Full Citation

Title: Frontier History and Gender Norms in the United States

Citation Type: Working Paper

Publication Year: 2023

ISBN:

ISSN:

DOI:

NSFID:

PMCID:

PMID:

Abstract: This paper explores how historical gender roles become entrenched as norms over the long run. In the historical United States, gender roles on the frontier looked starkly different from those in settled areas. Male-biased sex ratios led to higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare, compounded with isolation from extended family as well as a lack of social and market infrastructure, constrained female opportunities outside the home. Frontier women were less likely to report "gainful employment," but among those who did, relatively more had high-status occupations. Together, these findings integrate contrasting narratives about frontier women-some emphasizing their entrepreneurial independence, others their prevailing domesticity. The distinctive frontier gender roles, in turn, shaped norms over the long run. Counties with greater historical frontier exposure exhibit lower female labor force participation through the 21st century. Time use data suggests this does not come with additional leisure but rather with more household work. These gender inequalities are accompanied by weaker political participation among women. While the historical frontier may have been empowering for some women, its predominant domesticity reinforced inegalitarian gender norms over the long run.

Url: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w31079/w31079.pdf

User Submitted?: No

Authors: Bazzi, Samuel; Brodeur, Abel; Fiszbein, Martin; Haddad, Joanne

Series Title: NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES

Publication Number: 31079

Institution: National Bureau of Economic Research

Pages: 1-57

Publisher Location: Cambridge, MA

Data Collections: IPUMS USA, IPUMS NHGIS

Topics: Gender

Countries: