We study the impact of the integration of women in U.S. policing between the late 1970s and early 1990s on violent crime reporting and domestic violence (DV). Along these two key dimensions, we find that female officers improved police quality. Crime victimization data reveal that as female representation increases among officers in an area, violent crimes against women in that area, and especially DV, are reported to the police at significantly higher rates. There are no such effects for violent crimes against men or from increases in the female share of civilian police employees. Furthermore, increases in female officer shares are followed by significant declines in rates of intimate partner homicide and non-fatal domestic abuse. These effects are all consistent between fixed effects models with controls for economic and policy variables and models that focus exclusively on increases in female police employment driven by externally imposed affirmative action plans following litigation for employment discrimination.

Background: Early marriage and pregnancy impede the educational attainment of young women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Expanding the legal grounds for abortion makes it easier and safer to end unintended pregnancies, but it is not clear whether such high-level policy changes can empower young women and girls to pursue education by delaying marriage or parenting obligations. Methods: I used a difference-in-differences approach to compare marriage, birth, and schooling rates among young women and girls in ten countries that expanded the legal grounds for abortion and eight countries where abortion laws remained extremely restrictive during the period 1996 to 2015. Results: Expanding legal grounds for abortion was associated with a reduction of 2.5 percentage points (95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.050 – -0.001), or 8.6%, in the annual likelihood of marriage and 0.7 percentage point (95% CI: -0.013 – -.002), or 7.3%, in the annual likelihood of birth. The legal reform was not associated with any statistically significant effect on schooling. The effects of abortion legal reform were driven by those from younger age groups, rural areas, and lower wealth quintiles. The results were robust to several sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Expanding the legal grounds for abortion enhanced the ability of young women and girls to delay marriage and childbearing. Despite the lack of effects on schooling, this study highlights the broader implications of reproductive health policies to women’s agency in low-resource settings.

In this sub-section, I provide additional details on the novel micro data-base used in Section 3. I first outline the underlying data and construction of variables in the cross-section of countries. I then outline the data and variables construction used in the historical US time-series.

Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), defined as therapies used in addition to or instead of conventional therapies, respectively, are frequently used in the United States by patients with cancer and cancer survivors; however, there is concern that these individuals may not disclose CAM use to their physicians.1 A recently published report from the National Cancer Database found that a small subset of patients who reported CAM use (n = 258; 0.01% of the study population) had worse survival than patients who did not use CAM; this finding appeared to be mediated by refusal of conventional cancer therapy.2 Given the potentially serious, adverse, and wide-reaching implications of CAM use (particularly use of alternative medicines) in patients with cancer, an accurate assessment of the prevalence of CAM use is needed. We used data from a comprehensive nationwide survey to conduct a cross-sectional study estimating the proportion of patients with cancer and cancer survivors using CAM and the associated rates of nondisclosure.

We propose a simple explanation for the long-run decline in the startup rate. It was caused by a slowdown in labor supply growth since the late 1970s, largely pre-determined by demographics. This channel explains roughly two-thirds of the decline and why incumbent firm survival and average growth over the lifecycle have been little changed. We show these results in a standard model of firm dynamics and test the mechanism using shocks to labor supply growth across states. Finally, we show that a longer startup rate series imputed using historical establishment tabulations rises over the 1960-70s period of accelerating labor force growth.

This case study examines the use of developmental evaluation in the Adult College Completion Initiative, a 4-year joint Rutgers University/National Association of Workforce Boards project funded by the Lumina Foundation for Education. The demonstration project aimed to address the national problem of low college completion rates by institutionalizing college completion as a routine training option and point of discussion in the workforce development system for clients who hold some prior college credit but no degree. The project tested an idea for maximizing the investment of the federal workforce system and local workforce investment boards in improving college completion outcomes while providing an opportunity to study this effort using developmental evaluation techniques. Developmental evaluation uses the collection and analysis of real-time data to both understand and support systems thinking and innovation. It differs from a more outcomes-oriented evaluation approach in that it primarily seeks to understand how various implementation procedures, practices, and program contexts affect outcomes. Although it is often accompanied by an outcomes evaluation, it is a process-oriented form of evaluation. The evaluation of the Adult College Completion Initiative provided important information and tactics to the workforce development system, helping them better serve clients with some college and no degree.

Good health is the cornerstone of a happy and productive life. Unfortunately, health is not distributed evenly among and within populations. This dissertation contains three chapters on adult health and mortality in the contemporary United States, paying special attention to social inequalities therein. Together, the chapters make both substantive and methodological contributions to the field of demography. In the first chapter, I use data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to consider the role of educational differences in weight history in shaping educational disparities in all-cause mortality over the period 1988-2010. I find that 10-12% of educational mortality differences are driven by the higher likelihood of groups with less formal schooling to have weighed more in the past. In the second chapter, I combine data from vital registration and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to produce the first estimates of alcohol-related mortality rates by educational attainment in the U.S., for years 2000-2017. I find that alcoholrelated mortality rates rose for both sexes and all levels of educational attainment. Increases were often larger for less educated groups, exacerbating already existing disparities. In the third chapter, I find that social inequalities shape not only the length of life and the ultimate cause of death, but also the quality of life at its very end. Using the NHIS, I examine trends in end-of-life health for years 1997-2015. People who are less educated, are black, immigrated to the U.S., are residents of the South, and have ever smoked experience longer periods of poor health at the end of life. Together, these three chapters illustrate the intricate nature of health inequalities.

