This summary report contains results from the 2015 Bridge to Health Survey specific to Cook County. The Bridge to Health Survey represents a unique, collaborative effort among health care organizations in nine Northeastern Minnesota and Northwestern Wisconsin counties to better understand the health status of the regions population. The 2015 Bridge to Health Survey data were collected between August 31 and November 10, 2015. The introductory pages of this document are replicated from the regional summary report.

From 2011 through 2015, approximately 2.4% of the population moved from one state to another. Despite the image of retirees as being footloose, retirees were less likely to move to another state. Only 1.3% of retirees (who make up 21.1% of the population) moved to another state during this period. Cost of living, average winter temperatures and state employment growth appear to be the strongest factors determining which states retirees move to. Employment growth plays a role as many retirees continue to work in retirement and/or may follow children who have moved to states with high employment growth. Cost of living is important because retirees who move only have modestly higher average incomes than those that dont move. They are not wealthy, so cost of living is meaningful for them. Wealthy retirees move destinations do not show a strong correlation with cost of living. Some states appear to receive higher retiree migration than would be expected based on their cost of living, winter temperatures and employment growth. This may be explained by their reputation as a retirement destination. Retiree migration is also probably somewhat self-perpetuating as retirees follow friends and relatives. States with high costs of living and colder winters are also often high tax states. While taxes do not appear to be a primary driver of retiree migration, the loss or gain of income due to net retiree migration can be material relative to the difference between state revenues and expenses.

Understanding the contribution of immigrants to state and local finances is important when considering the economic growth and fiscal health of communities. The fiscal impacts of immigrants and natives at the state and local level depend on the balance between their contribution to revenues by paying taxes and their draw on expenditures by consuming public services. We found the following. The net fiscal effects for 2011-13 were largely related to how we measured and attributed the costs of government services, particularly how we allocated the costs of public goods that do not increase with new entrants to the population. Fiscal impacts at the state and local level varied across place depending on the demographic characteristics of immigrants and native adults, with their relative numbers of dependent children (and their associated education costs) having the most effect. Relative fiscal impacts also relate to state and local decisions on how they raise revenues (their tax system) and what level of spending they choose for specific services. Because public education makes up the largest part of state and local budgets, these costs explained much of the differences across places when we attributed the costs of educating children to their parents. However, these costs are an investment in the future, contributing to the skills and abilities of our future labor force, and estimates for a point in time do not capture students' future tax contributions.

We propose that class is inversely related to a propensity for using wise reasoning (recognizing limits of their knowledge, consider world in flux and change, acknowledges and integrate different perspectives) in interpersonal situations, contrary to established class advantage in abstract cognition. Two studies—an online survey from regions differing in economic affluence (n ¼ 2 145) and a representative in-lab study with stratified sampling of adults from working and middle-class backgrounds (n ¼ 299)—tested this proposition, indicating that higher social class consistently related to lower levels of wise reasoning across different levels of analysis, including regional and individual differences, and subjective construal of specific situations. The results held across personal and standardized hypothetical situations, across self-reported and observed wise reasoning, and when controlling for fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities. Consistent with an ecological framework, class differences in wise reasoning were specific to interpersonal (versus societal) conflicts. These findings suggest that higher social class weighs individuals down by providing the ecological constraints that undermine wise reasoning about interpersonal affairs.

In Trump's Populist America, author Steven Rosefielde argues that the policies Trump fashions are not half measures, but stem from an understanding of his supporters and their desire for an elected government that is attuned to the common man's concerns. Through this lens, voting for Trump can be seen as an act of rebellion, in the spirit of Jeffersonian democracy, against the establishment. Despite assertions of xenophobia, bigotry, and racism, Rosefielde asserts that Trump supporters are nationalists in the Jeffersonian sense, who oppose being victimized by a special-interest government at home and who welcome amicable relations with neighbors across the globe. The book documents the grievances ordinary middle and working class American people harbour against the establishment's Global Nation policies at home and abroad, and shows how Trump intends to rectify matters with policies aimed at building a Jeffersonian populist America in a workman-like manner. If Trump succeeds, these policies will reverse the course of 21st century history for the middle and working class Americans. A battle is shaping up between populist advocates of open societies, and those who are sure "father" knows best.

