This paper proposes source decomposition of the change in income inequality between two time points using the integral-based approach (IBA) and the (chained) Shapley-value approach as its approximation. In comparison to static Shapley-value decompositions and traditional decompositions for the square of the coefficient of variation and the Gini index, the new dynamic Shapley-value approach is intuitively appealing as a decomposition procedure for changes in inequality. It is expected to yield relatively small differences among various inequality measures, essentially maintaining consistency with income source classification. Path dependency, a possible drawback of the new decompositions, is not expected to be a particular problem in the usual cases. The properties are illustrated for application to the increase in US family income inequality during 19791996. In this empirical study, the new decompositions showed a tendency that was clearly different from those of the existing decompositions, indicating that the proposed procedures shed light on analysis of the causes of inequality changes. An extension to incorporate other factors such as family structure is also successful without loss of the desirable properties.

Whenever a country specializes on industries that use female labor intensively, its female labor force participation should increase. This intuition, which bases on the Stolper-Samuleson Theorem, may fail in a three-factor, two-good model. We develop a model where capital, male and female work are distinct factors of production. We follow an established assumption and postulate that capital accumulation closes the gender wage gap. In this setup, the Stolper-Samuleson based intuition fails necessarily: female labor shares drop in countries that specialize on sectors intensive in female labor, and vice versa. In an empirical part, we use a period of trade liberalization between the U.S. and Mexico to assess the impact of trade on female labor shares at the U.S. state level. To establish causality, bilateral trade between U.S. states and Mexico are instrumented by distance. The tests confirm our theory: exposure to trade with Mexico has increased the gender wage gap and decreased female labor shares in the U.S.

During the 1950s, American chemist and Nobel laureate Harold C. Urey began advocating the necessity of a new “prophet” to bring together the inspiring scientific view of the universe with the moral teachings of the traditional western religions. This was necessary, he claimed, because neither science nor society could survive without these moral teachings. Likewise, Urey believed that these religions could not survive if they were not brought up-to-date with scientific progress. This dissertation is a social and cultural biography that examines this turn to religion in light of Urey’s religious upbringing in the Church of the Brethren at the turn of the century, his scientific training and rise to fame during the 1910s and 20s, his turn to earth and planetary science after World War II, his attempts at political activism during the Cold War, and his participation in NASA’s lunar exploration program during the 1950s and 60s. Urey’s turn to religion was not based on a faith in god. He was a self-avowed atheist. This turn was instead a product of two Cold War crises – the postwar trauma of the Manhattan Project and the Cold War trauma of McCarthyism and the loyalty-security system. The first of these crises pushed Urey’s postwar research program away from the isotope separation work that had made him famous and into the earth and planetary sciences. The second crisis pushed Urey’s public rhetoric away from an optimistic scientific utopianism and hope of a world united under one government. He instead turned toward advocating a new, meaningful engagement between science and spirit. This engagement was difficult to foster, even with the largest and potentially most inspiring scientific projects, as Urey discovered in his work with NASA. Urey’s intervention in the “Big Science” of NASA was no more successful than his intervention in Cold War politics. The bureaucratization of science during the Cold War made it difficult for Urey to champion his view of the moon as a cosmogonic Rosetta Stone. Although scientists found themselves better funded than before WWII, their own agency within the new bureaucratic structure of science was limited.

This paper demonstrates the strong impacts that public job creation in social care provisioning has on employment creation. Furthermore, it shows that mobilizing underutilized domestic labor resources and targeting them to bridge gaps in community-based services yield strong pro-poorincome growth patterns that extend throughout the economy. Social care provision also contributes to promoting gender equality, as womenespecially from low-income householdsconstitute a major workforce in the care sector. We present the ex-ante policy simulation results from two country case studies: South Africa and the United States. Both social accounting matrixbased multiplier analysis and propensity rankingbased microsimulation provide evidence of the pro-poor impacts of the social care expansion.

Using a newly constructed individual-level dataset, we analyze the relative incarceration probabilities of native and foreign-born men between 1900 and 1930. We find that the foreign-born were less likely to be incarcerated than natives even after controlling for age and literacy. However, immigrants assimilated rapidly to the incarceration patterns of the native born. The likelihood that an immigrant was incarcerated was increasing in his time spent in the U.S. and the children of immigrants had incarceration rates that were the same or even higher than those of their peers with native parents. Finally, we find that odds of incarceration were lower for immigrants who arrived in the 1920s after the imposition of immigration restrictions and quotas than for those who had arrived earlier.

