This paper investigates basic relationships between computer automation and occupations. Building a general model of occupations and tasks, I look at detailed occupations since 1980 to explore whether computers are related to job losses or other sources of wage inequality. Occupations that use computers grow faster, not slower. This is true even for highly routine and mid-wage occupations. Estimates reject computer automation as a source of significant overall job losses. But computerized occupations substitute for other occupations, shifting employment and requiring new skills. Because new skills are costly to learn, computer use is associated with substantially greater withinoccupation wage inequality.

This paper shows that attracting tradable jobs to a city has a bigger positive impact on employment in the non-tradable sector in the same city when the unemployment rate is higher. Therefore it is efficient to stimulate firms in the tradable sector to locate and/or expand in cities with relatively high unemployment rate. This policy would also reduce disparity between cities. Finally the jobs created in the non-tradable sector due to this local multiplier effect from the tradable sector will employ relatively more current inhabitants in cities with a high unemployment rate, thus making this policy more attractive for local policy makers as well. A simple model illustrates the effect of a demand shock on employment in the non-tradable sector of a city. Empirically I consider the effect of demand from workers in the tradable sector on employment in the non-tradable sector in the same city using U.S. census data from 1980 to 2000. I find that 100 additional jobs in the tradable sector will increase employment in the non-tradable sector in the same city by employing 81 current residents and employing 28 workers that move to the city from other regions. I find that the size of this local employment multiplier depends on the local unemployment rate. Specifically, the multiplier for current residents increases, which drives the overall effect, but the multiplier for migrants decreases.

We examine changes in marriage and earnings patterns across four cohorts born between 1936 and 1975, using data from a series of Survey of Income and Program Participation panels linked to administrative data on earnings. We find that for both men and women, marriage has become increasingly positively associated with education and earnings potential. We compare ordinary least squares (OLS) and fixed effect (FE) estimates of the earnings differential associated with marriage. We find that the marriage earnings gap fell for women in fixed-effect estimates implying that the impact of specialization has diminished over time. We also find that increasingly positive selection into marriage means that OLS estimates overstate the reduction in the marriage earnings gap. While our findings imply that marriage is no longer associated with lower earnings among women without minor children in our most recent cohort, the motherhood gap remains large. Among men, we find that the marriage premium actually increases for more recent birth cohorts in fixed-effects regressions.

The present paper contains a number of strategies for fundraising and project design that looked a little research on Centro Centro Jalisciense del Adulto Mayor y el Migrante (CJAMM), the problem of social exclusion of the elderly and the approach of general and specific objectives for the development of Professional Application Project (PAP). Among the most relevant results are: the approval of 35,000 pesos for a recreational art project for CJAMM by Ministry of Culture Jalisco and the Forum for the Right to Free Public Transport for Elderly and People with Disabilities at ITESO. These actions and others described in this document were raised with the ultimate aim of creatively promote social inclusion of the elderly

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estudiar las condiciones de la poblacin de origen de los pases del Tringulo Norte de Centroamrica que residen en los Estados Unidos de Amrica en las ltimas dcadas, desde la perspectiva demogrfica de la migracin y utilizando las fuentes de datos del pas de destino. La investigacin cobra relevancia porque en la actualidad los pases del tringulo norte generan los mayores flujos migratorios hacia los Estados Unidos de Amrica, en el siguiente orden: El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras. Adems de que en los ltimos aos agrega un variante especial que es el inusitado flujo de migrantes menores de edad no acompaados, mediatizado con otros objetivos que influyen en la securitizacin de la migracin, no solo en el pas de destino, sino que abarca los pases de trnsito y de origen. Los pases del tringulo norte de Centroamrica: Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras, abarcan una extensin territorial de 242.4 mil km2 de una poblacin de 6.8 millones en 1950 aumento ostensiblemente a 30.9 millones en el 2015, incrementndose en 4.5 veces. La historia de estos pases a travs del tiempo ha significado tener poblaciones sumidas en la pobreza y la desigualdad, niveles precarios de desarrollo humano, bajos niveles de educacin y acceso a la salud, problemas de gobernabilidad, falta de transparencia y corrupcin, vorgine de violencia, muerte, impunidad, deterioro de los derechos humanos, invasin en territorios y deterioro del medio ambiente por industrias extractivas, etc. En este contexto los movimientos migratorios al exterior de los pases del tringulo norte de Centroamrica repuntaron con los conflictos armados en la regin hacia la emigracin en Guatemala y El Salvador desde los ochenta, pero an con los acuerdos de paz continuaron la pobreza y la desigualdad que se profundizaron con las polticas econmicas neoliberales, que despus suma a Honduras con una migracin tarda, un desastre natural que los afecta a finales de los noventa y se agrega ms recientemente la escalada de violencia que descansa en grupos irregulares, narcotrfico, corrupcin e impunidad que azota la subregin. Las fuentes de informacin utilizada son documentales como las bibliogrficas, los informes, memorias, artculos, reportajes y desde la perspectiva demogrfica la principal fuente son los datos de la American Community Survey (ACS de EUA) de 2001-2014 y que generamos a travs de IPUMS. En el 2014 se estima con la ACS unas 4.2 millones de personas que mencionan como origen los tres pases del tringulo norte y 2.8 millones de personas que nacieron en esos pases y que residen en los Estados Unidos de Amrica, siendo poblaciones relevantes que deben ser estudiadas. Palabras Clave: Migracin internacional, Emigracin internacional, Poblacin del Tringulo Norte de Centroamrica en EUA.

