The purpose of this phenomenological analysis was to explore the identity development of gifted Hispanic male students in the middle school setting. The study used a survey, multiple interviews and observations, along with focus group data to acquire data in four principle areas: academic orientation, ethnic identity, resilience and goals. Results indicate the importance of resilience as an interactive element in the process of identity development, as well as the importance of ethnic identity exploration and long-term goal setting in formulating a high achieving academic orientation. Other emergent themes such as language use and discrimination are also discussed in light of identity development.

This paper documents how Cuban Americans have become politically influential in Miami, and leveraged local for national political influence. Their influence is shown to peak in years of presidential elections, when candidates seek the votes of Cuban Americans in the largest swing state, and Cuban Americans make campaign contributions in which they expect, in exchange, lawmakers to implement policies they believe will destabilize the Castro regime to the point of collapse. But influential Cuban Americans will be shown not to speak either for the growing diversity of interests within the Cuban American community, or for the growing nonCuban American Hispanic community. Rather, they represent the interests of hardliners who emigrated in the early years of Fidel Castros rule, albeit increasingly less effectively.

Este documento de apoyo a la docencia pretende allanar el camino hacia el aprendizaje sistemático de la investigación empírica sobre la migración mexicana a Estados Unidos al proporcionar en un solo texto, tanto una cuidadosa enumeración de las fuentes de datos cuantitativas nacionales e internacionales más importantes, especificando sus alcances y limitaciones, como una relación, un inventario, de las publicaciones e investigaciones de corte cualitativo producidas en el país entre 2005 y 2010. Dicha relación está organizada por autor, tema y año, y va acompañada de un disco compacto en el que se incluyen, además del libro mismo, 65 publicaciones in extenso con la finalidad de facilitar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Al reunir en un solo volumen una aproximación práctica de las perspectivas cuantitativas y cualitativas de la investigación social a propósito de una problemática particular, las autoras pretenden estimular a los docentes e investigadores para fortalecer la formación metodológica plural de las nuevas generaciones de científicos sociales en México.

We develop a model for analyzing the distributional effects of two globalizations and their interdependence. We distinguish between two trade cost reductions, (i) trade liberalizations in the 1980s, which increased trade in low-skill-intensive goods (denoted LGlobalization)and (ii) reductions in communication costs due to the IT revolution, which raised trade in middle-skill-intensive goods during the 1990s (denoted C-Globalization). We consider a North-South trade economy in which the North is skill abundant. A freely traded final good is produced using high-skill services and a bundle of inputs. Inputs differon the intensity of middle and low-skill workers required to be produced, and are subject to heterogeneous trade costs. In the North, we find that wage inequality increases in the L-globalization. During the C-globalization, wage polarization emerges. The relative wage of high- to middle-skill workers increases, while the relative wage of middle- to low-skill is hump-shaped. We find a complementarity between the two globalizations. Wage polarization is delayed by the extent of trade in the L-globalization. In the South, we find that wage inequality increases in both globalizations. Finally, we show how asymmetric participation in the C-globalization of two southern countries generates a discontinuous patternof specialization. The southern country participating in the C-globalization specializes in the least and most skill-intensive traded inputs.

BackgroundDespite the increasingly diversified family structure in the U.S., little research examines differences in park use between nontraditional and traditional family structures.PurposeThis study examines family-structure differences in parent park use. It was hypothesized that working single parents and dual-worker parents have lower levels of park use than parents in two-parent, single-worker families.MethodsData from a 2010 park-use survey in three urban neighborhoods in Minneapolis MN (N=261 parents) were analyzed in 2012. Multiple variables of park use were developed, including recalled measures over the past 3 days and over the past year. Family-structure differences in these variables were examined using multivariate regression analyses.ResultsAfter controlling for spatial clustering effects and confounding factors, working single parents reported 32.6% (p<0.10) fewer park visits and 62.0% (p<0.05) less time spent in parks in the past 3 days than parents in two-parent, single-worker families. Dual-worker parents did not report fewer park visits in the past 3 days than parents in two-parent, single-worker families, yet the length of time they spent in parks during these visits was 41.5% (p<0.10) less. Family-structure differences in past-year park-use measures were not significant.ConclusionsThis research shows the importance of including family-structure variables and both recent and longer-term recalled measures of park use in park-use studies. Greater attention to the recreation needs of working single parents and dual-worker parents is needed in descriptive and intervention research aiming to promote park use among families with children.

