). The 15 algorithms can generally be separated into 7 categories: generalized linear models (2 algorithms), support vector machines (2), discriminant analysis (2), nearest neighbors (1), nave Bayes (3), decision trees (1) and ensemble methods (4). A complete list of the algorithms is given in Table 1a in the main paper. While an in-depth description of each algorithm is out of the scope of this paper we want to give a brief description of each category and highlight complementary strengths of algorithms within one category.

This paper proposes nonpecuniary reasons for salaried employees to work overtime. I observe that occupations in which the wage premium for long working hours is relatively small tend to be associated with high levels of job satisfaction. I find that the social value of an occupation, for example the degree to which jobs involve helping or providing service to others, is inversely related to overtime pay: workers in helping occupations are less likely to be directly compensated for weekly hours above 40. Furthermore, women are more strongly drawn to such occupations and willing to give up more in terms of overtime compensation without reducing their hours in exchange for higher occupational social value.

This study examines 2000 and 2010 Census data to determine the resettlement patterns of urban and suburban residents in 23 American metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Previous research discusses the development of an affluent suburbia, leaving postindustrial cities in decline. However, recent literature suggests the reurbanization of postindustrial cities by the creative class, a Return to the City movement fueled by middle class entrepreneurs, artists, and technocrats. Alongside reurbanization are increases in poverty, and racial and ethnic enclaves in suburbia. The literature shows these trends as two separate, independent processes. This study investigates the relationship between these processes within MSAs. Consistent with existing literature, this study finds that from 2000 to 2010, there are increases in poverty and racial and ethnic diversity in the suburbs, and increases in middle and upper class white populations within central cities. This study reveals quantitative data concerning the future of American urban and suburban demography.