This paper analyzes the impact of exogenous shifts in the labor market on the marriage market. The relationship between these two markets is complicated by their reverse causality. That is to say, labor market decisions play into marriage market decisions, and vice versa. In order to mitigate this simultaneous determination, this paper adopts and furthers a methodology utilized by Autor, Dorn and Hansen (2015). Henceforth referred to as ADH, the authors analyze the effects of trade on local labor markets between 1980 and 2007. All 722 commuting zones in the continental United States were evaluated with respect to their level of exposure to increasing competition from Chinese imports, and the share of jobs within the commuting zone considered routine, and thus susceptible to computerization and/or mechanization. The authors analyze the impact of these independent variables on labor force participation. This paper takes Autor, et als analysis one step further by using the routinization and trade variables as instruments through which we can observe the exogenous impact of the labor market on marital status shares. This paper progresses through two specifications before ultimately utilizing a Two-Stage Least Squares analysis with Autor et als instruments to isolate the impact of decadal changes in the labor market on decadal changes in male and female marital status shares. Analysis is performed on different age groups, as both the marriage and labor market are different for people of different ages. The first specification applies Autor, et. als right-hand side with marital status shares as dependent variables. The second specification adds labor market ratios, which relate male and female labor market status. The previously mentioned final specification offers easily interpreted results and is the most encompassing model. Overall, we find that the labor market affects the marriage market much like the current literature would suggest. For example, as male employment increases, the share of females never married decreases and the share of females married increases. This relationship is consistent with existing marriage market theory. However, the results suggest that the literature does not hold in the oldest age group in the data, as power dynamics in the marriage market shift. Our methodology and findings are unique, as we explore this field through a new lens. Future research can expand upon this by incorporating a dataset with information regarding cohabitation habits and consistent longitudinal variable measurements for controls.

Studies using a variety of data sources, including the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), the Current Population Survey (CPS), and the Health Reform Monitoring Survey, have shown significant gains in health insurance coverage between 2013 and 2014, as well as between 2014 and 2015 (Table 1). Prior studies have also shown some evidence of decreasing racial and ethnic coverage disparities under the ACA. Finally, two studies that used different approaches to estimate the effects of the ACA or of specific ACA policies on coverage changes both concluded that ACA coverage provisions were responsible for most of the reduction in uninsurance between 2013 and 2014.

Merit systems reducing politicians’ control over police officers’ hiring and firing have been in effect in the United States beginning in the early 1900s. But did they succeed in improving police performance? To answer this question, I exploit population-based mandates for police department merit systems in a regression discontinuity design. Merit systems improved performance: in the first ten years after the reform, the property crime rate was lower and the violent crime clearance rate was higher in departments operating under a merit system than in departments operating under a spoils system. I explore three possible channels: resources, police officers’ characteristics and police officers’ incentive structure. Changes in resources or police officers’ characteristics do not drive the effect: employment and expenditures were not affected and there is limited evidence of selection changing pre-1940. I provide indirect evidence that changes in the incentive structure faced by police officers are instead important: merit systems had no effect on performance when the ban on patronage dismissals, the component of the reform that most directly affects incentives, was not part of the treatment.

This paper investigates the effects of mandatory vaccination laws on childhood health and adult educational attainment in the United States. After the invention of a number of key vaccines, states began to require proof of immunization against certain infectious diseases for first-time school entry beginning in the 1960s. I exploit the staggered implementation of mandatory vaccination laws across states to identify both the short-run impacts on childhood morbidity and longterm effects on adult educational attainment. First, I show that the state mandates were effective in reducing the incidence rates of the targeted diseases, suggesting that the mandates did improve child health. Next, I find sizable and positive effects on educational attainment.