This paper uses the establishment of federal agricultural experiment stations to provide new evidence on the effects of university research on long-term regional development. Our analysis of county-level agricultural census data from 1870 to 2000 reveals that station establishment increased local crop revenue per acre for 30-40 years, but localization effects do not persist to the present day. We also show localized firm adjustments to station establishment lead TFP spillovers to be less than half of the crop revenue per acre response. Lastly, areas with high knowledge absorption capabilities show a weaker relationship between geographic distance toresearch and TFP.

Qual o papel das mudanças da estrutura demográfica brasileira sobre a desigualdade de renda? A partir dos Censos demográficos de 1960 a 2010, foi decomposto o índice de desigualdade de Theil-L, segundo as variáveis demográficas selecionadas. Para as macrossimulações, as componentes intragrupos e intergrupos foram padronizados em relação à estrutura demográfica e à estrutura de renda (ambos de 1960), no primeiro caso, para se analisar os efeitos das mudanças da renda e no segundo, os efeitos das mudanças das variáveis demográficas. Foi discutido o aumento (redução) na participação de alguns segmentos (mulheres, idosos) e movimentos migratórios (rural-urbano) sobre a desigualdade.

According to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. population in 2010 included 39.9 million foreign-born residents. This estimate, the latest available for the foreign-born population, is 1.5 million, or 4%, higher than the survey’s 38.5 million estimate in 2009.1 A variety of additional data, however, suggest that both the absolute increase and the percentage increase in the foreign-born population were substantially smaller. An analysis by the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the Pew Research Center, concludes that the growth in the foreign-born population from 2009 to 2010 is a markedly lower . . .

Status concerns can drive risk-taking behavior by affecting the payoff to a marginal dollar of wealth. If status concerns arise endogenously due to competition in the marriage market, then unmarried individuals should take greater risks. We test this hypothesis by studying corporate CEOs. We find that single CEOs are associated with firms exhibiting higher stock return volatility, pursue more aggressive investment policies, and are not affected by increases in idiosyncratic risk. These effects are weaker for older CEOs. Our results also hold when we use variation in divorce laws across states to instrument for CEO marital status.

Inadequate health literacy among elderly immigrants in the United States is an important social issue that needs immediate attention to decrease health disparities. This study examines the causes and consequences of inadequate health literacy among the elderly immigrants. Characteristics of the elderly immigrants are presented including their diverse backgrounds, physical health, mental health, and substance use. Barriers and contributing factors such as elderly immigrants' education and English proficiency, income and poverty levels, Medicare or insurance, immigration issues, and social support are also examined. The literature regarding heath literacy service options (print and online sources, health literacy training for caregivers, and church health literacy training) are reviewed. Findings from the reviewed literature indicate that immigrants' social network, particularly family members, play significant roles in their health care decision making and, thus, health literacy intervention and services should include elderly immigrants' social network.

The initial occupational placements of male immigrants in the U.S. labor market vary significantly by country of origin even when education and other individual factors are taken into account. Does the heterogeneity persist over time? Using data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 censuses, this paper finds that the performance of migrants from countries with lower initial occupational placement levels improves at a higher rate compared with that of migrants originating from countries with higher initial performance levels. Nevertheless, the magnitude of convergence suggests that full catch-up is unlikely. Country specific attributes affect the immigrants' occupational placement primarily through their effect on initial performance and they losesignificance when initial occupational levels are controlled for in the estimation.

We explore whether experts perceptions of risk differ systematically from those of the public. To do so, we examine whether experts and non-experts make different location decisions in response to ground-level ozone pollution, one of the byproducts of motorized transportation. Physicians are experts in the field of health, and thus may differ from their lay neighbors in their knowledge of and attitude toward pollution and its health risks. If so, it is possible that they value locations with cleaner air differently than their neighbors do. Here we use hedonic price models based on willingness to bear housing and commute burdens to examine the differential valuation of clean air by doctors and laypeople in the Los Angeles region between 1980 and 2000. We find no evidence that doctors are more or less more willing than comparable lay residents to trade off time or money to live in cleaner-air neighborhoods.

