We study the consequence of political polarization along educational lines in the United States. First, we show an increase in the gap between college and non-college voters' policy views. Today, the average college graduate is far to the left of the average non-college voter on both economic and social issues, and to a degree much larger than 10 years ago. Next, we estimate the causal effects of a Republican governor on college graduates' choice of where to live. Republican governance reduces the in-migration flow of college-educated workers by about 13% per year over the four post-election years. This result changes over time in ways that closely mirror changes in political preferences, is robust to various identification strategies, and cannot be explained by labor demand. Finally, we extend a model of spatial sorting to allow workers to hold preferences over political amenities, and we calibrate the model to match our reduced form migration responses. We use the model to simulate various counterfactual changes in political control, with a particular focus on the inter-linkages between different states and the distributional consequences of the effects.

Background: India's success in eliminating child marriage is crucial to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal target 5.3. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of child marriage in girls and boys in India and describe its change across 36 states and Union Territories between 1993 and 2021. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, data from five National Family Health Surveys from 1993, 1999, 2006, 2016, and 2021 were used. The study included 310 721 women aged 20–24 years between 1993 and 2021 and 43 436 men aged 20–24 years between 2006 and 2021. Child marriage was defined as marriage in individuals younger than 18 years for men and women. We calculated the annual change in prevalence during the study period for states and Union Territories and estimated the population headcount of child brides and grooms. Findings: Child marriage declined during 1993 to 2021. The all-India prevalence of child marriage in girls declined from 49·4% (95% CI 48·1–50·8) in 1993 to 22·3% (21·9–22·7) in 2021. Child marriage in boys declined from 7·1% (6·9–30·8) in 2006 to 2·2% (1·8–2·7) in 2021. The largest decreases in child marriage occurred between 2006 and 2016. Between 2016 and 2021, a few states and Union Territories saw an increase in prevalence of child marriage in girls (n=6) and boys (n=8) despite declines in the all-India prevalence. In 2021, 13 464 450 women aged 20–24 years and 1 454 894 men aged 20–24 years were estimated to be married as children. Interpretation: One in five girls and nearly one in six boys are still married below the legal age of marriage in India. There remains an urgent need for strengthened national and state-level policy to eliminate child marriage by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Introduction: Longer time lived in the U.S. has been associated with worse health outcomes, especially preventable diseases, among racially and ethnically diverse groups of foreign-born individuals. This study evaluated the association between time lived in the U.S. and colorectal cancer screening adherence and whether this relationship differed by race and ethnicity. Methods: Data from the National Health Interview Survey for 2010−2018 among adults aged 50−75 years were used. Time in the U.S. was categorized as U.S.-born, foreign-born ≥15 years, and foreign-born <15 years. Colorectal cancer screening adherence was defined according to U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution were used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CIs. Analyses were conducted in 2020−2022, were stratified by race and ethnicity, accounted for the complex sampling design, and were weighted to be representative of the U.S. population. Results: Prevalence of colorectal cancer screening adherence was 63% overall, 64% for U.S.-born, 55% for foreign-born ≥15 years, and 35% for foreign-born <15 years. In fully adjusted models for all individuals, only foreign-born <15 years had lower adherence than U.S.-born (foreign-born ≥15 years: prevalence ratio=0.97 [0.95, 1.00], foreign-born <15 years: prevalence ratio=0.79 [0.71, 0.88]). Results differed by race and ethnicity (p-interaction=0.002). In stratified analyses, findings for non-Hispanic White individuals (foreign-born ≥15 years: prevalence ratio=1.00 [0.96, 1.04], foreign-born <15 years: prevalence ratio=0.76 [0.58, 0.98]) and non-Hispanic Black individuals (foreign-born ≥15 years: prevalence ratio=0.94 [0.86, 1.02], foreign-born <15 years: prevalence ratio=0.61 [0.44, 0.85]) were similar to all individuals. Disparities by time in the U.S. were not observed among Hispanic/Latino individuals (foreign-born ≥15 years: prevalence ratio=0.98 [0.92, 1.04], foreign-born <15 years: prevalence ratio=0.86 [0.74, 1.01]) but persisted among Asian American/Pacific Islander individuals (foreign-born ≥15 years: prevalence ratio=0.84 [0.77, 0.93], foreign-born <15 years: prevalence ratio=0.74 [0.60, 0.93]). Conclusions: The relationship between colorectal cancer screening adherence and time in the U.S. varied by race and ethnicity. Culturally and ethnically tailored interventions are needed to improve colorectal cancer screening adherence among foreign-born people, especially among the most recently immigrated individuals.

