Many studies, but not all, suggest that immigrant health worsens with duration of residence in the United States. Cohort effects may explain the inconsistent findings; not only are cohort effects confounded with duration, but the timing of entry into the United States may also create qualitatively different migration experiences. The present study tests for duration and cohort patterns among Asian immigrants to the United States across six year-of-entry cohorts (pre-1980, 1981-85, 1986-90, 1991-95, 1996-2000, 2001-05). Data come from the Asian American sample (n = 44,002) of the 1994-2009 waves of the National Health Interview Survey. The data show cohort differences for self-rated health, such that more recent cohorts showed improved baseline health compared to older cohorts. After accounting for cohorts, there was no significant change in self-rated health by duration of residence. Older cohorts actually showed improving self-rated health with longer duration. Obesity showed the opposite pattern; there were no differences across cohorts, but duration in the United States correlated with higher obesity. These results imply that immigrant health is not simply an issue of duration and adaptation; instead, they underscore the utility of considering cohorts as broader contexts of migration. Collectively, the results encourage future research that more carefully examines the etiological mechanisms that drive immigrant health.

The family structure is continuously evolving and the definition given to family has changed in response creating various family structures that are now found in the American society. The effects of these changes are widespread and impact both society as well as in the family unit as a whole. This paper deals with a few variations of the family unit and the effects they are having on todays families. The two family structures that will be addressed in depth are divorce and cohabitation. For each of these structures, a discussion of the particular definition, prevalence of the family structure in society, and the effects experienced as a result of living in the specific family arrangements will be addressed.

Chinese migration to the United States is a history of two parts: a first wave from the 1850s to 1880s, halted by federal laws restricting Chinese immigration; and a second wave from the late 1970s to the present, following normalization of U.S.-Chinese relations and changes to U.S. and Chinese migration policies. Chinese immigrants are now the third-largest foreign-born group in the United States after Mexicans and Indians, numbering more than 2 million and comprising 5 percent of the overall immigrant population in 2013.

There is a dearth of studies focused on the reasons for the high net undercount of young children in the U.S. Census. Several different potential ideas that might account for the high net undercount of young children are examined and where available, relevant data are examined. One key distinction is the portion of the net undercount of young children due to whole households being missed in the Census compared to people being missed because they were left off questionnaires that were return.

This paper exploits the unexpected decline of deaths from cardiovascular diseases since the 1970s as a large positive health shock that affected predominantly old-age mortality; i.e., the fourth stage of the epidemiological transition. Using a differences-indifferences estimation strategy, we find that U.S. states with higher levels of cardiovasculardisease mortality prior the 1970s experienced greater increases in adult life expectancy and higher education enrollment. Our estimates suggest that the cardiovascular revolution caused an increase in life expectancy of 1.5 years and an increase in education enrollment of 9 percentage points, i.e. 52 percent of the observed increase from 1960 to 2000.

This paper documents a migration response to the American Civil War. We compare men who served in the Confederate Army with their men who served in the Union army in the border state of Kentucky, which contributed significant numbers of soldiers to both armies. To create the dataset, we collected the universe of existing Union and Confederate enlistees from Kentucky and matched men to their pre- and post-war occupations and place of residence using the 1860 and 1880 censuses. Our findings show that Confederate soldiers were positively selected from the Kentucky population prior to the onset of the conflict. We demonstrate strikingly di↵erent postwar migration patterns between Union and Confederate veterans, and we argue that this is driven by geographic di↵erences in the social returns to having served on each side. Our results suggest that the decision to serve on the Union or Confederate side created lasting social divisions between otherwise similar men, and that these divisions had real economic consequences.

This research analyzes factors related to the increase of the numbers of Minority Depository Institutions (MDIs) from 2000 to 2015. There were 164 and 174 MDIs in 2000 and 2015, respectively, according to a study by the Federal Depository Insurance Corporation. After separating these banks into Black-owned, Hispanic-owned, Asian American-owned and Native American-owned, this research found that the 10 bank increase was not equally distributed across the MDI categories. The number of Black-owned banks decreased, but the number of Asian American-owned banks increased. The objective of this study is to expand the literature by disaggregating the growth and change in the industry by the subset categories of MDIs. Disaggregation makes it is possible to identify which types of banks witnessed changes in their composition. It is also possible to identify the mechanism (merger, failure, and take-over) through which these changes occurred

We estimate returns to school resources in the Jim Crow era, as measured by young males 1940 wage earnings, occupational status, and cognitive aptitude scores. Results point to a 12 cent annual return on each $1 invested in public schools, increasing to as much as 19 cents for black schools. Investments in extended school years yielded higher wage earnings than equivalent investments in teacher salaries or smaller class sizes, but all three inputs were quantitatively important for occupational status. Correlations between school resource expenditures and cognitive aptitude scores are substantially weaker than those for labor market outcomes.