The era between the Civil War and WWII was one of revolutionary change within the American family. Family size continued its long-term decline and by the 1930s fertility was not much above contemporary levels (later rising during the baby boom). The schooling of older children expanded tremendously, as epitomized by the "high school movement." Additionally, the proportion of marriedfemales' adulthood devoted to market-oriented activities increased, even as market-oriented activity performed at home declined. Horrific rates of infant and child mortality declined dramatically (with more gradual gains since). Thus, this interval contained the emergence of many important features of contemporary families. This paper considers these trends jointly through calibration of successive generations of representative husband and wife households who choose the quantity and quality of children, household production, and the extent of mother's involvement in market-oriented production. One important contribution is that standard explanations such as rising wages, declining mortality, skill-biased technological change, curriculum improvements during the high school movement, reductions in morbidity, and reduced time costs of children cannot in combination reduce fertility to observed levels or increase stocks of human capital to levels seen to be necessary by the calibrations. Instead, a rising relative preference for child quality over quantity is also required, leading to an increased share of potential family income devoted to child education, child consumption and an increase in time mother's investments in child quality. A second significant contribution is the gathering of information and strategies employed to present reasonable quantitative depictions of the behavior of cohorts over an interval in which significant data limitations are pervasive.

KEYPOINT #1: Multigenerational planning creates new coalition-building opportunities. KEYPOINT #2: Civic participation and engagement is fundamental in multigenerational planning. KEYPOINT #3: Multigenerational planning uses smart growth principles. KEYPOINT #4: Multigenerational planning applies universal design principles.

With the economy in a poor state, economic development agencies are searching for a compass directing them towards the industries that would be most beneficial to their local economies. This paper investigates how manufacturing composition affects income and educational attainment. The results could help further the understanding of the importance of industry composition in the well being of a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The analyses focus on MSAs within California and are conducted using fixed effects. In the first set of regressions, I model educational attainment in an MSA is as a function of manufacturing composition, allowing for non-linearities through squaring and cubing manufacturing composition. In the second set of regressions, real income is modeled similarly as a non-linear function of manufacturing composition. Higher levels of dependency on manufacturing for jobs were found to decrease both educational attainment and income. These results could provide valuable information for use in economic development efforts.