To avoid electric-infrastructure-induced wildfires, millions of Californians have had their power cut for hours to days at a time. We show that rooftop solar-plus-battery-storage systems increased in zip codes with the longest power outages. Rooftop solar panels alone will not help a household avert outages, but a solar-plus-battery-storage system will. Using this fact, we obtain a revealed-preference estimate of the willingness to pay for electricity reliability, the Value of Lost Load, a key parameter for electricity market design. Our estimate, of around $4,300/MWh, suggests California's wildfire-prevention outages resulted in losses from foregone consumption of $322 million to residential electricity consumers. JEL-Classification: Q40, Q54, Q58

The overall share of people living alone in the U.S. has been inching up, per the U.S. Census. Why it matters: Living alone can be tough in a country built for families. And it can have consequences for mental and physical health — especially among older Americans. What’s happening: Several social and demographic trends are converging to increase to isolation. Over the last 50 years, the marriage rate in the U.S. has dropped by nearly 60%, and many people are also delaying marriage into their late 30s, early 40s or beyond. That means more people in their 20s and 30s are living alone. Among adults 60 and older, kinlessness is on the rise, and that trend will likely continue for younger generations as more people opt not to start families. Zoom out: Although more people are living alone, cities and towns are still primarily set up for families. Housing is becoming more expensive in cities, where many younger single people might like to live to find community, CNN reports. And housing in more suburban areas is usually parceled into homes built for a family of four.

The tax systems of different jurisdictions reflect different social preferences about the relative value, or weight, placed on taxes or transfers to each income group. I apply the inverse-optimum income tax method to quantify these preferences by calculating the implied weights for every US state. To capture major features of US state tax systems, I extend the existing theory underlying the inverse-optimum method to include sales taxes, property taxes, and both national and state income taxes. Using Internal Revenue Service data, I calculate effective marginal income tax and commodity tax rates for each state and income level, and use these to find the implied weights for both single and joint filers in each income group in every US state. I observe substantial differences in social preferences across states, and I find weights that decline little above $100,000 and that do not decrease monotonically as might be expected from most theories of social welfare.

As the fastest-growing racial or ethnic group in the US, Asian immigrants have significantly impacted local housing markets. This paper investigates the effects of Asian immigrants' influx on housing price appreciation, decomposing it into education and non-education channels, using county-level data from 2009 to 2018. To address endogeneity issues, we employ instrumental variables for Asian immigrants' location choices and school performance outcomes. Our findings reveal that housing price appreciation due to Asian immigrants is mainly concentrated in the counties with the top 5% highest Asian population share. An increased Asian students presence leads to higher performance (in terms of test scores) for students of other races. Approximately one-third of housing price appreciation driven by a higher Asian share is attributed to improvements in school performance in neighborhoods. This study highlights a significant channel through which Asian immigration affects the US local housing markets.

Communities and crime research often invokes historical housing policies to explain vast disparities in crime. However, these assertions are rarely tested. Using lending security maps from the government-sponsored Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC), we examine the consequences for neighborhood crime of a notorious policy intervention in the housing market: the practice of “redlining” that discouraged investment in Black, non-White, and poor areas. The HOLC maps represent class and race biases embedded in the housing market and may have institutionalized the practice of redlining. Pairing data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study (Wave 2) with HOLC maps, we find neighborhoods with relatively poor HOLC grades inherited more violence and burglary some 70 years later. Furthermore, greater concentrations of contemporary neighborhood disadvantage, racial segregation, and housing instability largely explain these associations. Findings underscore the long shadow of historical interventions in the housing market for inequalities in the spatial distribution of crime today.

This paper examines the effects of low-skilled immigration inflows on the motherhood gaps in wages among high-skilled women. Applying IV methods to U.S. census and ACS data, this paper first confirms previous findings in the literature that mothers are less willing to increase their work hours than childless women with inflows of low-skilled immigrants. However, the main contribution of the paper is showing that as the low-skilled labor supply increases, high-skilled mothers achieve more wage improvement than otherwise identical nonmothers. The findings in this paper imply that an increase in the low-skilled labor supply reduces the gender pay gap among high-skilled native workers, and most importantly, it is driven by women with children.

The three decades from 1940 through 1970 mark a turning point in the spatial scale of Black–White residential segregation in the United States compared with earlier years. We decompose metropolitan segregation into three components: segregation within the city, within the suburbs, and between the city and its suburbs. We then show that extreme levels of segregation were well established in most cities by 1940, and they changed only modestly by 1970. In this period, changes in segregation were greater at the metropolitan scale, driven by racially selective population growth in the suburbs. We also examine major sources of rising segregation, including region, metropolitan total, and Black population sizes, and indicators of redlining in the central cities based on risk maps prepared by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the late 1930s. In addition to overall regional differences, segregation between the city and suburbs and within suburbia increased more in metropolitan areas with larger Black populations, but this relationship was found only in the North. In contrast to some recent theorizing, there is no association between preparation of an HOLC risk map or the share of city neighborhoods that were redlined and subsequent change in any component of segregation.

This study aimed to understand if there was a connection between tree species and income levels in ten different cities in the US, using data from the Urban Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) dataset and demographic information from the 2020 US Census Bureau American Community Survey at the census block group level. The Urban FIA dataset provides detailed information on urban trees, including diameter, height, condition, biomass, and species. The study used spatial analysis to investigate associations between tree species and the average household income of the surrounding neighborhood. The results showed that tree species occurrence varied with local income, with some species appearing more frequently in high-income areas, while others were more common in low-income areas. The ecosystem services and disservices provided by trees vary among species, implying associations between neighborhood income and both positive and negative human-plant interactions. These results provide a path towards understanding treerelated inequity in American cities and future research on this topic could help inform policy and tree management decisions that aim to reduce ecological inequity.

This report summarizes findings from year 4 of an ongoing evaluation of Meals-to-You (MTY), a pilot program administered by the Baylor Collaborative on Hunger and Poverty (BCHP) and funded by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). The MTY program is designed to deliver shelf-stable boxes of food to children in eligible households during the summer, when school meals are not available. The goal of the program is to address the increased risk of children’s food insecurity during the summer in rural and remote communities that lack access to summer meal sites. The first year of the program in 2019 tested the model in multiple school districts in Texas. In 2020, the program was expanded to include children in parts of Alaska and New Mexico. As part of the emergency response to reductions in access to school meals resulting from COVID-19 school closures, the program was also expanded across the country in 2020 (Waxman et al. 2021). In 2021, BCHP continued the program in certain areas of Alaska, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. The MTY pilot was originally meant to last for three years and expire in summer 2021, but USDA decided to extend the program to a fourth summer. This report covers the 2022 summer MTY program, which we refer to throughout as MTY.

This paper investigates the elements contributing to the decline in labor share, with a particular focus on the roles of 'automation' and 'innovation in human-exclusive tasks. ' We construct a general equilibrium model that separately incorporates both robot and non-robot capital to derive a regression equation. The regression results reveal four major findings. First, we identify two distinct channels through which robots influence labor share: automation and the reduction in robot prices. We find that both channels negatively impact labor share. Our general equilibrium model predicts that the effect of decreasing robot prices will intensify as robots become more prevalent. Second, we are the first to empirically assess the impact of innovation in human-exclusive tasks on labor share. Our findings suggest that the positive influence of human-exclusive innovation outweighs the adverse effect of automation. Third, we estimate that the elasticity of substitution between labor and non-robot capital is less than one, while the elasticity of substitution between tasks is greater than, but close to, one. Lastly, based on these estimates, we clarify the mechanisms by which the prices of factors-labor, robots, and non-robot capital-influence labor share. Specifically, we observe that both the negative effect of automation and the positive effect of human-exclusive task innovation are amplified through the aggregated task price channel.

The typical person leaving Texas earns more than $50,000, is an unmarried millennial or Gen Zer, and is moving to states including California, Florida and Oklahoma. A Business Insider analysis of individual-level data from the Census Bureau's 2022 ACS collected by the University of Minnesota IPUMS Programfound that, compared to people who moved to Texas, people leaving Texas had slightly lower wages, were employed at lower rates, and were slightly more skewed toward Gen Z. However, on average, people moving to and leaving Texas were quite similar in terms of wages, generational divide, marital status, and employment status.

Parental job loss has been shown to have a negative impact on a large number of children’s outcomes, in particular for low-income children. Given the amount of time freed up by loss of employment and the fact that active time with one’s children appears to be a productive input in their human capital production function, increases in the time parents spend with their children have the potential to positively impact a child or to counteract other negative consequences of parental job loss. This chapter studies how low-and higher-income parents change their time investment in their children when faced with job loss. Using national time-diary data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) linked to longitudinal labor market data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), I find that parents spend almost 15% of the time freed up by job loss – roughly 3.5 additional hours per week – actively with their children. Low-income parents invest their freed-up time no differently from higher-income parents. While mothers who lose their job respond by spending more time actively with their children, this adjustment is much smaller for fathers. This suggests that differential adjustments in time investment may play a role in the impact maternal versus paternal job loss has on children’s outcomes.

