Social media and Web data offer new opportunities to improve demographic knowledge and to complement more traditional data sources. Face-book, for example, can be thought of as a large digital census that is constantly updated. However, its users are not representative of the underlying population. Contrastingly, the American Community Survey (ACS) relies on smaller samples that may be noisy and that are published with a substantial delay from data collection. Additionally, ACS samples are representative of the underlying population and have historical depth. We generate now-casts, present and near-future predictions, of migration stocks that combine the best of the two complementary sources using a Bayesian hierarchical model. Facebook data, obtained via the Marketing API are timely, but lack demographic constraints on trends in age patterns that we extrapolate from ACS time series. Combining data sources and modeling strategies enables the researcher to weigh down inconsistencies and extract valuable insights without ignoring existing information. Although the focus of this article is on migration, our methods are general and contribute to the emerging literature on complementing social media and traditional data sources in various contexts. 2

最近二十年来,互联网技术的发展使得全球商业活动与社会日常生活发生了颠覆性变革,互 联网及数字技术所展现出的对人类思维模式、行为方式及社会系统的深刻影响越来越为学界所重视.互 联网重返学界———尤其是相对传统的人文基础学科———成为最近几年里全球性的一种新动向.尽管目 前这些创新努力时间尚短,经验有限,远未臻于成熟,但以历史学科为例,短短三五年间,从最基础的教与 学到最顶端的前沿研究的各个层面都出现了一些令人印象深刻的新动向.在技术更新频繁的今天,及时 总 结 、探 讨 这 些 新 经 验 ,既 “预 ”社 会 之 流 ,也 “预 ”技 术 之 流 ,对 学 科 自 身 当 是 必 要 和 有 价 值 的 "Language" as a method, not just a carrier, shaped the history of pre-Qin thought. The dispute between traditional doctrine and exegesis is unnecessary, because language is the method and art of the development of thought, so the doctrine and exegesis are integrated rather than opposed. The integration of modern disciplines has shaped a mature environment for "language as a method", and the ambiguity of Chinese characters shows that language variation often reveals multiple levels of meaning. Inlaid with the sacred classics containing rich political lessons and sacred words, it has enlightened the source of linguistic methods of Chinese thought. Confucius established the famous religion and laid the ethical role of language. The Confucians criticized the Confucianism of the Warring States, such as Momo and Dao, which was aimed at the logic and theory of famous teaching and methods of famous learning. Xunzi then proposed a new name study, fully responded to various anti-famous "name" theories, and temporarily ended the argument of "language statements" that lasted for hundreds of years.

Increasing urbanization augments impervious surface area, which results in increased run off volumes and peak flows. Green Infrastructure (GI) approaches are a decentralized alternative for sustainable urban stormwater and provide an array of ecosystem services and foster community building by enhanc- ing neighborhood aesthetics, increasing property value, and providing shared green spaces. While pro- jects involving sustainability concepts and environmental design are favored in privileged communities, marginalized communities have historically been located in areas that suffer from envi- ronmental degradation. Underprivileged communities typically do not receive as many social and envi- ronmental services as advantaged communities. This research explores GI-based management strategies that are evaluated at the watershed scale to improve hydrological performance by mitigating storm water run off volumes and peak flows. GI deployment strategies are developed to address environmental justice issues by prioritizing placement in communities that are underprivileged and locations with high outreach potential. A hydrologic/hydraulic stormwater model is developed using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM 5.1) to simulate the impacts of alternative management strategies. Management scenarios include the implementation of rain water harvesting in private households, the decentralized implementation of bioretention cells in private households, the centralized implementa- tion of bioretention cells in municipally owned vacant land, and combinations of those strategies. Realities of implementing GI on private and public lands are taken into account to simulate various levels of coverage and routing for bioretention cell scenarios. The effects of these strategies are measured by the volumetric reduction of run off and reduction in peak flow; social benefits are not evaluated. This approach is applied in an underprivileged community within the Walnut Creek Watershed in Raleigh, North Carolina.