We argue that one major cause of the U.S. post-war baby boom was the rise in female labour supply during World War II. We develop a quantitative dynamic general equilibrium model with endogenous fertility and female labour force participation decisions. We use the model to assess the impact of the war on female labour supply and fertility in the decades following the war. For the war generation of women, the high demand for female labour brought about by mobilization leads to an increase in labour supply that persists after the war. As a result, younger women who reach adulthood in the 1950s face increased labour market competition, which impels them to exit the labour market and start having children earlier. The effect is amplified by the rise in taxes necessary to pay down wartime government debt. In our calibrated model, the war generates a substantial baby boom followed by a baby bust

Despite its illegality, prostitution is a multi-billion dollar industry in the U.S. A growing share of this black market operates covertly behind massage parlor fronts. This paper examines how changes to licensing in the legal market for massage parlors can impact the total size and risk composition of the black market for prostitution, which operates either illegally through escorts or quasi-legally in massage parlors. These changes in market structure and risk consequently determine the net impact of prostitution on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and sexual violence. I track the impact of two policy changes in California that resulted in large variation in barriers to entry via massage licensing fees. Using a novel dataset scraped from Internet review websites, I find that lower barriers to entry for massage parlors makes the black market for prostitution larger, but also less risky. This is due to illegal prostitution buyers and suppliers switching to the quasi-legal sector, as well as quasi-legal sex workers facing a reduced wage premium for high-risk behavior. Consequently, the incidence of gonorrhea and rape falls in the general population. I also present evidence that growth in the quasi-legal sector imposes a negative competition externality on purely legal massage firms.

This paper builds on Barreca et al.’s (2013) finding that over the course of the 20th century the proliferation of residential air conditioning led to a remarkable decline in mortality due to extreme temperature days in the United States. Using panel data on monthly mortality rates of U.S. states and daily temperature variables for over a century (1900-2004) it explores the regional evolution in this relationship and documents two key findings. First, the impact of extreme heat on mortality is notably smaller in states that more frequently experience extreme heat. Second, the difference in the heat-mortality relationship between hot and cold states declined over the period 1900-2004, though it persisted through 2004. For example, the effect of hot days on mortality in cool states over the years 1980-2004, a period when residential air conditioning was widely available, is almost identical to the effect of hot days on mortality in hot states over the years 1900-1939, a period when air conditioning was not available for homes. Continuing differences in the mortality consequences of hot days suggests that health motivated adaptation to climate change may be slow and costly around the world.

This research explores a new method of visualizing population dynamics using a static map medium. This involves the calculation of vectors that indicate the change in mean population center in a study area over a period of time. I calculate these vectors by examining the change in mean population center inside a moving window from one time period to the next. Using different sizes of these moving windows will yield results that tell different stories about the dynamics in the study area. The second component of this approach involves developing methods of displaying these vectors—collectively, a vector field—on a static map. Using the hue, saturation, and value (HSV) color model, I assign the hue component of color to the direction component of the vector and the value component of the color to the magnitude component of the vector. A significant challenge arises in assigning hues to particular directions. I explore this by conducting a study of respondents’ association of hue with the cardinal and intermediate directions. Based on the results of this survey, I have developed my own system of hue-direction for display of vector fields. Finally, I assess the methodology by conducting a survey that presents the respondents with a few example maps and asks several questions to determine if the respondent is able to correctly read and interpret the maps. Complemented with more traditional visualizations of population change, this contribution should enhance visualization of population dynamics with static media.

This paper seeks to investigate the occupational segregation of white women in the U.S. at the local labor market level, exploring whether the segregation of this group is a homogeneous phenomenon across the country or there are important disparities in the opportunities that these women meet with across American urban areas. An important contribution of this paper is that, apart from quantifying the extent of segregation it also assesses the consequences of that segregation taking into account the quality of occupations that the group tends to fill or not to fill. The analysis shows that between 20% and 40% of white women working in a metropolitan area would have to shift occupations to achieve zero segregation in that area. Differences regarding the nature of that segregation are even stronger. In some metropolitan areas, the uneven distribution of white women across occupations brings them a per capita monetary gain of about 21% of the average wage of the area while in other metropolitan areas this group has a per capita loss of nearly 11%.