Recognizing that college and university campuses continue to have immediate impacts on surrounding communities, this thesis examines the relationship between the institutional self-interest that motivates campus expansion and the prevalence of speculative real estate investment in their surrounding communities. In order to assess the impact institutional policies and plans have on surrounding communities, the thesis provides case studies of four private urban universities, DePaul University, Drexel University, The University of Chicago and the University of Pennsylvania. Together, these case studies highlight the role universities and real estate investors play in the transformation of communities surrounding campuses. It provides the voice of historians, residents, and institutional officers involved with campus and community planning at each case study university. The thesis concludes with observations about the relationship between campus expansion, speculative real estate investment and neighborhood stability in order to offer suggestions to planners, university administrators and community leaders seeking equitable communities.

Purpose – To examine the role of Latino community-based nonprofits in integrating first- and second-generation Latino immigrants into mainstream society. Methodology/approach – This place-based study uses a mixed methods approach to analyze financial and administrative data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics and semi-structured interviews with organizational leaders. Findings – Latino community-based nonprofits provide a wide range of programs and services to their constituents that promote the social and political mobility of Latino immigrants and their families. Findings also suggest a potential spatial mismatch between Latino-serving nonprofits and the people they serve. The organizations are concentrated in the Washington, DC metropolitan area while the Latino community is branching out into the outer suburbs of Maryland and Virginia. Moreover, different political and administrative structures and policies affect the ability of these nonprofits to serve their constituents. Research limitations/implications – The study's geographic boundaries may limit the generalizability of spatial mismatch between Latino-serving nonprofits and their constituents. However, the findings about programs and services and the impact of political and administrative structures and policies can be applied to other immigrant-serving organizations. Practical implications – Policy makers, elected officials, and other stakeholders can learn the importance of Latino and immigrant community-based nonprofits. These organizations act as bridges to the Latino and other immigrant communities. Social implications – Latino and other immigrant community-based nonprofits are integral to the integration of immigrant communities as active and contributing members of wider society. Originality/value of paper – This study looks at immigrant integration through the lens of community-based nonprofits.

The U.S. has undergone macroeconomic changes over the latter course of the twentieth century. As a result, migration patterns have shifted toward the fast-growing southern and western portions of the nation. My research measures the impact of deindustrialization and educational selection on out-migration from the metropolitan Rust Belt for 1980, 1990, and 2000. Analysis on destination selection using multinomial regression analysis is then conducted to determine whether education trumps social capital for long-distance migration. Findings indicate that more severely deindustrializing metropolitan areas have greater out-migration in 1980 and 1990 but less so for 2000, with positive educational selection for each year. Multinomial results indicate that education does not attenuate social capital for interregional migration destination. The rise of the service economy may indicate the increasing importance of social capital for individuals leaving the Rust Belt for other regions.

The Federalist financial revolution may have jump-started the U.S. economy into modern growth, but the Free Banking System (1837-1862) did not play a direct role in sustaining it. Despite lowering entry barriers and extending banking into developing regions, we find in county-level data that free banks had little or no effect on growth. The result is not just a symptom of the era, as state-chartered banks seem to have strong and positive effects on manufacturing and urbanization.

This policy brief highlights results from a survey of a broad sample of the California legislature on their data and information needs, as well as their familiarity and use of various economic measures. It finds that legislative staff most often use the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) when they are making recommendations about policy and evaluating programs for low-income populations. Yet the FPL does not meet most of the criteria for economic data that legislative staff say they want. Specifically, the FPL does not measure local conditions, it is not based on current costs, and it does not take into account all types of expenses faced by low-income families. Other measures of economic security more accurately meet legislative staffs’ stated data and information needs, including the Elder and Family Economic Security Indices, the U.S Census Supplemental Poverty Measure and Relative Poverty Measures. Improving awareness and usability of these other measures of economic security can better match the data and information needs of the California legislature and can contribute to innovative solutions to help California's most vulnerable populations.