Full Citation
Title: WATER SERVICE AFFORDABILITY IN MICHIGAN: A STATEWIDE ASSESSMENT
Citation Type: Miscellaneous
Publication Year: 2022
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Abstract: This assessment looks at affordability at the levels of both individual households and communities. In the household analysis, we calculate several affordability indicators using census and utility rate survey data. The data and methods used in developing the indicators are described in Section 2. These indicators, functions of water cost (reported or calculated) and income (plus or minus other expenses), allow us to explore their geographic and demographic characteristics via regression and latent class analysis. Section 3.1 describes our findings at the household level. At the community level, we explore financial capability via funding needs and expenses surveys conducted by the EPA, American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Census of Governments for the whole state. Sections 3.2 and 3.3 describe our findings at the community and utility levels. We compiled work about the affordability of private wells and septic systems in order to provide a more complete picture across the state, from urban to suburban to rural residents. These results are explored in Section 3.4. We also interviewed a range of relevant stakeholders, with the expectation that their experience would provide important context for the technical analyses. We believe this context, provided in Section 3.4, will be valuable to policymakers in developing meaningful and sustainable solutions to the statewide issues documented in the quantitative analyses.
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Authors: Read, Jennifer; Attal, Noah; Betanzo, Elin; Harrison, Ritchie; Stoltenberg, Ashley
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Data Collections: IPUMS USA
Topics: Natural Resource Management
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