Although multiple race responses are now allowed on federal censuses and surveys, most interracially married single-race parents report a single race for their children. It is well-established that the social context of these racial identification decisions affects their outcome. This research focuses instead on the physical context. It is argued that homelands physical places with cultural meaning are an important component of the intergenerational transfer of a single-race identity in indigenous mixed-race families. To test potential explanations for the relationship between homelands and indigenous identities, this research focuses on families in which an interracially-married American Indian lives with a spouse and child and was included in the Census 2000 5% Public Use Microdata Sample. Logistic regression reveals a strong effect of living in an American Indian homeland on the childs chances of being reported as single-race American Indian. This effect remains even after accounting for strong ties to American Indians and other groups, family and area poverty levels, geographic isolation, and the racial composition of the area. The intergenerational transmission of strong identities continues in this multiracial era (as it has for centuries) in the context of culturally meaningful physical places.

Despite their twin positions as two of North Americas most iconic Italian neighborhoods, South Philly and Torontos Little Italy have functioned in dramatically different ways since World War II. Inviting readers into the churches, homes, and businesses at the heart of these communities, Staying Italian reveals that daily experience in each enclave created two distinct, yet still Italian, ethnicities.As Philadelphia struggled with deindustrialization, Jordan Stanger-Ross shows, Italian ethnicity in South Philly remained closely linked with preserving turf and marking boundaries. Torontos thriving Little Italy, on the other hand, drew Italians together from across the wider region. These distinctive ethnic enclaves, Stanger-Ross argues, were shaped by each citys response to suburbanization, segregation, and economic restructuring. By situating malleable ethnic bonds in the context of political economy and racial dynamics, he offers a fresh perspective on the potential of local environments to shape individual identities and social experience.

Book examines the effect of the post-1965 wave of immigration on long-standing ethnoracial minority groups in the United States, focusing on the ways that immigrants are influence the political incorporation of ethnoracial minorities.

2010 AbstractHousehold financial behavior affects household welfare and the economy at large.Yet our understanding of how to improve financial decisions is limited. Recent liter'ature and policy attention have focused on financial education, for example, in highschool. We use variation in state reforms on high school graduation requirementsto examine the impact on asset accumulation. In contrast to previous research, wefind that state mandates requiring students take a financial literacy course do notaffect the propensity to save. We also find that state reforms increasing the num'ber of required math courses improve financial behavior for women, but not men.Keywords: education, financial participation, savings, financial literacy

The Impact of Migration SelectivityRelative to other immigrant groupslittle is known about the labor market outcomes of black immigrants. Additionally, few studies have evaluated the impact of migration selectivity in explaining labor market differences between black immigrants and black natives. This paper uses data on black men from the 2000 U.S. Census and the 2001 to 2007 American Community Survey to estimate wage, employment, and self-employment models to determine if black immigrants have outcomes that resemble those of native blacks (collectively) or native black internal migrants. Results show that both groups of native blacks earn more than most black immigrants and have higher payoffs to education than black immigrants (particularly at high education levels). In contrast, results suggest that black immigrants have a substantial self-employment advantage and a slight employment advantage over black natives (collectively). However, when black immigrants are compared to native black internal migrants, their employment advantage diminishes and the magnitude of their earnings deficit increases. Results show that black immigrants have a persistent self-employment advantage over native blacks (collectively) and native black movers. Consequently, these results suggest that migration selectivity is important in explaining wage and employment differences between black immigrants and black natives. However, migration selectivity plays a limited role in explaining self-employment differences between black immigrants and black natives.

In this paper, we examine net emigration from Mexico over the period 1960 to 2000. The data are consistent with labor supply shocks having made a substantial contribution to Mexican emigration, accounting for two-fifths of Mexican labor flows to the United States over the last two decades of the twentieth century. Net emigration rates by Mexican stat birth year cohort display a strong positive correlation with the initial size of the Mexican cohort relative to the corresponding U.S. cohort. In states with long histories of emigration, the effects of cohort size on emigration are relatively strong, consistent with the existence of preexisting networks.

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) is one of the most celebrated decisions in the history of theUnited States Supreme Court. By holding that neither federal nor state courts could enforce arestrictive covenant to evict a black homebuyer, the Court signaled its willingness to use theFourteenth Amendment to strike down even indirect governmental actions that fostered racialsegregation. No one questions the legal significance of Shelley; in legal circles, it is viewed as acritical precursor to Brown v. Board of Education (1954). But housing segregation scholars havetended to minimize Shelleys practical importance. Some have argued that Shelley was largelysuperfluous, because by the late 1940s restrictive covenants were often dismissed by the courtsor circumvented by real estate agents. Others have suggested that Shelley was ineffectivebecause blacks lacked the capacity to enforce their rights and because white neighborhoods andinstitutions had so many other methods available to stop black entry. Oddly enough, no one (toour knowledge) has ever undertaken an empirical examination of how Shelley changed thehousing opportunities of affected minorities blacks in particular, but Jews, Asians, andHispanics as well. In this paper, we attempt such an evaluation, and we find strong support forthe proposition that Shelley had a rather dramatic impact upon the housing opportunitiesavailable to blacks. Just as important, we find that this shift in opportunities changed thedynamics of black ghettos in ways that have never been understood, and which have important implications for basic debates about urban policy and the black underclass.