English-style agriculture in the northeastern United States spurred widespread deforestation beginning in the 17th century. Heavy plowing within a rocky, glacial till-mantled landscape resulted in soil erosion and deep frosts. For hundreds of years, stones exposed at the surface due to these processes were built into walls that have become an iconic feature of this landscape, and indicative of past human impacts and land use dynamics in areas that are now reforested. We investigate stone walls in five towns in Connecticut, USA, using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), field measurements, surficial geology maps, and historic agricultural census data. Stone walls are prevalent throughout the study region (∼2113km over ∼569km2), but spatial density ranges widely from 0 to 12km/km2. Important controls on the density of stone walls include surficial materials (e.g., ∼4.0km/km2 on glacial till compared to 1.5km/km2 on floodplain alluvium), and whether land had been “improved” for agriculture (∼5.2km/km2). The length of stone walls derived from analysis of LiDAR data combined with field measurements (average height of 0.76±0.23m; width of 0.96±0.50m), indicates that an average of ∼1.4×106m3 of stone was moved for constructing walls in the study towns alone. Overall, this study highlights the spatial distribution of 17th-20th century agriculture and Anthropocene landscape change in the northeastern USA, providing important implications for human-environment studies in other deglaciated regions of the United States and landscapes with stone-rich soils on a global scale where historic agriculture occurred.

The dissertation addresses how changes in gender norms influence demographic behaviors. It is composed of three articles. The first focuses on the macro-micro association between regional gender norms and couples' divorce risk in the United States. Using event-history analysis, I find a reverse U-shaped relationship between gender norms and marital instability. The second article turns to the relationship between female education and marital instability over the past five decades in the United …

Obesity is associated with increased morbidity, occupational injuries, and premature mortality. Obesity also disproportionately affects blacks and socioeconomically disadvantaged workers. However, few studies have evaluated national trends of obesity by employment industry overall and especially by race. To investigate national trends of obesity by employment industry overall and by race, we estimated the age-standardized obesity prevalence from 2004 to 2011. We used direct age-standardization with the 2000 US Census population as the standard among 136,923 adults in the US National Health Interview Survey. We also estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) for obesity in black women and men compared to their white counterparts for each employment industry using adjusted Poisson regression models with robust variance. Obesity prevalence increased for men and women over the study period across all employment industry categories, and the healthcare industry had the highest overall age-standardized prevalence (30 %). Black women had a significantly higher obesity prevalence than white women across all employment industry categories, ranging from 33 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.16,1.52) in Professional/Management to 74 % in Education (95 % CI: 1.56,1.93). Obesity prevalence was higher among black than white men for Healthcare (PR=1.39 [1.15,1.69]), Education (PR=1.39 [1.17,1.67]), Public Administration (PR=1.34 [1.20,1.49]), and Manufacturing (PR=1.19 [1.11,1.27]). Differences in obesity prevalence by race were generally widest in professional/management occupations. Obesity trends varied substantially overall as well as within and between race-gender groups across employment industries. These findings demonstrate the need for further investigation of racial and sociocultural disparities in the work-obesity relationship to employ strategies designed to address these disparities while improving health among all US workers. Further research and interventions among workers in industries with an increasing or high prevalence of obesity should be prioritized.

The United States has now had seven years to recover from the worst of the Great Recession. During that time, job growth has been steady, if unspectacular, and the unemployment rate has fallen from 10% to just under 5%, where it stands as of this writing. Stock prices, meanwhile, continue to reach and surpass new highs. Leading politicians and commentators reassure the public that everything is getting better. And yet, there is a pervasive sense that the economy is not working, as documented in Gallup survey data and many anecdotal media accounts. The people are right. The economy is not working well. But the problems did not start with the Great Recession. For decades, the nations income, measured as GDP, has barely grown overall; on a per capita basis, median household income peaked in 1999; the subjective general health status of Americans has declined, even adjusting for the aging population; disability rates are higher; learning has stagnated; fewer new businesses are being launched; more workers are involuntarily stuck in part-time jobs or out of the labor force entirely; and the income ranks of grown children are no less tied to the income ranks of their parents. The focus of this report is on the problems confronting the United States, which, despite the aforementioned issues, has exhibited somewhat better performance than many of its peers on GDP growth, though weaker performance on health and education. Therein, however, is the chief problem for this country. The tech sector and professional services of the United States are world class; they draw skilled workers from every country, akin to professional European football teams. The same could be said of top universities in the United States. But the rest of the economy especially the U.S. healthcare and education sectors are not world class, and the countrys top universities serve just a tiny fraction of the U.S. adult population. These sectors as well as housing have racked up tremendous expenses for consumers, businesses and taxpayers but provided relatively little value in return, as this report will describe in detail. As a result, the great strengths of the United States are offset by great weaknesses. Those who have recognized at least some of these challenges often misdiagnose their origin, confusing the timing with an increase in trade, immigration or information technology. In reality, those trends have bolstered the little progress the U.S. has made. Meanwhile, defenders of the status quo only recognize the nations strengths in technology production and research or recent job growth without acknowledging the very different political and market dysfunctions dominating other sectors. This report argues that deterioration in large, vital sectors of the economy is far from inevitable, but rather an entirely reversible outcome that can be linked to specific policies, rules and regulations that have arisen and accumulated after decades of weak political leadership often at the state and local levels and lobbying by interest groups.