Background: Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Minority Serving Institutions are uniquely positioned to implement community-campus research partnerships based on a history of service, the pursuit of community trustworthiness and student demographics often similar to surrounding marginalized communities. The Morehouse School of Medicine Prevention Research Center collaborates with members of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Minority Serving Institutes, and community organizations on the Community Engaged Course and Action Network. This network is the first of its kind and aims to strengthen members’ ability to implement Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) principles and partnerships. Projects address public health priorities including mental health among communities of color, zoonotic disease prevention, and urban food deserts. Materials and methods: To assess the effectiveness of the network, a Participatory Evaluation framework was implemented to conduct process evaluation which included review of partnership structures, operations, project implementation processes, and preliminary outcomes of the research collaborations. A focus group of Community Engagement Course and Action Network members (community and academic) was also conducted to identify benefits and challenges of the network with emphasis on key areas for improvement to further enhance the relationships between partners and to facilitate their subsequent community-campus research. Results: Network improvements were tied to themes strengthening community-academic partnerships including sharing and fellowship, coalition building and collaboration, and greater connections and awareness of community needs through their current community-academic partnerships. The need to conduct ongoing evaluation during and after implementation, for determining the early adoption of CBPR approaches was also identified. Conclusion: Evaluation of the network’s processes, infrastructure, and operation provides early lessons learned to strengthen the network. Ongoing assessment is also essential for ensuring continuous quality improvement across partnerships such as determining CBPR fidelity, assessing partnership synergy, and dynamics, and for quality improvement of research protocol. The implications and potential for advancing implementation science through this and similar networks are great towards advancing leadership in modeling how foundations in community service can advance to CBPR partnership formation and ultimately, health equity approaches, that are local defined and assessed.

Economic literature has recently begun to recognize that the labor market effects of immigration and offshoring are not always independent. The full set of mechanisms through which immigration and offshoring interact is still not well understood. This study demonstrates that the effect of low-skilled immigration on wages of American workers depends on the level of offshoring exposure and explains the likely economic mechanism responsible. Empirically, we find that wages of low-skilled natives decrease due to low-skilled immigration, but the wage effect of immigration becomes less negative with more offshoring. A theoretical model demonstrates that offshoring reduces native wage elasticity in response to immigration if it decreases immigrant wage share; this happens if a relatively larger share of immigrant than native jobs is offshored, causing immigrants to shift to tasks in which they have lower comparative advantage.

Urban environmental monitoring campaigns depend on expertise from city agencies, residents, and researchers. Deployment eforts rarely include all three stakeholders, typically leading to initiatives that struggle to produce credible, actionable data. We describe the implementation of a large-scale, long-term air quality sensing network in Chicago Illinois; detail stakeholder interviews and meetings; and present three interfaces-a website accessible via in-situ QR codes, APIs, and a mobile, mixed-media experience. We show how a collaborative approach created a more equitable sensor distribution compared to crowdsourced or regulatory designs. We highlight shared goals of education, engagement, and empower-ment despite the diversity of tool and analytics needs across stake-holder groups. Refecting on our work, we develop a "three-legged stool" framework representing the criticality of balanced participation from three key stakeholder groups-city, community, and research-in deploying novel urban technologies. This approach can help HCI researchers facilitate more democratic technology deployments in urban spaces.

This article establishes more clearly the character of a significant but not yet fully explained phenomenon of one of the most iconic episodes in American history. From 1839 to 1869, approximately 400,000 Euro-Americans made the overland passage from the Missouri River to the Pacific Coast, leaving behind hundreds of thousands of signatures inscribed onto the immense rock formations that were often used as landmarks along the way—the signature rocks—one rock alone being said in 1860 to have 40,000 to 50,000 signatures. This study identifies the various cultural dynamics of self-assertion motivating this mass signing, including a sense of trespassing, participation in a great historical movement, “vainglory,” and, for the vast majority, the dynamic of tourism (traditional “curiosity” but also Romantic ideas of landscape and the sublime). Native American petroglyphs appear to have been respected within the context of emigrant signing practices, an attitude in keeping with “trespassers” claiming passage but not land. It was largely only with the first generation of settlers, those who did claim the land, that intentional dominance appears to have become a distinct factor in overwriting petroglyphs.

Women now make up 35% of workers in the United States’ 10 highest-paying occupations – up from 13% in 1980. They have increased their presence in almost all of these occupations, which include physicians, lawyers and pharmacists. Still, women remain the minority in nine of the 10 highest-paying occupations. The exception is pharmacists, 61% of whom are women. More broadly, the share of women across all 10 of these occupations (35%) remains well below their share of the overall U.S. workforce (47%). Workers in the 10 highest-paying occupations typically earn more than $100,000 a year, over twice the national average of $41,000.