This paper studies whether laws allowing undocumented students to pay in-state tuition (and in some cases receive financial aid) impacts the enrollment of in-state students using difference-indifferences and an event study. Identification comes from whether and when states implement these types of laws. While the previous literature has found mixed results on whether undocumented immigrants increased their enrollment, this paper can reconcile the null and positive effects. If all states are aggregated together into one coefficient there is no significant effect using the difference-indifferences strategy. If Texas has its own coefficient, there is a significant increase in non-resident aliens in Texas but not in the other pooled states. Texas also offers financial aid which is likely part of the reason why the effect is larger. Defining treatment by type of policies reveals that only states with both in-state tuition and financial aid policies simultaneously implemented have positive enrollment impacts on non-resident aliens across types of public schools. In Texas four-year public schools there is an increase in the enrollment of in-state students which indicates that allowing undocumented immigrants to pay in-state tuition did not lead to these schools enrolling more out-of-state students who would still pay higher out-of-state rates.

This research generated new knowledge in the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of airport-adjacent communities to better understand patterns of exposure to the negative externalities of hub airports over time. The research asked the following question: How has the population of historically marginalized groups living near airports changed with the rise of the jet age? The spatial analysis and descriptive statistics showed that airport-adjacent communities in multiairport regions generally have increased numbers of persons of color and increased numbers of renters compared with their respective metropolitan regions. In addition, the communities often underperform socioeconomically with respect to their region. The study also tested three theories from the literature to explain the relationship between airport infrastructure and the airport’s surrounding communities: the “power to resist” effect, the “push–pull locally unwanted land use” effect, and the “airport-centric activity center” effect.

In this paper, we exploit a lottery in Tanzania, which randomly assigned eligible participants to receive $100 cash grants. The randomized nature of the lottery allows us to estimate the causal impact of positive income shocks on risky sexual behavior. We found that winning the lottery led men to have 0.28 (95 % CI 0.14, 0.55) more sexual partners and to a 0.21 (95 % CI 0.010.4) increase in the probability of unprotected sex with a non-primary partner relative to a control group of eligible non-winners. We found no significant effect of winning the lottery on the sexual behavior of women.

Union membership among employees of private industry in the United States has steadily declined since World War II. Less than 8% of full time employed workers in private industry are represented by a union. Union representation among government employees has remained relatively constant over this period at levels ranging from 32 - 46%. The decline in union membership in private industry is partially due to the fact that the group Unions help the most -- lower paid employees with less education -- have seen substantial competition from automation and less expensive labor overseas. Historically, union membership has not provided higher wages for more educated workers. That has hindered union growth. In addition, government has taken on some of unions' traditional roles by mandating minimum wages, overtime and employee benefits. Unions remain strong in sectors that face less competition from automation or offshoring. Employees in those sectors include airline pilots, nurses, janitorial workers, policemen, firemen, utility employees and government workers. Government union employees have been able to obtain more meaningful wage premiums than union workers in private industry. More importantly (and not easily measured), government employees receive a substantial deferred compensation premium primarily in the form of pension benefits. The attractiveness of their compensation package is reflected in government employees unusually low voluntary leave rate compared to private industry. Taxpayers may not have been fully aware of the difficulty of funding future deferred compensation liabilities. Hiding government costs from taxpayers is predicted by some economic models that analyze how politicians compete for votes. However public focus on the magnitude of government deferred pensions is growing as union pension and other benefit costs have begun to force cuts in the operating components of state and local budgets.

Close kin provide many important functions as adults age, affecting health, financial well-being, and happiness. Those without kin report higher rates of loneliness and experience elevated risks of chronic illness and nursing facility placement. Historical racial differences and recent shifts in core demographic rates suggest that white and black older adults in the United States may have unequal availability of close kin and that this gap in availability will widen in the coming decades. Whereas prior work explores the changing composition and size of the childless population or those without spouses, here we consider the kinless population of older adults with no living close family members and how this burden is changing for different race and sex groups. Using demographic microsimulation and the United States Census Bureau’s recent national projections of core demographic rates by race, we examine two definitions of kinlessness: those without a partner or living children, and those without a partner, children, siblings, or parents. Our results suggest dramatic growth in the size of the kinless population as well as increasing racial disparities in percentages kinless. These conclusions are driven by declines in marriage and are robust to different assumptions about the future trajectory of divorce rates or growth in nonmarital partnerships. Our findings draw attention to the potential expansion of older adult loneliness, which is increasingly considered a threat to population health, and the unequal burden kinlessness may place on black Americans.