This paper investigates the impact of reduction of income inequality through tax policy on economic growth. Taxation along different points of the income distribution has a heterogeneous impact on households incentives to invest, work, and consume, which may result in a heterogeneous impact on economic growth. The empirical analysis uses U.S. state-level data and micro-level household tax returns over the last three decades. To address potential selection biases in our regression analysis, we utilize both state fixed effects and instrumental variables approaches with political power and demographic variables as instruments. We find that, ceteris paribus, reduction of income inequality between low income households and median income households improves economic growth. However, reduction of income in- equality through taxation between median income households and high income households reduces economic growth. Further investigation shows that these economic growth effects are attributable both to supply-side factors (changes in small business activity and labor supply) and to consumption demand.

In this paper, I examine lynchings of African Americans in the US South from 1882-1930, and find evidence that lynchings prevented black workers from fully participating in the labour market. Using the fact that world cotton prices are exogenous from a single countys perspective, I find that cotton price shocks strongly predict lynchings. All this is indicative that greater numbers of lynchings served, at least in part, as a way of controlling black workers. Using these observations as a guide, I claim that lynchings had labour market effects that benefited white workers. During years of low cotton prices, wages are low. When whites lynch blacks, this causes other blacks to migrate out of a county, thus reducing labour supply and increasing wages. I show in my data that lynchings predict greater black out-migration, and higher state-level agricultural wages. A one standard deviation increase in lynchings within a county leads to 6.5-8 per cent more black out-migration, and a 1.2 per cent increase in state-level wages. To understand these results, I analyse a simple model in which white workers can lynch blacks during low cotton price shocks, reducing labour supply and increasing wages.

Access control mechanisms and Privacy Protection Mechanisms (PPM) have been proposed for data streams. The access control for a data stream allows roles access to tuples satisfying an authorized predicate sliding-window query. Sharing the sensitive stream data without PPM can compromise the privacy. The PPM meets privacy requirements, e.g., -anonymity or -diversity by generalization of stream data. Imprecision introduced by generalization can be reduced by delaying the publishing of stream data. However, the delay in sharing the stream tuples to achieve better accuracy can lead to false-negatives if the tuples are held by PPM while the query predicate is evaluated. Administrator of an access control policy defines the imprecision bound for each query. The challenge for PPM is to optimize the delay in publishing of stream data so that the imprecision bound for the maximum number of queries is satisfied. We formulate the precision-bounded access control for privacy-preserving data streams problem, present the hardness results, provide an anonymization algorithm, and conduct experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithm. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed heuristic provides better precision for a given data stream access control policy as compared to the minimum or maximum delay heuristics proposed in existing literature.

The current generation of young adults dubbed the "Millennials" are far different from past generations in many ways. They prefer renting to owning, shun the suburbs for cities, are likely to live at home with their parents, are putting off marriage and they are well educated. This thesis seeks to study how the living arrangements of the Millennial generation compare to those of the past generations to find out how true this conventional wisdom is. It studies U.S. Census Data from past decades, focusing on the population segment between ages 22 and 31 at each decennial census from 1980-2010.

I analyze recent federal minimum wage increases using the Current Population Survey. The relevant minimum wage increases were differentially binding across states, generating natural comparison groups. I first estimate a standard difference-in-differences model on samples restricted to relatively low-skilled individuals, as described by their ages and education levels. I also employ a triple-difference framework that utilizes continuous variation in the minimum wage’s bite across skill groups. In both frameworks, estimates are robust to adopting a range of alternative strategies, including matching on the size of states’ housing declines, to account for variation in the Great Recession’s severity across states. My baseline estimate is that this period’s full set of minimum wage increases reduced employment among individuals ages 16 to 30 with less than a high school education by 5.6 percentage points. This estimate accounts for 43 percent of the sustained, 13 percentage point decline in this skill group’s employment rate and a 0.49 percentage point decline in employment across the full population . . .

Following a representative longitudinal sample of native European residents over the period 1995–2001, we identify the effect of the inflows of immigrants on natives’ career, employment, and wages. We control for individual, country- year, occupation group- year, and occupation group- country heterogeneity and shocks, and construct an imputed inflow of the foreign-born population that is exogenous to local demand shocks. We find that native European workers are more likely to move to occupations associated with higher skills and status when a larger number of immigrants enters their labor market. We find no evidence of an increase in their probability of becoming unemployed.

Based on detailed occupation titles and making use of measures that do not require pairwise comparisons among demographic groups, this paper shows that the occupational segregation of Black women declined dramatically in 1940-1980, decreased slightly in 1980-2000, and remained stagnant in 2000-2010. An important contribution of this paper is the quantification of the well-being losses that these women derive from their occupational sorting. The segregation reduction was indeed accompanied by well-being improvements, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. Regarding the role that education has played, this study highlights that, only from 1990 onward, Black women with either some college or university degrees had lower segregation (as compared with their peers) than those with lower education. Nevertheless, the well-being loss that Black women with university degrees derived in 2010 for being segregated from their peers in education was not too different from that of Black women with lower education.