Health is central to research on both immigration and assimilation, and differences in health among immigrants are a focal part of health disparities research. In both fields, immigrant health has been deemed paradoxical because a) immigrants tend to have better health than is predicted by their socioeconomic position and b) acculturation into American society is associated with declines in immigrant health status despite increasesin socioeconomic position and related utilization of health care. Using data from the 2000-2006 Integrated Health Interview Series, we assess the immigrant health paradox infour ways. First, we conduct a systematic assessment of the health of 10 immigrant groups defined in terms of global region of birth. Second, we examine similarity and difference in health by education gradients and assimilation trajectories across immigrant groups. Third, we assess the ability of widely recognized explanatory factors to account for health differences across immigrant groups, educational gradients, and assimilation effects. Finally, we assess the overall implications of immigrant health dynamics for health disparities in the United States. Across four health outcomes, there is remarkablesimilarity in health advantages, consistency in both educational gradients and detrimental acculturation trajectories, limited ability of the explanatory factors to account for the immigrant health advantage, and enduring differences in health statuses even among those with long tenures in the United States. As these findings highlight the significance of healthy immigrant selection, we discuss implications for existing theory and researchon assimilation processes and health disparities research.Issues of immigrant health have been a central feature of immigration research and a focal concern of health disparities research for more than a century (Jasso, Massey, Rosenzweig, and Smith 2004; Kandula, Kersey, and Lurie 2004; Rumbaut 1997). During this time, an impressive body of work has emerged that highlights the apparent paradox of immigrant health. In one respect, immigrants typically have better health statuses than would be expectedgiven their socioeconomic standing in U.S. society(Padilla, Boardman, Hummer, and Espitia 2002; Palloni and Arias 2004) and the average health status in their sending country (Jasso et al.2004). In another respect, equally compelling evidence suggests that immigrant health declinesover time. Here, acculturation, be it behavioral, linguistic, or simply exposure to U.S. society,seems to foster poorer health (Angel, Buckley, and Sakamoto 2001; Antecol and Bedard 2006; Aravena, and Hummer 2005; Cho, Frisbie, Hummer, and Rogers 2004; Lara et al. 2005; LeClere, Jensen, and Biddlecom 1994; Lopez-Gonzales). This is also paradoxical given that immigrants typically gain ground through acculturation on many of the factorsincome and access to health care, for examplethat improve health in the native population (Rumbaut 1997). Ultimately, the apparent paradox of immigrant health provides a fascinating lens into the dynamics of health over the life course, the nature of immigration and assimilation, and the complexities of health disparities and their life course context. As such, issues of immigrant health are key avenues for theoretical and empirical advancement.This paper makes four unique and necessary contributions to the question of the immigrant health paradox. First, evidence on immigrant health advantages and subsequent declines with increased exposure to U.S. society is primarily based on Hispanic immigrants. While Hispanics are clearly an important facet of the immigrant health issue, the late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen dramatic growth in both the Hispanic and non-Hispanic immigrantpopulation, with the latter including increasing numbers of Asian, Southeast Asian, Indian and Pakistani, and African immigrants (see Figure 1). The increasing prevalence of such groups necessitates further systematic analysis to fully understand both immigrant health as a demographic phenomenon and the scope and extent of the immigrant health paradox. Second, assessment of immigrant health requires simultaneous and comparative assessment of immigrant health dynamics. This includes both socioeconomic gradients in health and assimilation trajectories. Such dynamics have yet to be investigated, particularly in a systematic manner with high quality data that allow for comparisons across multiple immigrant groups. Third, research on health disparities highlights the endogenous factors, such as riskbehaviors and access to health care, that translate socioeconomic, racial, ethnic, and sex differences in differential health outcomes (see Chang and Lauderdale 2009; Link and Phelan 1995, 1996; Ross and Wu 1995). In contrast, immigrant health research has not broadly andsystematically examined such factors and what they mean for health differentials between the various immigrant groups and those born in the United States. Finally, we include multiple comparison populations based on the major racial and ethnic groupings of those born in the United States and thereby avoid the WASP comparator bias in traditional assimilation research(Alba an Nee 2005)

This study assesses the effect of population change on decade changes in the educational attainments of country of origin populations in the United States. Our data are derived from decennial censuses, NLMS, the World Bank, and INS. We find that changes in the share of country of origin populations with one or more years of post-secondary schooling are associated with selected components of population change during the 19801990 and 19902000 decades. The specific components include survivors during the decade, in-migration, and emigration of the foreign-born. Likewise, intra-generational mobility is found to be an important determinant of changes in educational attainment. The discussion addresses limitations of the data and suggests directions for future research as well as policy implications.

Of the estimated 11.1 million illegal immigrants in the U.S., 1.1 million are children. Due to differential treatment in the labor market, teenage illegal immigrants face low returns to schooling. To measure the effect of illegality on the educational choices of Hispanic teenagers, I compare siblings who differ in their legal status due to their birth country. Using proxies for legal status in U.S. census, I show that illegality increases the probability that a Hispanic teenager is not in school by 1.9-2.4 percentage points. Alternative explanations, such as differences in health or English ability, appear unable to explain this result.

In this sophisticated quantitative study, Joseph T. Glatthaar provides a comprehensive narrative and statistical analysis of many key aspects of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Serving as a companion to Glatthaar's General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse, this book presents Glatthaar's supporting data and major conclusions in extensive and extraordinary detail. While gathering research materials for General Lee's Army, Glatthaar compiled quantitative data on the background and service of 600 randomly selected soldiers--150 artillerists, 150 cavalrymen, and 300 infantrymen--affording him fascinating insight into the prewar and wartime experience of Lee's troops. Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia presents the full details of this fresh, important primary research in a way that is useful to scholars and students and appeals to anyone with a serious interest in the Civil War. While confirming much of what is believed about the army, Glatthaar's evidence challenges some conventional thinking in significant ways, such as showing that nearly half of all Lee's soldiers lived in slaveholding households (a number higher than previously thought), and provides a broader and fuller portrait of the men who served under General Lee.

