Despite marked declines in black-white segregation over the past half century, there has been limited scholarly attention to the effects of increasing integration. This is a significant omission given that sociologists have long viewed residential segregation as a fundamental determinant of racial inequality, and extant research has produced inconsistent findings on the consequences of segregation for different racial groups. Using the case of violence, this study leverages a unique combination of race-specific information on homicide, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics for 103 major metropolitan areas across five decades (1970 to 2010) to examine the criminogenic consequences of segregation for whites and blacks. Three notable findings emerge from our inquiry: (1) racial segregation substantially increases the risk of homicide victimization for blacks while (2) simultaneously decreasing the risk of white homicide victimization. The result of these heterogeneous effects is that (3) segregation plays a central role in driving black-white differences in homicide mortality. These findings suggest the declines in racial segregation since 1970 have substantially attenuated the black-white homicide gap.

This chartbook illustrates the characteristics of the county’s 65-plus population in 2015*, and changes that have occurred since 2000. It also includes population characteristics, such as education, income level, and marital status, that are shown to be associated with the need for long-term services and supports. There are charts that compare the older population of the county to the state as a whole, and charts that illustrate change over time within the county. The data presented in this chartbook are intended to assist planners, decisions makers, and service providers to understand the growth in numbers and proportion of older adults, particularly those who will likely need assistance. An online interactive data center is available for you to define your own topic, county, and population of interest to see current figures and change over time. Please visit www.ohio-population.org.

For decades, researchers and the general public have debated whether children without siblings differ from children with siblings in ways that are meaningful for development. One area that is underexplored in the literature on only children versus children with siblings concerns time use and emotional states in alone time and in social interactions. Resource dilution theory and the prior literature suggests that adolescent only children and adolescents with siblings may differ in some social interactions, such as in time with parents, but not in others, such as in time alone, due to offsetting effects or the universality of certain experiences among adolescents. This study tested these arguments by comparing companionship patterns and four emotional states (happiness, sadness, stress, and meaningfulness) among adolescents (ages 15–18) without siblings (N= 465) and adolescents with siblings (N= 2513) in the nationally representative American Time Use Survey (2003–2017). Relative to adolescents with siblings, adolescents without siblings spent more time alone, similar amounts of time with peers, and more time exclusively with parents. Only children were not as happy when spending time alone and with peers as adolescents with siblings, but their emotions in these settings were not more negative or less meaningful. In most other social interactions, emotional states were similar between adolescents with and without siblings. These findings show that adolescents with and without siblings differed mainly in their companionship patterns within the household and in their levels of happiness when alone and with peers.

The impact of socioeconomic status on health has been established via a broad body of literature, largely from high-income countries. Investigative efforts in low- and middle-income countries have suffered from a lack of reporting standardization required to draw comparisons across countries of varying economic strata. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status on emergency department outcomes in a low-income African country using international data classification systems. To our knowledge, this is the first Malagasy study describing the relationship between socioeconomic status on emergency care outcomes. We found a stronger effect on health in this setting than in high-income countries, highlighting an important healthcare disparity. By using standardized classification systems we hope this study will serve as a model to facilitate future comparative efforts.

Standard practice within the correctional system dictates that certain needs, such as antisocial personality, cognitions, and peers, are to be prioritized when providing interventions. However, greater concern has arisen regarding the prevalence of non-criminogenic needs, including traumatic experiences and mental health problems, in the justice-involved youth population and whether these youths’ needs are being met while in the juvenile justice system. The juvenile justice literature indicates that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which may act as a proxy for trauma, and mental health concerns are prevalent in the justice-involved youth population. While these topics have been examined independently, the current study utilized a large sample of male (n = 38,100) and female (n = 12,762) youths on community supervision to identify whether these youths’ needs are currently being addressed in Washington State. Moreover, the effect of programming on these youths’ adverse experiences and specific mental health problems (internalizing, externalizing, or co-occurring symptoms) was examined to ascertain whether provided interventions ameliorated the effect of these needs on youths’ recidivism. Life course theory was also tested to assess whether early-onset youth differed from those with a late onset on their reoffending. In a statistically weighted sample of youth with need-service matches versus those with mismatches, results demonstrated that mismatches were not associated with increased recidivism. Additionally, mediated path analyses showed that only substance abuse treatment impacts the relationship between ACEs and reoffending for males. Internalizing symptoms presented as a protective factor that was mediated by substance use treatment. Conversely, both externalizing and co-occurring symptoms presented as risk factors, but the effect of the latter was decreased by substance abuse programming for males. Lastly, early-onset of deviance resulted in higher recidivism odds. These findings have implication for practice, insofar that they add context regarding which youth histories (ACEs) and attributes (mental health symptomatology) affect treatment efficacy, thus potentially reducing risk to the public and improving youths’ personal well-being. In short, the results suggest a move away from a hyper-focus on risk to consideration of both youths’ needs and their responsivity to programming.

El excandidato presidencial Salvador Nasralla afirmó el sábado 1 de febrero en su intervención en el World Peace Media Conference que "el 20% de nuestra población vive en los Estados Unidos y España; y normalmente el hombre de la familia emigra primero".