Since the early 1980s, technology has reduced the demand for low and medium-skill workers, the young, and women, especially in manufacturing industries. The column investigates which technologies have had the largest effect, and on which types of worker. It finds that robots and software raised the demand for high-skill workers, older workers, and men, especially in service industries.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of empirical evidence on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side. Design/methodology/approach: The study covers the largest peer-reviewed and working paper databases for labour economics and health studies. These include Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pubmed and the most popular economics working paper sources such as NBER, ECONSTOR, IDEAS, IZA, SSRN, World Bank Working Paper Series. The authors follow the PRISMA 2009 protocol for systematic reviews. Findings: The collection includes 63 studies. The outcomes of interest are the number of hours worked, the probability of employment, self-employment and the level of economic formalisation. The authors find that the current literature is vastly concentrated on the USA. Spousal coverage in the USA is associated with reduced labour supply of secondary earners. The effect of Medicaid in the USA on the labour supply of its recipients is ambiguous. The employment-coverage link is an important determinant of the labour supply of people with health problems and self-employment decisions. Universal coverage may create either an incentive or a disincentive to work depending on the design of the system. Finally, evidence on the relationship between health insurance and the level of economic formalisation in developing countries is fragmented and limited. Practical implications: This study reviews the existing literature on the labour market effects of health insurance from the supply side. The authors find a large knowledge gap in emerging economies where health coverage is expanding. The authors also highlight important literature gaps that need to be filled in different themes of the topic. Originality/value: This is the first systematic review on the topic which is becoming increasingly relevant for policy makers in developing countries where health coverage is expanding.

In recent years, the population of unmarried single adults has grown globally especially in the developed world. In this paper, we explore homeownership among never married singles in the US from 2000 to 2013 using a sample from the Current Population Survey. In particular, we investigate potential differences in the relationship between several homeownership determinants for the never married in comparison to the married. We also test for heterogeneous effects across education levels and ethnicity in homeownership determinants for the never married. Our results show that age, gender and number of children affect the probability of homeownership differently for singles compared to those who are married. We also find that while on average there is a higher probability of homeownership from 2007 onwards for singles, there are significant gender, education and racial differences. In particular, our results show that among the never married, those with at least a college education reverse the gender gap in homeownership.

While recent decades have seen considerable research on cohabitation without marriage, the study of marriage without cohabitation has not fared as well. Prior work on the latter has emphasized the importance of occupational stratification, but ignored the social context around occupation, particularly regarding labour mobility and economic development. In this paper, we outline the significance of contemporary labour mobility and concomitant occupational stratification for the risk of non-cohabiting marriage, and use data from the IPUMS–International project to provide a cross-national accounting of non-cohabiting marriage. We focus on two issues: first, how does prevalence vary across countries, across time, and with respect to economic development? Second, how do the core dynamics of labour mobility —including migration, occupational status, and economic development—influence the probability of non- cohabiting marriage? Results indicate broad cross-national differences in prevalence, increasing risk over time, and a pattern of accumulating risk associated with multifaceted social disadvantage.

The American economy is stronger today than it has been in many years. At the time of this writing, jobs are plentiful and the country’s economic expansion is the second-longest on record. But our nation’s economic performance has not been even, and prosperity is not as widespread as it once was. Many workers today find themselves lacking the skills and training necessary to thrive in the modern economy. Millions of men and women are missing from the workforce altogether. Most low- and middle-income workers have not seen meaningful wage increases in many years. These challenges stem from profound shifts in the American economy. Technological innovation and globalization have displaced millions of jobs, while our polarized political system has failed to help workers keep up with the pace of change. The result is rising frustration with American politics, a populist backlash, social fragmentation, and a sense that the “American Dream” is becoming more and more elusive. What is to be done? We believe the time is ripe for new approaches to both policy and politics. Political leaders must unite around tangible, bipartisan solutions to address wage stagnation, encourage work, and upskill our workforce. To be clear: there are no silver bullet solutions to these problems. On some issues, political polarization will preclude big solutions. Nevertheless, we see many opportunities for both sides to come together and make real progress. Evidencebased, bipartisan solutions rarely capture headlines, but they do exist, and should be embraced by those who are serious about solving our . . .