Sorting models to date have operated at the macro level or micro level. Regardless of the scale, all existing sorting models analyze a single choice from a single set of alternatives. Intuition suggests, however, that households choose a city and subsequently select a neighborhood within that city. This stylized reality is absent from conventional sorting models, which ignore information at one of these stages. In addition, due to the size of the full choice set, capturing this entire sorting process in a single model can be prohibitive in terms of computation and data collection. In this paper, we use the theory of two-stage budgeting to develop an empirically feasible sorting model that more accurately replicates household behavior. We first show that the typically-used structure of sorting models conforms to a two-stage budgeting assumption; we then use this result to construct a model that operates at two geographic levels. The result is a theoretically consistent model of sorting among cities that also incorporates information on households from intra-city residential location choices. Empirically, we focus on the cost of air pollution. Results point to an additional tradeoff between air pollution and neighborhood-level amenities that increases the marginal willingness to pay for clean air. We also show that allowing for heterogeneity in preferences for local public goods has a considerable impact on the estimated value of clean air.

Along with new modern family lifestyles, came the given marketing names carica- turing each of these new types of families. Accordingly, couples choosing to be childless have been denoted as DINKS, for "double incomes no kids", and couples with children as DEWKS, for "dually employed with kids". In this paper, we build an endogenous fertility model able to explain the following three stylized facts: first, single women are much more likely to be childless than married women but, when mothers, their fertility is almost as high as marrieds’, second, childlessness exhibits a U-Shaped relationship with education for both single and married women, and third, there is a hump-shaped relationship between marriage rates and education levels. These facts have not been treated in the population economics literature yet.

A demographic analysis of adoption would be incomplete unless it addressed the current issue of gay males and lesbians as adoptive parents. This chapter addresses social and demographic issues related to gay male and lesbian adoption. First, is the background of the social, political, and psychological issues related to gay male and lesbian adoptions. Second, is the current (as of March 2010) status of legal marriage and adoption by state; noting differences by state in single parent, joint, second parent adoptions and foster care. Third, is an exploration of intercountry-adoptions to the U. S. by gay males and lesbians using data from The Hague Convention and the U.S. State Department to identify countries that allow or exclude adoptions by single parents, gay males, or lesbians. Fourth, are results of a demographic analysis of same-sex adoptions using IPUMS 5 percent sample of the U.S. 2000 census. Finally, this analysis is supplemented with the admittedly limited survey data: the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle 6 Attitude Question; the Evan B. Donaldson Institute National Survey of adoption and foster care agencies; and the National Survey of Adoptive Parents (NSAP).

Economists have frequently hypothesized that industrialization and its correlates played a major role in fertility decline in the United States after 1850. I exploit the unique circumstances surrounding industrialization in South Carolina between 1880 and 1900 to show that fertility rates were negatively impacted by the arrival of textile mills. Using cross-section data on rural locations in South Carolina, I show that textile mill arrival was associated with a signi?cant reduction in fertility by 1900. A falsi?cation test shows that these patterns did not hold in the pre-industrialization period, and a di?erence-in- di?erence analysis estimates fertility reduction at 6-10%. Controlling for migration, it appears that the in-migration of low-fertility households is responsible for most of the observed decline. Higher rates of textile employment and child mortality for migrant females can explain part of the result, and I conjecture that an increase in child-raising costs induced by the separation of migrant households from their extended families may explain the remaining gap in migrant-native fertility.

The effect of early-life exposure to malaria on disability and work level in old age has been rarely studied. This study investigates this less explored question over the past one and a half century. First, using longitudinal lifetime records of Union Army veterans, I estimate that exposure to a malarial environment in early life (c.1840) substantially increased the likelihood of having various chronic diseases and not working in old age (c.1900). Second, from data on US cohorts born between 1891 and 1965, I find that those exposed to a higher level of the antimalaria campaign, which began in 1920, suffered less from work disability in old age than otherwise. This effect was substantial among cohorts born in high-risk malaria counties. Third, I seek the same implications for the modern period by linking World Health Organization¡¯s country statistics on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among older populations in 2004 to country-level malaria risk in 1946. In the paper, I discuss possible mechanisms and propose the significance of malaria eradication and early-life conditions from a longer-term perspective.