Research on Mexican migration to the United States has long noted how the characteristics of sending communities structure individuals’ opportunities for international movement. This literature has seldom considered the concentration of indigenous residents (those with origins in pre-Hispanic populations) in migrant-sending communities. Drawing on data from 143 communities surveyed by the Mexican Migration Project, and supplemented with data from the Mexican Census, this article uses multilevel models to describe how the share of indigenous residents in a migrantsending community relates to different aspects of the migratory process. We focus on (1) the decision to migrate to the United States, and (2) the documentation used on migrants’ first U.S. trip. We do not find that the concentration of indigenous residents in a sending community is associated with the decision to migrate to the United States. However, we do find that people in communities with relatively high indigenous populations are more likely to migrate as undocumented rather than documented migrants. We conclude that the concentration of indigenous peoples in communities likely indicates economic and social disadvantage, which limits the residents’ possibilities for international movement.

This chartbook illustrates the characteristics of the county’s 65-plus population in 2015*, and changes that have occurred since 2000. It also includes population characteristics, such as education, income level, and marital status, that are shown to be associated with the need for long-term services and supports. There are charts that compare the older population of the county to the state as a whole, and charts that illustrate change over time within the county. The data presented in this chartbook are intended to assist planners, decisions makers, and service providers to understand the growth in numbers and proportion of older adults, particularly those who will likely need assistance. An online interactive data center is available for you to define your own topic, county, and population of interest to see current figures and change over time. Please visit www.ohio-population.org.

Existing knowledge about retirement transitions comes from studies of cohorts living through demographic, technological, social and economic environments, and private sector and public policy regimes that are very different from those of today. The Boomer cohort now transitioning to retirement is more educated, healthier, and more engaged in paid work than their parents or grandparents at the same ages. How is the large, diverse Boomer cohort (in their 50s, 60s, and 70s) navigating leaving the labor force compared to the Silent Generation preceding them? How similar or different across cohorts are patterned yet heterogeneous shortterm workforce pathways, in terms of the timing, sequencing, and voluntariness of working hours, work participation, and exits, including subjective retirement? We use linked Current Population Survey (CPS) panel data (over 16 months) to capture change, complexity, heterogeneity, and inequities in even short-term work/retirement dynamics across intersections of age, gender, and class.

In this report, we explain the methodology of Nationscape and the procedures used to estimate population quantities. We evaluate the representativeness of Nationscape by replicating the process used by the Pew Research Center to evaluate the representativeness of online samples. To do so, we asked respondents a set of questions that are also asked on reliable large-sample government surveys. We produced estimates based on responses to these questions using the same procedures that we use to produce our weekly estimates regarding public opinion and the 2020 election. We compare the differences between our estimates and government survey targets to the differences between the online samples that Pew examined and the same government targets. We find that our procedures for Nationscape return estimates that are as close to the government survey targets as the other online samples tested by the Pew Research Center. The median difference between our estimates and the government survey targets was 3.5 percent while the Pew analysis found a median difference of 3.6 percent.

In a standard real business cycle model extended to include intangible capital (IC) I show that a rise in the income share of IC in the production function, in line with data can account for a significant share of the increase in real wage volatility (both absolute and relative to income) and labor input volatility (relative to income) observed in the U.S. since the mid 1980s even as volatility of output declined. Intangible capital accumulates stochastically and similar to final goods requires physical capital, intangible capital and labor to produce. Under these conditions an increase in the share of IC in production increases the propagation of the IC-specific shock which raises (absolute and relative) wage and labor input volatility. The higher propagation of the IC shock also accounts for the large decline in the pro-cyclicality of labor productivity (relative to both output and labor) observed during this period.

Prior to the Affordable Care Act, one in three young adults aged 19 to 25 years were uninsured, with substantial racial/ethnic disparities in coverage. We analyzed the separate and cumulative changes in racial/ethnic disparities in coverage and access to care among young adults after implementation of the Affordable Care Acts 2010 dependent coverage provision and 2014 Medicaid and Marketplace expansions. We find that the dependent coverage provision was associated with similar gains across racial/ethnic groups, but the 2014 expansion was associated with larger gains in coverage among Hispanics and Blacks relative to Whites. After the 2014 expansion, coverage increased by 11.0 and 10.1 percentage points among Hispanics and Blacks, respectively, compared with a 5.6 percentage point increase among Whites. The percentage with a usual source of care and a recent doctors visit also increased more for Blacks relative to Whites. Increases in coverage were larger in Medicaid expansion compared with nonexpansion states for most racial/ethnic groups.

Wages for individuals working from home have converged toward, and even exceeded,those of office-workers. I argue that these changes are driven by the ability of firms to monitoremployees working from home. Using American Community Survey and Census data spanning1980–2014, I find wage differentials have shifted from a 26 per cent penalty in 1980 to a 5 per centpremium in 2014. Furthermore, I find that higher wage variance (44 per cent greater in 1980) forhome-workers disappears by 2013. Changes in variance suggest that the falling cost of monitoringemployee effort has made it less costly for firms to allow work from home. These findings supportagency theory as a driver of the changes in wages and wage structure for individuals working from home.

