This paper uses decennial Census data to examine the residential integration of the foreign born in the United States between 1910 and 2000. Immigrant segregation declined in the first part of the century, but has been rising over the past few decades. Recent immigrants tend to hail from countries with greater cultural distinctions from U.S. natives, whether economic, racial, or linguistic. These factors explain much of the increase in segregation after 1970. Evidence also points to changes in urban form, particularly native-driven suburbanization and the decline of public transit as a transportation mode, as an explanation for the new immigrant segregation.

Defining outliers by their distance to neighboring data points has been shown to be an effective non-parametric approach to outlier detection. In recent years, many research efforts have looked at developing fast distance-based outlier detection algorithms. Several of the existing distance-based outlier detection algorithms report log-linear time performance as a function of the number of data points on many real low-dimensional datasets. However, these algorithms are unable to deliver the same level of performance on high-dimensional datasets, since their scaling behavior is exponential in the number of dimensions. In this paper, we present RBRP, a fast algorithm for mining distance-based outliers, particularly targeted at high-dimensional datasets. RBRP scales log-linearly as a function of the number of data points and linearly as a function of the number of dimensions. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that we outperform the state-of-the-art algorithm, often by an order of magnitude.

In the United States, hate crimes are a well-known phenomena. These crimes are committed on the basis of the victims race, ethnicity/national origin, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. There have been several publicized and well-documented hate crimes in history. Solely looking at hate crimes motivated by sexual orientation, one immediately comes to mind: the murder of a gay man, Matthew Shepard, in 1998. As of 2004, 15% of hate crimes in the United States were motivated by a bias against certain sexual orientationsincluding gay, lesbian, bisexual, etc. (Hate Crime). In Chicago, between 1996 and 2006, 375 hate crimes motivated by sexual orientation have been investigated by the Chicago Police Department. Of these, only 170 were found to be bona fide hate crimes. Proving hate crimes, however, is sometimes difficult.For this project, I decided to map the total occurrence of hate crimes in Chicago between the years of 1997 and 2006. I primarily collected this data using maps with locations of hatecrimes provided by the City of Chicago in their Annual Hate Crime reports. Although the data is not exact, I believe that one can discern a pattern from the data, as well as other data such as the number of same-sex couples living together that reported this in the 2000 Census, as well as the location of gay bars. Additionally, I wanted to know if the location of CTA Stations and Chicago Police Department stations influenced the rate of hate crimes in Chicago.

Empirical research has shown that social interactions affect the use of public benefits, thus providing evidence in favor of the idea of welfare cultures. In this paper we take the next crucial step by separately identifying the role of social stigma and information sharing in welfare participation, using Census data. We argue that the stigma vs. information distinction has possibly important consequences. Separate identification exploits the asymmetry between association and mere spatial proximity: we assume that while information is transmitted within groups, stigma works across groups as well. We also allow for heterogeneity of social effects across different race-ethnic groups and find non-trivial differences. We find that while the information channel is more important than stigma, White Americans appear to perceive stigma more from other White Americans than by other races, and Black and Hispanic Americans appear to respond principally to stigma from external groups.

Should the national government undertake policies aimed at strengthening the economies of particular localities or regions? Agglomeration economies and human capital spillovers suggest that such policies could enhance welfare. However, the mere existence of agglomeration externalities does not indicate which places should be subsidized. Without a better understanding of nonlinearities in these externalities, any government spatial policy is as likely to reduce as to increase welfare. Transportation spending has historically done much to make or break particular places, but current transportation spending subsidizes low-income, low-density places where agglomeration effects are likely to be weakest. Most large-scale place-oriented policies have had little discernable impact. Some targeted policies such as Empowerment Zones seem to have an effect but are expensive relative to their achievements. The greatest promise for a national place-based policy lies in impeding the tendency of highly productive areas to restrict their own growth through restrictions on land use.

This research examines inter-regional migration patterns in the United States by native-born whites and blacks over the final four decades of the 20(th) century. Our primary research question is whether regional changes in the United States have made the South a more favorable destination than it once was, especially for blacks. Using samples of census data from 1970 to 2000, we analyze white/black differences in primary (an original move) and return migration to the South, as well as in the selectivity of migration. We observe increasing rates of black (compared to white) migration to the South. Additionally, patterns of selectivity within this growing black migration stream suggest that younger, more educated black women are an important component of this regional population shift.

