Data from 3 children (2 male, 1 female) acquiring Spanish are explored for the development of linguistic person in an inflectional language. Contrastive use of person, tense, and number and the presence of overt subjects and overt objects are examined. Recent claims that person emerges before tense and number and that the latter license overt subjects are not supported. Each of the 3 children follows a different route in the development of person, tense, and number. The data challenge any theory positing uniformity across children, proposing a maturational sequence of innately endowed categories for person, tense, and number, or claiming that Universal Grammar links the emergence of any of these with the presence of overt subjects.

Citing the critical importance of empirical work to social movement research, the editors of this volume have put together the first systematic overview of the major methods used by social movement theorists. Original chapters cover the range of techniques: surveys, formal models, discourse analysis, in-depth interviews, participant observation, case studies, network analysis, historical methods, protest event analysis, macro-organizational analysis, and comparative politics. Each chapter includes a methodological discussion, examples of studies employing the method, an examination of its strengths and weaknesses, and practical guidelines for its application

Organizational changes have received little scholarly attention as a cause of rising wage inequality and yet corporate restructuring has been widespread. This paper focuses on one piece of this relationship: the impact of subcontracting on levels and changes in wage inequality in U.S. cities over the past three decades. The analysis is conducted for a sample of 115 cities across 4 time points1969, 1979, 1989, and 1999. Preliminary results reveal that the share of employment in subcontracting industries explains more of the variance in a key measure of wage inequality (within-group wage inequality) across cities in cross-sectional analyses than most other explanatory variables. The effects are also greatest in the earlier years, the very years in which the explanation of wage inequality is least understood, and the years in which these industries grew the most. These results persist in models with extensive controls for other factors and with fixed effects for cities, but they do not persist in all specifications that include fixed effects for time period. Thus the results are mixed and call for additional measures of corporate restructuring that are not as closely correlated with the overall time trend of rising wage inequality.

Between 1940 and 1950 wage differentials narrowed substantially, a phenomenon that economic historians have called the 'Great Compression.' This paper dis-aggregates the Great Compression into changes within and between the public and private sectors. We show that wage differentials declined in the public sector as well as in the private sector; had the public sector decline not taken place, the Great Compression would have been substantially smaller. In this regard, the experience of the 1940s stands in stark contrast with that of the past two decades, during which a relatively rigid public sector wage structure has dampened overall increases in wage inequality.

This paper investigates the effects of female labor supply on the wage structure. To identify variation in female labor supply, we exploit the military mobilization for World War II, which drew many women into the workforce as males exited civilian employment. The extent of mobilization was not uniform across states, however, with the fraction of eligible males serving ranging from 41 to 54 percent. We find that in states with greater mobilization of men, women worked substantially more after the War and in 1950, though not in 1940. We interpret these differentials as labor supply shifts induced by the War. We find that increases in female labor supply lower female wages, lower male wages, and increase the college premium and male wage inequality generally. Our findings indicate that at mid-century, women were closer substitutes to high school graduate and relatively low-skill males, but not to those with the lowest skills.

Examined the impact of black race on earnings, comparing African immigrants with native-born blacks and whites and white immigrants. Data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Population Censuses indicated that African immigrants had the highest educational attainment but the lowest earnings returns to education. Results highlighted a racial hierarchy in earnings, with whites at the top, followed by African Americans, than Africans.

The present work proposes tests for reduced rank in multivariate regression coefficient matrices, under rather general conditions. A heuristic approach is to first estimate the regressions via standard methods, then compare the coefficient matrix rows (or columns) to assess their redundancy. A formal version of this approach utilizes the distance between an unrestricted coefficient matrix estimate and an estimate restricted by reduced rank. Two distance minimization problems emerge, based on equivalent formulations of the null hypothesis. For each method we derive estimators and tests, and their asymptotic distributions. We examine test performance in simulation, and give some numerical examples.

I develop and demonstrate a simple formula for estimating age-specific event rates for a period from 'before' and 'after' cross sections. The general approach applies to a wide range of estimation problems in demography, the social sciences, and epidemiology. The method arises from the formal mathematics of unstable populations and is similar in spirit to 'variable-r' methods. Unlike those methods, however the new technique does not require specialized computer programming or iterative calculations, and event rates can be calculated directly from cross-sectional data in simple spreadsheets. The article includes a formal mathematical exposition of the method, simulation tests, and several examples.

I develop and demonstrate a simple formula for estimating age-specific event rates for a period from "before" and "after" cross sections. The general approach applies to a wide range of estimation problems in demography, the social sciences, and epidemiology. The method arises from the formal mathematics of unstable populations and is similar in spirit to "variable-r" methods. Unlike those methods, however the new technique does not require specialized computer programming or iterative calculations, and event rates can be calculated directly from cross-sectional data in simple spreadsheets. The article includes a formal mathematical exposition of the method, simulation tests, and several examples.