In the past decade, we have witnessed increasing reports of institutional and interpersonal violence against bodies of color across the nation. There have been many suggestions on why this has continued to occur. Some have argued that fear of change—where immigrant and minority populations supposedly overwhelm the inhabitants of average, “nice” communities—has increased anxieties that contribute to volatile race relations. Another popular narrative uses significant political milestones—like the election of a black president—to argue that racism is over (or overplayed) and that overly sensitive people actually are contributing to racism by talking about its presumably fake existence. In other versions of this color-blind racist ideology, accidental or mere coincidences unrelated to race (“this could have been avoided if they were just more polite”) or a call for us to rally together as a nation (“Put that far-way past behind you and choose to live in the present”). There are so many flavors of color-blind racism that it is sometimes hard to distinguish its tastes as overt racial inequities like when police violence or traumatic scenes of discrimination are circulated in throughout the media. These inequalities, which are made visceral as we watch Brown and black bodies be murdered and again as many of their murderers are set free with excuses that make little to no sense, are vibrant, distressing, and gripping. Yet, even in these moments, those using pseudoscience or individualistic arguments continue to claim that racialized inequality does not exist in ways that should be thought of as significant, systemic, or even newsworthy. . .

Construction apprenticeship programs have positive impacts on Minnesota. The programs support workers by improving their skills and growing incomes. The programs also help employers address skills shortages by supplying safe, productive workers. Funded almost entirely by a cents per hour contribution from employers and administered jointly with unions, apprenticeship programs in construction also provide value to taxpayers by ensuring high-quality infrastructure and a strong economy.

Investment in technology has been consistently growing since the 1950s when the mainframe started to influence business organizations, followed by the introduction of the PC, the internet, and mobile plat- forms. To address these structural changes on the U.S. labor market, we build a general equilibrium model of product differentiation in which job tasks are indexed by the levels of autonomy and social per- ceptiveness. We find that high-level autonomy tasks have experienced the biggest wage growth, while emotional tasks have experienced the biggest employment growth. Educational attainment displays rela- tively small variation over time and has narrowed among our labor groups.

Using a newly constructed dataset linking administrative, survey and decennial Census data, we evaluate the intergenerational effects of early life pollution exposure. Exploiting variation in particulate matter, which sharply dropped following the enactment of the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments, we find that the children of those affected by additional improvements in air quality are more likely to attend college. Furthermore, we find no differential effect between the adopted and biological children of affected parents, and find suggestive evidence that parents who experienced large declines in pollution exposure are more likely to engage in child enrichment activities. This suggests that the transmission mechanism arises through parental investments and resources, rather than genetic channels.

Сформульовано теоретико-методичні засади професійного самовизначення ліцеїстів-митців, які обдаровані здатністю до проектування. Обґрунтовано педагогічну діагностику особистісних чинників дизайн-обдарованості. Запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «дизайн-обдарованість» як покликання учнів до комплексного проектування (наукового, художнього, технічного). Передбачено успішність самовизначення обдарованих ліцеїстів-митців щодо нестандартної міжособистісної професії консалтингу – дизайн-менеджера. Авторами статті зроблено припущення, що професійне самовизначення ліцеїстів-митців щодо професії д

Housing costs, relative to household incomes, have grown by 22 percent between 1980 and 2017. While the standard view among economists is that these costs reflect spatial differences in housing and zoning regulation, others have more recently argued that they reflect increasing labor costs. This paper shows that labor costs cannot explain the rise in housing costs. In fact, housing costs relative to income have grown more in larger counties where labor costs have decreased. Moreover, the areas with the greatest increases in housing costs relative to income are also the areas with the most restrictive housing regulation.

This article uses data from the American Community Survey from 2009 to 2016 to identify the effect of Medicaid expansions and the creation of the ACA Insurance Market Exchange (Marketplace) on low-income recent immigrants’ employment, self-employment, and health coverage. There is increasing interest in the connection between public coverage and employment outcomes among low-income documented immigrants after the current administration proposed to include the use of Medicaid as a potential reason for denying green card and citizenship applications based on the public charge criteria. The article finds little evidence on reduction of employment among those who are eligible in nongenerous states. We find evidence of an increase in the likelihood of being self-employed in generous states that expanded Medicaid before the implementation of the Marketplace. The findings suggests that low-income immigrants are likely to be employed regardless of their years in the country and that access to public coverage only affects the likelihood of having public versus private coverage.

Studies consistently show that public spending on early care and education (ECE) programs is a good long-term investment for children. However, there are immediate and long-lasting economic benefits to be gained through public spending on ECE programs as well. As California mulls pathways for state funding to grow the economy, research points to ECE as a vital and powerful opportunity. Expanding high-quality ECE would not only generate economic output through the higher earnings of ECE workers, but would have an even greater impact on the state’s economy by increasing the employment, earnings, and productivity of parents. Our report describes the current state of the ECE industry in California, including the unique challenges that require public investment in order to reap the full economic potential of high-quality ECE. In 2017-2018, California appropriated approximately $5.1 billion for ECE programs; this included state initiatives like CalWORKs and federal programs like Head Start. Cumulatively, publicly funded programs serve around one-third of current ECE enrollments, providing a crucial portion of the state’s social safety net. This level of investment, however, is insufficient to provide high-quality ECE services to all families who need it. As providers struggle to cover the basic costs of running an ECE business, licensed capacity has fallen, including a loss of 30 percent of family child care homes since 2008. Chronically low wages drive a cycle of turnover in the workforce, restricting its ability to grow to meet demand and impeding the ability of workers to increase their skills. Public investment is needed to address these challenges.