This article studies the effect of the regime shift to joint custody in custody dispute adjudication in the United States during the 1980s using census data. Relying on cross state and year variation in the timing of adoption, I found the probability of attaining grade 12 or higher at age 18 among children of divorced or separated families to be higher in adoption states, but there was a fall in the same probability among intact families. The results are robust to alternate specification, use of alternative data set, and examination of compositional effects. JEL Classification: J12; J13; K36

For most of the post-World War II period prior to the 1980s, the distribution of income in the United States remained remarkably stable. Measures of inequality – such as the gap between incomes of those at the top and those at the bottom of the income distribution – showed little change for nearly 40 years (Darity and Myers, 1998, p. 3). In their book, Persistent Disparity, published 10 years ago, Darity and Myers documented a contemporaneous rise in general inequality and the widening of black-white disparities in family incomes. The ratio of black to white family incomes declined from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. Even though the ratio rose again throughout the late 1980s, the ratio was lower by the end of the 1980s than it was at any point between 1967 and 1980. From 1979 to 1992, mean family incomes in the top quintiles increased, while mean family incomes declined in the lowest quintiles and remained largely unchanged in the middle quintiles. In short, general inequality increased from 1979 to 1992. Based on this evidence, a general view has emerged that widening racial inequality accompanied . . .

Three of the most fundamental changes in US corporations since the early 1970s havebeen (1) the apparent increase in the importance of organizational capital in production, (2)the increase in managerial income inequality and pay-performance sensitivity and (3) thesecular decrease in labor market reallocation. Our paper develops a simple explanation forthese changes: a shift in the composition of productivity growth away from vintage-specific togeneral growth, brought about by the arrival and gradual adoption of information technologysince the 1970s. This shift has stimulated the accumulation of organizational capital inexisting firms and reduced the need for reallocating workers to new firms. We characterizethe optimal managerial compensation contract when firms accumulate organizational capitalbut risk-averse managers cannot commit to staying in the match. A calibrated version ofthe model reproduces the increase in managerial compensation inequality and the increasedsensitivity of pay to performance in the data over the last three decades. In addition, we showthat firms in industries with less vintage-specific growth and hence more more compensationinequality have higher Tobins q, as predicted by our model.

This book offers novice and experienced reference librarians an introduction to tried-and-true genealogy techniques and resources. With the help of four case studies, Simpson outlines a basic starting strategy for conducting genealogy research. Later chapters deal specifically with genealogical librarianship: how to conduct a reference interview, continuing and professional development, and basic resources every collection should have. Charts, screen shots, and examples of public documents are also included; while a series of appendices present the case studies in their entirety. Genealogy is one of the most popular hobbies in the United States, and is heavily researched in public libraries and historical repositories. Increasingly, major genealogy resources are available online at libraries through subscription databases or free on the internet. As a result, librarians face the overwhelming task of helping a large audience of genealogists cope with an ever growing flood of new resources. This book offers novice and experienced reference librarians an introduction to tried-and-true genealogy techniques and resources. With the help of four case studies, Simpson outlines a basic starting strategy for conducting genealogy research. Later chapters deal specifically with genealogical librarianship: how to conduct a reference interview, continuing and professional development, and basic resources every collection should have. Charts, screen shots, and examples of public documents are also included; while a series of appendices present the case studies in their entirety.

This paper applies a unified methodology to multiple data sets to estimate both the levels and trends in U.S. high school graduation rates. We establish that (a) the true high school graduation rate is substantially lower than widely used measures; (b) the U.S. graduation rate peaked in the early 1970s; (c) majority/minority differentials are substantial and have not converged over the past 35 years; (d) lower post-1970 rates are not solely due to increasing immigrant and minority populations; (e) our findings explain part of the slowdown in college attendance and the rise in college wage premiums; and (f) growing high school graduation differentials by gender help explain increasing male-female college attendance gaps

The paper examines the determinants of coresidence between parents and adult children. Using 34 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1968 to 2005 and event history models, I find that there is an unambiguous distinction between nest leavers and nest returners. Marital status and employment status of adult children are the most important time-dependent determinants of nest-returning, and older cohorts have a higher propensity to return home. Parents in good health support their children returning home when significant life events endanger the adult children's ability to live alone. Therefore I argue that coresidence is a rational support but not a competition between children's need and parent's need. Further cohort comparisons also show adult children's life events matter for older cohorts, but parents' marital disruption matters for younger cohorts.