A model in which women search for husbands characterized by their wages predicts increasing within-group male wage inequality raises the expected value of continued marital search and so lowers female marriage propensities. Using 1970, 1980, and 1990 Census data, I test this hypothesis within geographically-, racially-, and educationally-defined marriage markets. The estimates suggest rising male wage inequality accounted for 7-18 percent of the decline in the propensity to marry between 1970 and 1990 for white women and more educated black women. Growing wage inequality appears to have had little effect on the marriage behavior of less educated black women.

More than 20,000 individuals retire each year from the United States military who are eligible to receive a guaranteed annuity amounting to half or more of their basic military pay. Separating from the military at an average age of 43, the overwhelming majority of these retirees enter second careers in the civilian sector. This book addresses three important questions about the civilian labor market experience of military retirees:How do the wages of military retirees upon separation compare with those of comparably experienced and educated civilians? Do military retirees enjoy higher relative wage growth over their second careers than their civilian peers? Is the transition to civilian employment a difficult process for military retirees? The author finds that military retirees earn substantially lower wages than their civilian peers upon entering the civilian labor market and, moreover, the wages of military retirees remain low relative to civilian wages even as retirees gain civilian labor market experience.

We describe the prevalence of chronic diseases and conditions in a large cohort of twins, which has been developed to facilitate studies of the role of genetics and environment in the development of disease. The California Twin Program (CTP) comprises twins born in California between 1908 and 1982. Birth records from all multiple births (256,616 in total) were linked (multiple times between 1990 and 2001) with the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) roster of licensees to obtain address information. The linkages have revealed 161,109 matches and, because of less complete DMV records in some years, were less successful in older females than in all others. To date over 51,000 of these twins have completed a detailed 16-page mailed risk factor questionnaire. Based on estimates of numbers of individuals receiving a questionnaire, our crude response rates are as high as 63.6% (among females currently in their 50s), with an overall crude response rate of 37.9%. Similar to our previous report regarding the first 42,000 twins, the current group who have completed the questionnaire are representative of the population from which they were drawn (in terms of age, sex, race and residential distribution). Self-reported disease frequencies are provided, along with current estimates of future cancer incidence and mortality rates likely to be observed in the group. We outline our plans for cohort expansion, additional studies using the cohort, and future plans for inviting collaboration.

This paper uses a structural approach to examine who matches with whom. A two-sided matching model that allows for marital sorting in response to marriage market flexibility and agents' preferences is utilized. Estimation is based on imbedding the numerical solution of a matching model within a maximum-likelihood procedure. Results using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID, 1968-1993) indicate that wage is a more desirable trait than education in predicting marriageability for white men, while education is more desirable for black men. The marriage market for white men is also more flexible. The desirability of wage and marriage market flexibility both decrease with age for white men. The effects of age for black men are mixed.

The principal aim of this research project is to develop a formal model-based approach for inferring migration flows in settings where such data are inadequate, incomplete, or unavailable by combining and borrowing information from several geographical areas, time periods, and data sources. To accomplish this, the project will draw on work carried out in four areas: indirect estimation methods in demography, spatial interaction modeling in geography, model-based approaches to analyses with missing data in statistics, and mathematical representations of regularities in the age profiles of migration rates. The inferential methods developed by this project will be tested on known migration data drawn from the censuses of 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990, and then they will be applied to the 2003 American Community Survey Data on migration, the birthplace-specific population stock data collected by the censuses of 1900, 1910, 1920, and 1930, and data for five additional nations: Canada, Italy, Brazil, Indonesia, and Mexico. These latter data will be assembled and analyzed by national demographers in those countries.

This paper uses a structural approach to examine who matches with whom. A two-sided matching model that allows for marital sorting in response to marriage market flexibility and agents' preferences is utilized. Estimation is based on imbedding the numerical solution of a matching model within a maximum-likelihood procedure. Results using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID, 1968-1993) indicate that wage is a more desirable trait than education in predicting marriageability for white men, while education is more desirable for black men. The marriage market for white men is also more flexible. The desirability of wage and marriage market flexibility both decrease with age for white men. The effects of age for black men are mixed.

This paper examines the determinants of Japanese immigrant economic achievement in the continental United States before World War II. Japanese immigrants to the United States were a select group in terms of their occupational background and education relative to the Japanese population as a whole because of the restrictions imposed on Japanese immigration by both the Japanese and U.S. governments. Furthermore, the selective nature of Japanese immigration contributed to the economic achievement of Japanese Americans before World War II when their occupational position underwent a dramatic improvement. This finding differs from the standard cultural explanation of ethnic economic achievement.