Widespread public-sector unionism emerged only in the 1960s, as individual states opened the door to collective bargaining for state and municipal workers. In this study, the author exploits differences in timing of legislative reforms across states to construct estimates of the causal effects of public-sector collective bargaining rights on pay, benefits, and employment for teachers, firefighters, and police. Perhaps surprisingly, estimates that allow for state fixed effects and state-specific trends show little effect on teachers’ pay, benefits, or employment, despite significantly increasing union presence among teachers. For firefighters, the results show a substantial positive effect on wages. For police, the wage effect was more modest but the workweek was significantly shortened.

This report is an update to the CLACLS report "The Latino Population of New York City, 1990-2010" issued in November 2011. It uses the most current data from the U.S. Census Bureau's 2015 American Community Survey released in October 2016. The report examines a wide range of social and economic variables tracing how these changed for Latinos in general within the City in comparison to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Asians. It also examines the changes within the five largest Latino nationalities in the City: Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Ecuadorians, and Colombians. There has been a definitive transformation in Latino New York's population as without question, according to census data, the Dominican population has surpassed the Puerto Rican population to become New York City's largest Latino national subgroup.

Using Demographic and Health Survey data drawn from IPUMS-DHS for four countries, we study whether particular types of female empowerment are associated with the discontinuation of the female genital cutting (FGC). We employ logistic regression analyses to determine the association of two dimensions of gender empowerment—household decision-making and level of education—on whether or not women had their youngest daughter cut. In addition, to capture the normative framework surrounding FGC in different communities, we measure the percentage of women who believe FGC is necessary for marriage within each of 27 DHS geographic units. While women's education was associated with a decrease in the probability of FGC for daughters in all countries, the effects of the other measures of women's empowerment were more mixed. In a pooled analysis, regional beliefs that FGC is necessary for marriage were positively associated with the decision to have one's youngest daughter cut.

This interactive tool enables users to examine trends in rental housing affordability and the demographics of cost-burdened households in the states and MSAs that make up the Third Federal Reserve District.

Data security is one of the leading concerns and primary challenges for cloud computing. This issue is getting more and more serious with the development of cloud computing. However, the existing privacy-preserving data sharing techniques either fail to prevent the leakage of privacy or incur huge amounts of information loss. In this paper, we propose a novel technique, termed as linking-based anonymity model, which achieves K-anonymity with quasi-identifiers groups (QI-groups) having a size less than K. In the meanwhile, a semi-homogenous generalization is introduced to be against the attack incurred by homogenous generalization. To implement linking-based anonymization model, we propose a simple yet efficient heuristic local recoding method. Extensive experiments on real datasets are also conducted to show that the utility has been significantly improved by our approach compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

We assess the concentration and duration of zero tax liabilities and of transfer receipts, using data for households with ten to forty years of observations from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics. We find that neither is strongly concentrated. Nearly 68% owe no federal tax in at least one year, approximately 78% receive some type of transfer in at least one year, and more than 58% receive transfers other than Social Security in at least one year. Of those who do not owe federal tax in any given year, 18% pay tax the following year, and 39% contribute within five years. Of those who receive transfers other than Social Security within a given year, nearly 44% stop receiving such transfers the next year, and more than 90% stop within ten years.

The 'routinization' or 'routine-biased technological change' hypothesis states that computers substitute for routine tasks - those that follow procedures that can be codified into computer software - and complement nonroutine abstract tasks. This paper testssome natural predictions of 'routinization' on labor market outcomes of a large developing economy. We use the end of the Brazilian market reserve policy on mini- and microcomputers (October 1992) as a natural experiment generating exogenous variation in technology prices to identify the effects of computerization on wages and labor inputs. Using matched employer-employee longitudinal data, we show that labor input shifted more prominently toward nonroutine manual and away from routine tasks after the price shock. Also, two (three) years after the shock the partial effect of our occupational measure on real wages was approximately 5% (6%) higher, following the begin of the growth in the IT hardware market size. Jointly, these results contribute to a growing literature based on 'task approaches' by bringing testable implications of a plausibly exogenous computer price . . .

Economists disagree how much technology raises demand for workers with pre-existing skills. But technology might affect wages another way: through skills learned on the job. Using instrumental variables on 9 panels of workers from 1989 to 2013, this paper estimates that workers who use information technology (IT) have wage growth that is about 2% greater than non-IT workers, all else equal, implying substantial learning. This effect persists over time, implying sustained productivity growth from IT. Also, it benefits workers both with and without college degrees. Because many more college-educated workers use IT, college wages grow faster, contributing to economic inequality.

We find a strong positive correlation between black exposure to whites in their school district and the prevalence of later mixed-race (black-white) births, consistent with the literature on residential segregation and endogamy. However, that relationship is significantly attenuated by the addition of a few control variables, suggesting that individuals with higher propensities to have mixed-race births are more likely to live in desegregated school districts. We exploit quasi-random variation to estimate causal effects of school desegregation on mixed-race childbearing, finding small to moderate statistically insignificant effects. Because the upward trend across cohorts in mixed-race childbearing was substantial, separating the effects of desegregation plans from secular cohort trends is difficult; results are sensitive to how we specify the cohort trends and to the inclusion of Chicago/Cook County in the sample. Taken together, the analyses suggest that while lower levels of school segregation are associated with higher rates of mixed-race childbearing, a substantial portion of that relationship is likely due to who chooses to live in places with desegregated schools. This suggests that researchers should be cautious about interpreting the relationship between segregationwhether residential or schooland other outcomes as causal.