There is a growing literature on tropical forests that demonstrates ways in which rural-to-urban migration establishes dynamic connections between forest landscapes and urban areas. In the United States, context, however, studies of the geography of absentee ownership of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) lands focus on urban-to-rural migration for retirement or amenity purposes. Using parcel data sourced from local governments in an 11-county study area in central and southeastern Ohio, along with a range of openly available data, we analyze patterns of absentee ownership of NIPF parcels to determine the characteristics of areas where absentee owners reside. We hypothesize the rural-to-urban migration patterns, particularly of youth, will help explain where absentee NIPF owners of parcels in our study reside. We estimate models for all census tracts in the United States, finding that indicators of migration, creative class employment opportunities, and affluence are strongly associated with finding at least one absentee owner of an NIPF parcel in our study area. Considering these complex connections affecting NIPF parcels in a North American context could support improved forest management education, outreach, and planning efforts.

Grace is a single mom with two kids living in Koreatown in Los Angeles. High housing costs have put car ownership out of reach for Grace, so she regularly suffers through a long, complicated morning and afternoon travel grind. Each weekday, she rises at 5:30 a.m. to dress and feed her children and walk them four blocks to her cousin Lydia’s apartment; Lydia then walks Grace’s daughter to daycare and her son to elementary school while Grace makes a seventy-five-minute, two-bus trek from Koreatown to her job as a teacher’s aide in Westchester. The trip home in the afternoon is just as lengthy and complex, and Grace struggles to get dinner on the table for her children by 7:00 p.m. each evening.

Social science research established long ago that young workers fare worse than their elders; they have higher unemployment and less job security. Some young workers' troubles come from a lack of experience endemic to their youth. Employers value young workers less because mostly they know less about the job; similarly, employers start with younger workers when they have to make layoffs because they can usually find replacements . . .

The U.S. has been experiencing a long-term decline in the rates of marriage and fertility and a steady rise in cohabitation. We use data from the the Current Population Survey to show these patterns vary across education groups. We argue such divergence is related to the changes in sources of gains from marriage. The traditional gender specialization in market work versus home production has weakened as the gender wage gap narrows and both educational attainment and labor force participation for women rise. The primary source of the gains of marriage shifts to investment in children since marriage provides strong commitment mechanism that allows parents to adopt a high-investment strategy. These changes imply that cohabitation becomes a desirable living arrangement choice for some people, in which they gain utility from living with a partner enjoying public goods but face less commitment. On the other hand, a highly educated woman, who faces a higher opportunity cost of raising a child due to higher wage compensation, also experiences a higher return of investment in children. Thus it's crucial to examine the marital choice and fertility decision jointly. Using a two-period overlapping generation model, we theorize the influence of changes in labor market on females' martial choices and fertility decisions by examining the trade-off between working, producing household service, and investing in children for different skill groups. Calibrating the simplified benchmark model using targets from period 1995 to 2008, we are able to explain over 65% of the differential fertility choices for females with different education background and marital status.

The goal of this dissertation is to develop a more comprehensive traffic safety analysis methodology for pedestrians and bicyclists through a proactive approach. I developed this proactive approach through the administration of a survey intending to better understand the relationship between demographics, roadway characteristics, traffic safety perceptions, and behavior. I then compare results from this proactive analysis to results from a reactive crash-based analysis to determine how the safety perspectives of the different approaches align and vary. Traffic safety is a pressing public health issue. In 2016, the number of people killed on American roadways rose to 37,461, a level not seen since 2007. This translates to more than 102 people (on average) killed every day in the United States. In addition, there were an estimated 2,443,000 reported injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes in 2015 (NHTSA 2016). These safety issues are especially serious for vulnerable populations such as children and non-motorized . . .

The U.S. Census Bureau has created a set of linkable census, survey, and administrative records that provides longitudinal data on the American population across the past eight decades. While these files include modern decennial censuses, Census Bureau surveys, and administrative records files from other federal agencies, the long time span is only possible with the addition of the complete count 1940 Census microdata. In this paper, we discuss the development of this linked data infrastructure and provide an overview of the record linkage techniques used. We primarily focus on the techniques used to produce a beta version of a linkable 1940 Census microdata file and discuss the potential to further document and extend the infrastructure.