Over the past 50 years, automobileoriented suburbs have grown much more quickly than denser urban areas, and over the past six years, the four fastest growing American metropolitan areas have been Atlanta, Dallas, Houston and Phoenix—all hot places that use an impressive amount of electricity to create a pleasant year-round climate. Cars and air conditioners both lead to signifi cant emissions of carbon dioxide, which an increasing body of evidence has linked to potentially dangerous climate change. If this evidence is correct, then there are serious social costs associated with new forms of development that tend to be extremely energy intensive. This policy brief summarizes . . .

Between 1882 and 1930 more than 2800 individuals were lynched throughout 10 Southern states. Did lynching spread like a contagion or did it act as a deterrent? Previous literature supports the deterrence model, arguing that one lynching made future lynching less likely. This paper, however, shows evidence that lynching behaved like a contagion by studying daily lynching patterns for the first time, using panel data for 10 states over 48 years. One lynching increased the likelihood of another occurring within geographic and temporal vicinity.

Our societies are heterogeneous in many dimensions such as census, education, religion, ethnic and cultural composition. The links between individuals - e.g. by friendship, marriage or collaboration - are not evenly distributed, but rather tend to be concentrated within the same group. This phenomenon, called imbreeding homophily, has been related to either (social) preference for links with own-type individuals ( choice-based homophily) or to the prevalence of individuals of her same type in the choice set of an individual ( opportunity-based homophily). We propose an indicator to distinguish between these effects for minority groups. This is based on the observation that, in environments with unbiased opportunities, as the relative size of the minority gets small, individuals of the minority rarely meet and have the chance to establish links together. Therefore the effect of choice-based homophily gets weaker and weaker as the size of the minority shrinks. We test this idea across the dimensions of race and education on data on US marriages, and across race on friendships in US schools, and find that: for what concerns education i) opportunity-based homophily is much stronger than choice--based homophily and ii) they are both remarkably stationary in time; concerning race iii) school friendships do not exhibit opportunity-based homophily, while marriages do, iv) choice-based homophily is much stronger for marriages than for friendships and v) these effects vary widely across race.

Unfolding choices steer each of us down different life paths as we grow up. For people in the United States in the past century, these paths varied by generation as well as depending on many other features of people’s backgrounds. For example, Chapter 3 showed that different generations had very different experiences with schooling. Each generation got more formal education than the generation before them, with Lucky Few men making the largest leap forward in schooling of any group in the twentieth century. This chapter connects those decisions about school with the next major steps that people take out into society – the quest for a job, choosing whether and when to marry, and perhaps deciding the timing of a first birth and parenthood of the next generation.

Unlike conventional methods that exert the same amount of privacy control over all the tuples in the microdata, personalized privacy preservation applies various degrees of protection to different tuples, subject to the preferences of the data owners. This chapter explains the formulation of personal preferences, and the computation of anonymized tables that fulfill the privacy requirement of everybody. Several theoretical results regarding privacy guarantees will also be discussed. Finally, we point out the open research issues that may be explored in the future.

What impact does inequality have on metropolitan areas? Crime rates are higher in places with more inequality, and people in unequal cities are more likely to say that they are unhappy. There is also a negative association between local inequality and the growth of both income and population, once we control for the initial distribution of skills. What determines the degree of inequality across metropolitan areas? Twenty years ago, metropolitan inequality was strongly associated with poverty, but today, inequality is more strongly linked to the presence of the wealthy. Inequality in skills can explain about one third of the variation in income inequality, and that skill inequality is itself explained by historical schooling patterns and immigration. There are also substantial differences in the returns to skill, related to local concentrations in different industries, and these too are strongly correlated with inequality.