A stronger middle class is important for the economic and political future of both cities and nations. Analyses focusing on the size of the middle class can be misleading, providing information on income inequality or temporary economic conditions. More important than the size of the middle class is the quality of life of the middle class. Higher education can serve students from middle-class backgrounds, helping them sustain a middle-class standard of living and rise up the economic ladder, as well as providing “on ramps” to the middle class for those from low-income backgrounds. We show that middle class wage earners bore the brunt of the Great Recession in Las Vegas. Using a new metric of mobility based on data from Opportunity Insights (formerly the Equality of Opportunity Project), we also examine the contribution of colleges in the Mountain West to serving and strengthening the middle class.

This chartbook illustrates the characteristics of the county’s 65-plus population in 2015*, and changes that have occurred since 2000. It also includes population characteristics, such as education, income level, and marital status, that are shown to be associated with the need for long-term services and supports. There are charts that compare the older population of the county to the state as a whole, and charts that illustrate change over time within the county. The data presented in this chartbook are intended to assist planners, decisions makers, and service providers to understand the growth in numbers and proportion of older adults, particularly those who will likely need assistance. An online interactive data center is available for you to define your own topic, county, and population of interest to see current figures and change over time. Please visit www.ohio-population.org.

This dissertation is composed of three chapters on regional and urban economics. The first chapter evaluates a regional policy in China....The second chapter examines the effect of city size on innovation... The third chapter explains the reasons for the decreasing migration flows in the United States. Migration has been viewed as critical for the flexibility of the U.S. labor market, but its role of smoothing out macroeconomic shocks has been falling in recent years (Partridge et al. 2012). This study investigates the reasons for decreasing migration flows and provides evidence for the link between dwindling migration and increasing industry mobility in the United States from 2005 to 2015. Linked to the labor search theory (Mortenson, 1986), this study illustrates how industry mobility substitute for migration flows. Empirical results suggest that industry mobility is inversely associated with outmigration rate. The role of migration for smoothing out demand shocks becomes less important in regions where industry mobility rates are high. The findings justify that the increasing industry mobility can explain the decreasing migration flows in the U.S

One of the most permanent features of the United States is racial and ethnic stratification. Race and ethnicity are important dimensions in understanding the demography of the United States, for racial and ethnic groups vary tremendously with respect to population composition, population processes, and their life chances and access to opportunity structures. This chapter focuses on the demography of racial and ethnic groups and consists of four main sections. First, the conceptualization, substantive concerns, and relevance of race and ethnicity to demography are examined. Second, we provide an overview of theoretical perspectives that have been used to understand racial and ethnic groups. Third, the methodological issues related to the study of race and ethnicity are discussed along with key empirical findings. Finally, directions for future research are discussed, and a few research areas that merit attention are highlighted.

This paper documents that employment and wage growth of occupations in- crease monotonically with measures of skill intensity since 1980 in the US. Skill-biased occupation growth is not driven by a specific time period, gender, age group, or occupation classification. The simultaneous occurrence of skill- biased occupation growth and polarization along wages is a result of the weak connection between wage and skill structure among the low-wage jobs. Trends in occupational change can be reconciled in an extension of the canonical skill-biased technical change model which incorporates skill type heterogene- ity within occupations and occupation-specific disutility from work. Estimation of the model’s college premium equation suggests a stable long-run growth for the relative skill demand.

We use data from the 2003 to 2014 American Time Use Survey to estimate substitution between working and extracurricular time for high school students, which may have long‐run educational and labor market consequences. We find that working students are 5 percentage points less likely to participate in extracurricular activities and spend 40 minutes less on extracurriculars per day. We estimate heterogeneous effects by socioeconomic indicators to test whether disadvantaged students are more or less likely to substitute time away from extracurriculars. We find the largest interaction effects by paternal education, where working students with low paternal education are 0.5 percentage points more likely to engage in extracurriculars and increase extracurriculars by 15 minutes per day.

Payday lenders, check cashers, and other “alternative” financial services (AFS) have garnered attention from policymakers and advocates for the poor because they are more expensive than traditional banking—constituting what some call a “Ghetto Tax.” This is the first study to explore neighborhood-level AFS geography on the national scale. Leveraging a dataset comprising the universe of AFS in 2015, I show that not only are there substantial differences in AFS presence between white and non-white neighborhoods, but that these disparities are largest in the most segregated metropolitan areas. This finding supports theories that racial segregation creates easily identifiable markets for institutions to avoid, target, and exploit. I further show that while AFS presence declines with neighborhood income, the gap between black and white neighborhoods is widest among high-income neighborhoods, reflecting the unique vulnerability of even affluent blacks to institutional marginalization. This work documents how the overlapping geographies of racial isolation and AFS prevalence shape the very cost of money for different racial groups, illustrating the importance of institutions transmitting the effects of racial isolation.