Lead exposure is harmful to a range of human functions. Using U.S county level data on lead in air for 1978-1988 and lead in soil in the 1970s and 2000s, this paper provides new evidence on the effects of lead exposure on a critical function – fertility. To provide causal estimates of the effect of lead on fertility, we use two sets of instruments: i) the interaction of the timing of implementation of Clean Air Act regulations and the 1944 Interstate Highway System Plan for the panel data and ii) the 1944 Interstate Highway System Plan for the cross sectional data. We find reductions in airborne lead between 1978 and 1988 increased the general fertility rate and completed fertility and that higher lead in topsoil decreased the general fertility rate and completed fertility in both the 1970s and in the 2000s. The latter finding is particularly concerning, because it suggests that lead may continue to impair fertility today, both in the United States and in other countries that have significant amounts of lead in topsoil.

We construct quarterly US average hours worked using Current Population Survey data on employed persons at work and their actual hours worked. Our methodology can be applied to different demographic groups, providing researchers with readily available long-run series of hours.

This paper attempts to further research on the fiscal impact of immigration. My findings are illustrated by computing the net fiscal impact, in present value terms, of admitting one additional immigrant, conditional on education, gender, and age at the time of immigration. I demonstrate that the average immigrant arriving past age 34 has a lifetime negative fiscal impact. Additionally, a college educated immigrant arriving past age 52 will have a lifetime negative fiscal impact while a non-college educated immigrant will roughly have a lifetime negative fiscal impact, regardless of age at arrival. Further, I confirm that age at arrival matters, and determine that arrival prior to working age influences educational attainment. Finally, I provide a household life-cycle model that sheds light on the fiscal contribution of immigrating families.

Delaware demonstrated a commitment to promoting women's equality through the establishment of the Office of Women's Advancement and Advocacy in 2017. 1 Policymakers must put that commitment into action by prioritizing policies that promote the health and economic security of women and their families in Delaware, such as paid family leave, raising the minimum wage, and ensuring that women receive equal pay for equal work. Women need policies that reflect their roles as providers and caregivers. In Delaware, mothers are the sole, primary, or co-breadwinners in 67.2 percent of families, and these numbers are higher for some women of color. 2 The following policy recommendations can help support the economic security of women and families in Delaware. Promote equal pay for equal work Although federal law prohibits unequal pay for equal work, there is more that can be done to ensure that both women and men across Delaware enjoy the fullest protec-tions against discrimination. • Delaware women who are full-time, year-round workers earned about 86 cents for every dollar that Delaware men earned in 2017; 3 if the wage gap continues to close at its current rate, women will not reach parity in the state until 2048. 4 The wage gap is even larger for black women and Latinas in Delaware, who earned 68.6 cents and 57.5 cents, respectively, for every dollar that white men earned in 2016. 5 • Due to the gender wage gap, each woman in Delaware will lose an average of $366,120 over the course of her lifetime. 6

Nuevo León State, Mexico, has historically been a pole of population attraction at the national level, the population growth recorded in this geographic space during the last 50 years is largely a product of immigration processes, stimulated by economic growth of a growing industrial sector, which generated a labor demand that without the arrival of population from other parts of the country would not have been possible to cover. This research presents the recent trends of immigration in Nuevo León using as a primary source of information the Intercensal Survey 2015 of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (inegi), which analyzes some contextual variables such as sex, age, Indigenous speaking status and schooling. As a reference, data derived from the 1970, 1990, 2000 and 2010 censuses are also used, because it is not possible to understand the present without understanding the past.

The theoretical and empirical links between public health insurance access and fertility in the United States remain unclear. Utilizing a demographic cell-based estimation approach with panel data (1987–1997), we revisit the large-scale Medicaid expansions to pregnant women during the 1980s to estimate the heterogeneous impacts of public health insurance access on childbirth. While the decision to become a parent (i.e., the extensive margin) appears to be unaffected by increased access to Medicaid, we find that increased access to public health insurance positively influenced the number of high parity births (i.e., the intensive margin) for select groups of women. In particular, we find a robust, positive birth effect for unmarried women with a high school education, a result which is consistent across the two racial groups examined in our analysis: African American and white women. This result suggests that investigating effects along both the intensive and extensive margin is important for scholars who study the natalist effects of social welfare policies, and our evidence provides a more nuanced understanding of the influence of public health insurance on fertility.