Using CPS-MORG data for the years 1990-999, I conduct a two-part study on the effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on women’s labor market and earnings. Using a quasi-difference-indifference model, I first study the relationship between the EITC and the female labor supply and then examine the effect of EITC on gender wage gap. I find that a $1000 increase in the maximum EITC credit offered in the female labor market leads to a 6-percentage point increase in the employment rate. For the gender wage gap study, I find no significant results showing that the EITC impacts wage gap in any particular direction.

Objective: Given challenges to recruiting nurses to public health and the growth in national policies focused on population health, it is crucial that public health agencies develop strategies to sustain this important group of employees. The objective of this study was to examine factors that influence nurses’ decisions to work in public health agencies. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined perspectives of nurses who worked in state and local public health departments and responded to the 2010 Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice’s survey of public health workers. We calculated the mean rating of each recruitment and retention factor for nurses and non-nurses separately and compared differences by using t tests. We then used multivariate regression analysis to examine differences in ratings by role (ie, nurse or non-nurse). Results: After controlling for personal and organizational characteristics, the influence of 5 recruitment factors was significantly stronger among nurses than among non-nurses: flexibility of work schedule (P < .001), autonomy/employee empowerment (P < .001), ability to innovate (P = .002), specific duties and responsibilities (P = .005), and identifying with the mission of the organization (P = .02). The influence of 5 retention factors was stronger among nurses than among non-nurses: autonomy/employee empowerment (P < .001), flexibility of work schedule (P < .001), specific duties and responsibilities (P < .001), opportunities for training/continuing education (P = .03), and ability to innovate (P = .008). Conclusions: Some factors that influence nurses to begin and remain working in local governmental public health agencies, such as flexible schedules and employee autonomy, are factors that governmental public health . . .

Recent evidence suggests that greater immigrant diversity in cities and workplaces makes workers more productive. However, even the most careful extant empirical work remains at some remove from the main mechanisms that theory says underlie this relationship: interpersonal interaction in the service of complex problem solving. This paper aims to stress-test these theoretical foundations, by observing how the relationship between diversity and productivity varies across workers differently engaged in complex problem solving and interaction. Using a uniquely comprehensive matched employeremployee dataset for the United States starting as early as 1991 and continuing to 2008, this paper shows that growing immigrant diversity in cities and workplaces is related to higher wages for workers intensively engaged in various forms of complex problem solving, including tasks involving high levels of innovation, creativity, and STEM. Mixed evidence is found for the theory that benefits are concentrated among those whose work require problem solving as well as high levels of interpersonal interaction.

Primary breadwinners (individual who earns the most in a household) in the top decile of household income earn significantly more than the average of their peers defined by age, education, occupation, sex and race. The converse is true for workers in the bottom decile of household income. This relative payoff to ability has been relatively stable from 1980 to 2015. But this ability multiplier significantly amplified the increased payoff to skilled employment (requiring education) that also occurred over this period. Thus, ability materially exacerbated the increase in household income inequality.

To promote data literacy skills among students in health sciences programs at the University of Houston, librarians and faculty in health education and nursing developed data dashboards. The data dashboards serve as experiential learning opportunities, which allow students to map out the future of health in their own communities. Students in these courses learn valuable data literacy skills that they can apply to their health professions as they enter the workforce.