The magnitude of the fall in employment and its distribution across the popu- lation can be seen in Figure 1. This figure shows the employment rate from 1980 to 2015, separately by gender and education level, using annual data from the March Current Population Survey (CPS). Most of the reduction in the employment rate since about 2000 has come from those without a four-year college degree, who we refer to as "noncollege" throughout this paper. The employment rate for prime- aged, noncollege men hovered around 85 percent from 1980 to 2000, but in 2014 was only 79 percent, fully 6 percentage points below the 2000 level.

How do college students choose their majors, and what role does the family play in their choices? I use data from two major longitudinal surveys to develop and estimate a model in which students learn about earning opportunities associated with different majors through the wages of older siblings and parents. The probability of a student choosing a major that corresponds to the occupation of a family member is strongly correlated with the family member's wage at the time the major choice is made. This correlation remains strong after controlling for family-correlated abilities or preferences, and additional empirical evidence suggests that the observed correlation arises through a family-based wage information channel.

"Today, over 75 percent of high school seniors aspire to graduate from college. However, only one-third of Americans hold a bachelor's degree, and college graduation rates vary significantly by race/ethnicity and parental socioeconomic status. If most young adults aspire to obtain a college degree, why are these disparities so great? In From High School to College, Charles Hirschman analyzes the period between leaving high school and completing college for nearly 10,000 public and private school students across the Pacific Northwest. Hirschman finds that although there are few gender, racial, or immigration-related disparities in students' aspirations to attend and complete college, certain groups succeed at the highest rates. For example, he finds that women achieve better high school grades and report receiving more support and encouragement from family, peers, and educators. They tend to outperform men in terms of preparing for college, enrolling in college within a year of finishing high school, and completing a degree. Similarly, second-generation immigrants are better prepared for college than first-generation immigrants, in part because they do not have to face language barriers or learn how to navigate the American educational system. Hirschman also documents that racial disparities in college graduation rates remain stark. In his sample, 35 percent of white students graduated from college within seven years of completing high school, compared to only 19 percent of black students and 18 percent of Hispanic students. Students' socioeconomic origins--including parental education and employment, home ownership, and family structure--account for most of the college graduation gap between disadvantaged minorities and white students. Further, while a few Asian ethnic groups have achieved college completion rates on par with whites, such as Chinese and Koreans, others, whose socioeconomic origins more resemble those of black and Hispanic students, such as Filipinos and Cambodians, also lag behind in preparedness, enrollment, and graduation from college. With a growing number of young adults seeking college degrees, understanding the barriers that different students encounter provides vital information for social scientists and educators. From High School to College illuminates how gender, immigration, and ethnicity influence the path to college graduation"--Publisher. Cover Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; List of Illustrations; About the Author; Preface; Acknowledgments; Chapter 1. The Role of Education in American Society: Expanding Opportunity and Persistent Inequality; Chapter 2. Recent Trends in College Graduation: The National Portrait; Chapter 3. The University of Washington-Beyond High School Project: Data and Description; Chapter 4. The College Pathways Model; Chapter 5. Social Origins and College-Pathway Transitions; Chapter 6. A Closer Look at the Role of Culture in Explaining Educational Transitions. Chapter 7. Work and Extracurricular Activities in the Lives of High School SeniorsChapter 8. The Impact of Schools and the Promise of Scholarships on College-Pathway Transitions; Chapter 9. Summing Up: Pathways to College Graduation; Notes; References; Index.

2 Background: Cancer survivors show low physical activity participation rates in the U.S. 3 However, there are limited national-level data on disparities in the prevalence of meeting 4 physical activity guidelines among women with and without breast cancer. We aimed to evaluate 5 national-level trends in meeting physical activity guidelines across demographic and 6 socioeconomic characteristics of breast cancer survivors and women without cancer. 7 Methods: Data for women aged ≥35-years with and without breast cancer were obtained from 8 the 2004-2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We used NHIS survey weights to 9 generate national-level prevalence estimates and calculate absolute and relative indices of 10 disparity for breast cancer survivors and women without cancer meeting aerobic (150- 11 mins/week) and muscle strengthening guidelines (2-sessions/week) stratified by demographic 12 (e.g., race/ethnicity) and socioeconomic (e.g., homeownership) characteristics. 13 Results: We included 5,845 breast cancer survivors and 160,162 women without cancer. The 14 weighted percentage of breast cancer survivors meeting aerobic guidelines was 37.7% compared 15 to 40.9% of women without cancer. Fewer women met muscle strengthening guidelines. There 16 were lower proportions of women who were younger (<50-years), were non-Hispanic Black, 17 were Hispanic, worked 35+ hours/week, or rented their home among breast cancer survivors 18 meeting aerobic guidelines compared to women without cancer meeting aerobic guidelines. 19 Conclusions: Breast cancer survivors were less likely to meet physical activity guidelines 20 compared to women without cancer. Demographic and socioeconomic disparities may exist 21 among breast cancer survivors and women without cancer meeting physical activity guidelines. 22 Impact: Targeted interventions may be necessary to address low physical activity participation 23 among breast cancer survivors.