The survival of Chinatowns and other ethnic enclaves in cities is largely determined by who owns property. Ethnic enclaves such as Chinatowns have traditionally played important economic, social and cultural functions as places for recent immigrants to live and work, though Chinatowns have long faced redevelopment pressures. In North America, as Chinese immigrants and their descendants settle in the suburbs, and as historic Chinatowns locations close to revitalising downtowns attract increasing investment, the future of these historic enclaves is shaped by various, often intense and divergent, forces. This article describes changes in the patterns of property ownership in Boston and Philadelphias downtown Chinatowns over the last decade (2003-2013) and relates them to changes and continuities in these neighbourhoods population, commercial activities and building stock. The trends we observe simultaneously reinforce and complicate debates about gentrification and longstanding efforts to preserve these Chinatowns as ethnic Chinese residential, commercial, and cultural centres.

Generalization is an effective technique for protecting confidential information of individuals, and has been studied by proposing numerous algorithms. However, the previous works do not separate the protection against identity disclosure and sensitive disclosure. Thus, when the requirement of attribute protection is higher than that of identity protection, generalization for l-diversity causes overprotection for identity and large mounts of information utility loss. This paper presents a novel approach, called crossbucket generalization, as a solution to meet the problem. The rationale is to divide microdata into equivalence groups and buckets. First, it provides separate protection for identity and sensitive values, and the level of protection can be flexibly adjusted based on actual demands. Second, the sizes of equivalence groups and buckets are minimized as far as possible by only satisfying the protection requirements, which avoid the overprotection for identity and reduce information loss. The experiments we conducted illustrate the effectiveness of our solution.

Matching efficiency is one of the most important labor market indicators. It demonstrates how effectively the labor market matches unemployed workers to job vacancies. Various factors, including government policy, might have an impact on matching efficiency. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the influence of government policy on the matching efficiency of Minnesota in 1995-2017. The paper describes the process of calculating the monthly values of matching efficiency based on a Cobb-Douglas matching function with constant returns to scale. This empirically obtained variable is used for examining the relationship between the calculated matching efficiency of the labor market of Minnesota and elements of government policy. This research studies the impact of a minimum wage, government spending, refugee arrivals, and Medicaid enrollment on the state’s matching efficiency. Empirical analysis shows that only one investigated potential predictor of matching efficiency has a positive correlation with the response variable.

Policymakers must show up for Michigan women by committing to advance their health and economic security. To do so, they should promote policies that ensure equal pay for equal work, access to quality health care, and representation in political leadership. These policies will allow Michigan women and their families to get ahead-not just get by. Women need policies that reflect their roles as providers and caregivers. In Michigan, mothers are the sole, primary, or co-breadwinners in 63.4 percent of families, and these numbers are higher for some women of color. 1 The following policy recommendations can help support the economic security of women and families in Michigan. Promote equal pay for equal work Although federal law prohibits unequal pay for equal work, there is more that can be done to ensure that both women and men across Michigan enjoy the fullest protec-tions against discrimination. • Michigan women who are full-time, year-round workers earned about 79 cents for every dollar that Michigan men earned in 2017; 2 if the wage gap continues to close at its current rate, women will not reach parity in the state until 2084. 3 The wage gap is even larger for black women and Latinas in Michigan, who earned 63.4 cents and 58.2 cents, respectively, for every dollar that white men earned in 2016. 4 • Due to the gender wage gap, each woman in Michigan will lose an average of $441,760 over the course of her lifetime. 5

We used spatial analyses to examine exposure of people in vulnerable occupational groups to neighborhood-level environmental pollutants in the Bronx borough of New York City. Five-year estimates of environmental ambient exposures (derived from land use regression models for PM2.5 [particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm] and black carbon) and demographic and occupational variables were harmonized at the census tract level. Correlations revealed that areas with high environmental exposures also had high proportions of people in service industries and manufacturing and high proportions of socioeconomically vulnerable populations. This combination of vulnerabilities may be cumulative, suggesting residents could have high occupational and residential exposures in addition to sociodemographic-related in-equity.