In this work, the authors use statistics from the U. S. Census to examine trends in intermarriage, racial and ethnic combinations, and categorizations among Asian Americans. Specifically, the authors want to consider the extent to which family patterns may contribute to Asian Americans and their descendants' continuing as distinct, becoming members of some new category or categories, or simply becoming White. Based on the data analysis and discussion, it seems most likely that Whiteness will increasingly depend on the situation: Where there are Asians, Whites, and Blacks, Asians will tend to become White. Where there are only Whites, Asians, including even those of multiracial background, may well continue to be distinguished. Yet people in mixed families will be continually crossing all racial and ethnic lines in the United States, and their numbers will steadily increase.

Determination of effective ways to reduce vulnerability from tornadoes is one of the fundamental drivers for tornado research. This study analyzes spatial vulnerability in the context of past tornado events with aims to enhance the understanding of tornado casualties in Oklahoma and Northern Texas. Many previous studies have provided insight on how individual factors influence tornado vulnerability. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the aggregated effect when these factors coincide. Additionally, a definition of vulnerability has been absent from the meteorological literature. Thus, to provide a more comprehensive view, this study proposes a mathematical definition for spatial vulnerability, and then uses tornado casualty data from 1950 through 2009 to calculate vulnerability on a county level for seven time periods. Overall vulnerability trends are then calculated and visualized by averaging changes and by k-means clustering. This study shows the existence of spatial patterns in vulnerability between counties both when analyzing each individual F-scale and when all F-scales are combined. These spatial patterns are likely caused by the existence of multiple variables working together.

Some recent papers have suggested that relative deprivation could be negatively related to health through psychosocial stress and related behaviors. While there is a large literature on the association between absolute deprivation, i.e., income, and child health, little is known about the association between relative deprivation and child health. This paper asks: controlling for a measure of absolute deprivation, is a mothers relative deprivation related to infant health and maternal health behavior? There are many limitations regarding our measures and methods, and we interpret our results only as associations. Using US 2001 Natality Detail data, we find that pregnant women of lower socioeconomic status relative to other expectant mothers in their Metropolitan Statistical Area give birth to very slightly lighter babies and are more likely to smoke. A back-of-the envelope calculation shows the magnitude of the association we observe between relative deprivation and birthweight is close to what medical studies would predict if the probability of prenatal tobacco use were to increase by the amount we estimate.

The concept of k-anonymity has received considerable attention due to the need of several organizations to release microdata without revealing the identity of individuals. Although all previous k-anonymity techniques assume the existence of a public database (PD) that can be used to breach privacy, none utilizes PD during the anonymization process. Specifically, existing generalization algorithms create anonymous tables using only the microdata table (MT) to be published, independently of the external knowledge available. This omission leads to high information loss. Motivated by this observation, we first introduce the concept of k-join-anonymity (KJA), which permits more effective generalization to reduce the information loss. Briefly, KJA anonymizes a superset of MT, which includes selected records from PD. We propose two methodologies for adapting k-anonymity algorithms to their KJA counterparts. The first generalizes the combination of MT and PD, under the constraint that each group should contain at least 1 tuple of MT (otherwise, the group is useless and discarded). The second anonymizes MT, and then, refines the resulting groups using PD. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of our contributions with an extensive experimental evaluation using real and synthetic data sets.

This article studies the effect of recruitment restrictions on mobility and wages in the postbellum U.S. South. I estimate the effects of criminal fines charged for “enticement” (recruiting workers already under contract) on sharecropper mobility, tenancy choice, and agricultural wages. I find that a $13 (10%) increase in the enticement fine lowered the probability of a move by black sharecroppers by 12%, daily wages by 1 cent (.1%), and the returns to experience for blacks by 0.6% per year. These results are consistent with an on‐the‐job search model, where the enticement fine raises the cost of recruiting an employed worker.

Objectives. We examined changes in socioeconomic status (SES) and Black to White inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality in the United States before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods. Taking a fundamental cause perspective, we used negative binomial regression to analyze trends in county-level gender-, race-, and age-specific HIV/AIDS mortality rates among those aged 15 to 64 years during the period 19872005. Results. Although HIV/AIDS mortality rates decreased once HAART became available, the declines were not uniformly distributed among population groups. The associations between SES and HIV/AIDS mortality and between race and HIV/AIDS mortality, although present in the pre-HAART period, were significantly greater in the peri- and post-HAART periods, with higher SES and White race associated with the greatest declines in mortality during the post-HAART period. Conclusions. Our findings support the fundamental cause hypothesis, as the introduction of a life-extending treatment exacerbated inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality by SES and by race. In addition to a strong focus on factors that improve overall population health, more effective public health interventions and policies would facilitate an equitable distribution of health-enhancing innovations.