Purpose The objective of this paper is to propose a new method for classifying higher education institutions that differs from traditional rankings. The proposed model segments colleges and universities based on like attributes and describes the groups according to their differentiating features. Research Method Data from several rankings publications was collected and simplified for analysis. Several observations (i.e. schools) were eliminated because they did not fit the sampling frame and/or did not include a sufficient amount of information. Duplicate variables (i.e. attributes) were also eliminated. First, exploratory factor analysis was applied to reduce the number of variables being examined. Second, cluster analysis was employed to segment the observations. Findings Exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis revealed five clusters of schools based on seven main underlying factors. Several post-hoc analyses determined that the EFA and cluster models were stable. These analyses confirmed that the constructs measured are in fact distinct, as are the five generated clusters. Practical Implications The five-cluster model generated from this study has practical and beneficial applications for both higher education managers and prospective college students and their parents. The insights gained from the model can help colleges and universities more effectively target students in their marketing efforts, and prospective students and their parents can make better-informed decisions about college plans. Originality/Value This paper is the first to propose the use of EFA and cluster analysis to segment higher education institutions. The validity of traditional college rankings has been questioned in recent years, and the model proposed in this paper solves many of the inherent problems with conventional rankings.

This study relies on IPUMS samples of the 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1880 censuses, aggregate census data, and the timing of state laws criminalizing abortion to construct regional estimates of marital fertility in the United States and estimate correlates of marital fertility. The results show a significant lag between the onset of marital fertility decline in the nations northeastern census divisions and its onset in western and southern census divisions. Empirical models indicate the presence of cultural, economic, and legal impediments to the diffusion of marital fertility control and illustrate the need for more inclusive models of fertility decline.

Both obesity (body mass index 30) and educational attainment have increased dramatically in the United States since the 1970s. This study analyzed the influences of educational inequalities in obesity and population improvements in education on national obesity trends between 1970 and 2010. For non-Hispanic white and black males and females aged 25-74 years, educational differences in the probability of being obese were estimated from the 1971-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and population distributions of age and educational groups, from the 1970 Census and 2010 American Community Survey. In the total population, obesity increased from 15.7% to 38.8%, and there were increases in the greater obese probabilities of non-college graduates relative to four-year college graduates. The increase in obesity would have been lower by 10% (2.2 percentage points) if educational inequalities in obesity had stayed at their 1970 values and lower by one third (7.9 points) if obesity inequalities had been eliminated. Obesity inequalities were larger for females than males and for whites than blacks, and obesity did not differ by education among black males. As a result, the impact of obesity inequalities on the obesity trend was largest among white females (a 47% reduction in the obesity increase if obesity inequalities had been eliminated), and virtually zero among black males. On the other hand, without educational improvements, the obesity increase would have been 9% more in the total population, 23% more among white females and not different in the other three subpopulations. Results indicate that obesity inequalities made sizable contributions to the obesity trends, and the obesity reductions associated with educational improvements were more limited.

MDT engaged a team led by Keen Independent Research LLC (Keen Independent) to prepare the 2016 Availability and Disparity Study, which focuses on participation of minority- and women-owned firms in MDT’s contracts from October 2009 through September 2014. The disparity study also analyzes conditions for minorities and women, and minority- and women-owned firms within the Montana marketplace. The study examines steps to encourage utilization of all small businesses in MDT contracts as well as programs specific to DBEs.

Policy changes in the United States in the 1990s resulted in sizable increases in employment rates of single mothers. We show that this increase led to a large and abrupt increase in work experience for single mothers with young children. We then examine the economic return to this increase in experience for affected single mothers. Despite the increases in experience, single mothers’ real wages and employment have remained relatively unchanged. The empirical analysis suggests that an additional year of experience increases single mothers’ wage rates by less than 2 percent, a percentage lower than previous estimates in the literature.

Applied Microeconomics connects economics theories with detailed micro-level data in order to test the theoretical foundation. My dissertation is comprised of two chapters, which include four essays, in applied microeconomics to define new modeling approach for cultural behaviors and energy economics. The first chapter demonstrates a proper model to measure the effect of culture on economic behaviors, particularly on women’s decisions to work and fertility. This chapter shows that the best way to measure the cultural effect is assessing second-generation immigrants’ behaviors in a host country. Each immigrant has a specific culture that he/she brings to the host country and may transmit to his/her own second generation. Accordingly, economic behaviors of second-generation immigrants may depend on the historical characteristics of their ancestors’ heritage countries. This study indicates that an ancestor’s female labor force participation and total fertility rate are more likely to have an impact on the number of hours a woman works and the number of children she has in the United States. This study suggests that the second-generation immigrant who kept their . . .