The cultural diversity induced by migration has been proven beneficial to host countries economies and the labor market performance of second generation immigrants is a crucial determinant of integration. Labor market returns to different cultural traits, however, have been rarely studied within the economic literature. Therefore, this study provides insights on the link between the level of collectivsm at the country of ancestry and labor market outcome of second generation immigrants in the US. Using 1994 - 2014 census data, we analyze the impact of inherited cultural differences on the economic outcome of more than 21,000 male homogamous second generation immigrants. We use the disease environment of the country of ancestry as a measurement for collectivism and find that higher scores of collectivism are associated with higher income earned in the US. We demonstrate that labor force participation is one of the main determinants of the positive impact of collectivism on earnings. Further, we are the first to investigate occupational choice as a channel through which inherited cultural values affect individuals’ behavior in the labor market. We show that second generation immigrants with an individualistic ancestry are more likely to self-select into jobs which require individualistic abilities such as independence. Second generation collectivists prefer jobs which demand collectivistic traits such as sensibility towards others. We argue that second generation immigrants with a collectivistic ancestry take different jobs than individualists due to inherent comparative advantages in performing particular productive tasks. Overall they perform better than their individualistic counterparts. Our findings are robust to the use of other measures of collectivism and different data compositions.

This paper analyzes in detail the role of environmental and economic shocks in the migration of the 1930s. The 1940 U.S. Census of population asked every inhabitant where they lived five years earlier, a unique source for understanding migration flows and networks. Earlier research documented migrant origins and destinations, but we will show how short term and annual weather conditions at sending locations in the 1930s explain those flows, and how they operated through agricultural success. Beyond demographic data, we use data about temperature and precipitation, plus data about agricultural production from the agricultural census. The widely known migration literature for the 1930s describes an era of relatively low migration, with much of the migration that did occur outward from the Dust Bowl region and the cotton South. Our work about the complete U.S. will provide a fuller examination of migration in this socially and economically important era.

Given a table ? T with ? D dimensions, the skycube of ? T is the union of all skylines obtained by considering each of the subsets of ? D (subspaces). The number of these skylines is exponential w.r.t ? D . To make the skycube practically useful, two lines of research have been pursued so far: the first one aims to propose efficient algorithms for computing it and the second one considers either that the skycube is too large to be computed in a reasonable time or it requires too much memory space to be stored. They therefore propose skycube summarization techniques to reduce time and space consumption. Intuitively, previous efforts have been devoted to compute or summarize the following information: "for every tuple ?t, list the skylines where ?t belongs to". In this paper, we consider the complementary statement, i.e., "for every tuple ? t , list the skylines where ? t {\em does not belong to}". This is what we call the {\em negative skycube}. Despite the apparent equivalence between these two statements, our analysis and extensive experiments show that these two points of views do not lead to the same behavior of the related algorithms. More specifically, our proposal shows that (i) the negative summary can be obtained much faster than state of the art techniques for positive summaries, (ii) in general, it consumes less space, (iii) skyline queries evaluation using this summary are much faster, (iv) the positive skycube can be obtained much more rapidly than state of the art algorithms, and (v) it can be used for a larger class of queries, namely ?-domination skylines.

Using Silicon Valley as a case study, this dissertation examines how activists influenced by the environmental movement reconfigured urban culture in the American West. *Machines in the Valley* argues that the spatial influences of the region's urban development gave rise to modern environmentalism that arose to criticize growth, but along the way failed to ultimately shape growth policies. While high technology sought to introduce a new urban form predicated on "clean and green" industries and an environmental urbanism, the premise of "clean" industry proved elusive. High technology industrialization emerged as a key component of economic and urban development in postwar era, particularly in western states seeking to diversify their economic activities. Industrialization produced thousands of new jobs, but development proved problematic when faced with competing views about land use. The natural allure that accompanied the thousands coming . . .

This dissertation analyzes the suburbs of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota as historically Indian places and demonstrates the continuous residency of American Indians in suburbs. In order to uncover the indigenous history of the suburban Twin Cities, I use an interdisciplinary methodology that includes a demographic analysis of U.S. Census data, a close reading of historical archives, and auto-ethnography based on my personal experiences as a suburban Indian to challenge common narratives of suburbia and to underscore the participation of American Indian people in the processes of suburbanization. Part one of this dissertation focuses on the years between the end of the U.S.-Dakota War (1862) and the start of World War I. Here, I argue Indian people were engaged in the early development of Indian places into suburbs despite policies to remove Indian people and the growing number of non-Native settlers who eclipsed an Indian presence. In part two, I focus on the policies that shaped suburbia and Indian Country during the second half of the twentieth century. I examine the role . . .