Background: Research has shown that sexual minorities (SMs) (e.g. lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals), compared to their heterosexual counterparts, may engage in riskier health behaviors, are at higher risk of some adverse health outcomes, and are more likely to experience reduced health care access and utilization. However, few studies have examined how the interplay between race and sexual orientation impacts a range of health measures in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. Methods: To address these gaps in the literature, we sought to investigate associations between sexual orientation identity and health/healthcare outcomes among U.S. women and men within and across racial/ethnic groups. Using 2013–2015 National Health Interview Survey data (N = 91,913) we employed Poisson regression with robust variance to directly estimate prevalence ratios (PR) comparing health and healthcare outcomes among SMs of color to heterosexuals of color and white heterosexuals, stratified by gender and adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The sample consisted of 52% women, with approximately 2% of each sex identifying as SMs. Compared to their heterosexual counterparts, white (PR = 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.45]) and black (1.54 [1.07, 2.20]) SM women were more likely to report heavy drinking. Hispanic/Latino SM women and men were more likely to experience short sleep duration compared to white heterosexual women (1.33 [1.06, 1.66]) and men (1.51 [1.21, 1.90). Black SM women had a much higher prevalence of stroke compared to black heterosexual women (3.25 [1.63, 6.49]) and white heterosexual women (4.51 [2.16, 9.39]). White SM women were more likely than white heterosexual women to be obese (1.31 [1.15, 1.48]), report cancer (1.40 [1.07, 1.82]) and report stroke (1.91 [1.16, 3.15]. White (2.41 [2.24, 2.59]), black (1.40[1.20, 1.63]), and Hispanic/Latino SM (2.17 [1.98, 2.37]) men were more likely to have been tested for HIV than their heterosexual counterparts. Conclusions: Sexual minorities had a higher prevalence of some poor health behaviors, health outcomes, and healthcare access issues, and these disparities differed across racial groups. Further research is needed to investigate potential pathways, such as discrimination, in the social environment that may help explain the relationship between sexual orientation and health.

The dramatic deterioration in state finances during the Great Recession raised concerns regarding government’s ability to support community health and education. Because recessions differentially affect states with different tax structures, we could examine the effect of changes in state revenues on expenditures while controlling for demand-side factors that influence program utilization. We find that state revenue declines lead to short and long terms cuts in children’s Medicaid benefits, and declines in elderly Medicaid enrollment. Larger cuts (nominal and proportional) in education spending versus Medicaid occurred. We suggest institutional, political, and economic constraints that may determine program cuts.

Whether common law marriage (CLM) in the US affects teen birth rates is the central question we address. CLM effects were identified through cross-state and time variation, as four states repealed the law over the period of study. Using microdata from Current Population Survey Fertility supplements 1990–2010 and state-level data from CDC Vital Statistics 1988–2012 we found that, in the states where CLM was first available but then repealed, the odds that teens would become new mothers increased. Births to teens younger than 18 were more responsive to availability of CLM than those to teens aged 18 or 19 or to women in their early twenties. The likelihood of becoming a mother increased where CLM was available in the years prior to its repeal. Teens were more responsive to information about availability of CLM about three years later than to knowing that it is available at the time of potential conception. To the extent that they reduce teen births CLM laws are socially desirable and states that still have CLM may be better off by not repealing the law.

Over the past two decades, researchers have developed a shared understanding of how to study immigrants’ everyday lives in an era of restrictive American immigration law and enforcement. This literature on immigrant “illegality” emphasizes the accounts of immigrants punished for violating sometimes-arcane immigration laws in order to foreground all noncitizens’ vulnerability to the immigration enforcement system. Yet, this literature seldom considers how the majority of immigrants who lack punitive contact with this system perceive its risk to their lives. This dissertation draws on insights from the sociology of risk, which suggests how past experience shapes one’s perceptions of potentially-perilous situations, to explore how a diverse sample of immigrants understands and responds to immigration law and enforcement. I draw primarily on ethnographic and interview data collected over three years with 59 respondents in 28 Latin American households in Dallas County, Texas, as well as supplementary ethnographic data collected at the County’s immigration court and Immigration and Customs Enforcement field office. The findings underscore the importance of one’s prior contact with immigration law and enforcement for structuring immigrants’ risk perceptions of this system. Those with punitive contact generalize the fear stemming from this prior experience to all other domains of social life, regardless of legal status, and seek to evade institutions that may bring about future punishment. But, among those lacking punitive contact, I reveal how system embeddedness—whereby individuals included in the U.S. immigration bureaucracy’s formal records exhibit a heightened sense of risk—emerges as one under-theorized dimension of social