The report explores how state and federal policies and demographic and economic trends have shaped child-only caseloads, situating child-only TANF policy in the context of other policies, such as SSI disability aid, child welfare, and immigration. The research centers on cross-state and over-time analyses of the four types of TANF casesNPC child-only, SSI child-only, IIP child-only and adult-aided (including aided sanctioned and timed-out cases). Project data include state reports of TANF policies and caseload counts, multi-year administrative data from four focal states(California, Florida, Illinois, and New York),2010 TANF caseload data broken out by type of child-only case for 35 states, data from population-based surveys, and, in the focal states, interviews with agency staff, policy-makers and advocates.

Both chapters are concerned with the time allocation behavior of people, and particular attention is paid to that of women. Chapter 1 is concerned with two of the most time-intensive activities that modern women engage in: working and raising children. What is it about the U.S. economy today that enables women to do more of both compared to one generation ago? Why, in contrast to it, has the fertility rate been declining so sharply in Japan? Chapter 2 focuses more exclusively on the labor supply decision. With a broader set of countries, I study how technology and policy influence the time allocation decision of men and women, and, consequently, their consumption decision as well.

I document several aspects of the living conditions of low-skilled men not in the labor force while focusing on their means of living. I find that poor labor outcomes of low-skilled men may be pushing some low-skilled men out of the formal labor markets. Furthermore, these low-skilled men who are not in the formal labor markets have enjoyed sharp increases in spousal income as well as parental support relative to the low-skilled men who remain in the formal labor markets. Among the low-skilled men not in the labor force There are important demographic heterogeneities and spatial distribution differences both of which evolve overtime; these may have important implications for any model of labor force outcomes with heterogeneity in skills.

El primer capítulo de la tesis "Abortos y la desigualdad", se refiere a la relación entre la disponibilidad de abortos como un procedimiento médico de desigualdad a largo plazo en la economía. Los datos muestran que en las tres últimas décadas más de un millón de abortos se realizan anualmente en los Estados Unidos. Recientes estudios empíricos evaluar el impacto de la legalización de los abortos en condiciones de vida de los niños y argumentan que la legalización de los abortos ofrece mejores condiciones de vida y las dotaciones de capital humano de los hijos sobrevivientes. El capítulo toma en serio la hipótesis de que la legalización del aborto puede mejorar las condiciones de vida de los niños y por lo tanto alterar sus resultados futuros del mercado laboral. La pregunta principal es ¿cuáles son las consecuencias de los abortos de la desigualdad de ingresos a largo plazo. Un modelo del matrimonio, las decisiones de fertilidad, la transmisión del capital humano, la anticoncepción y el aborto está construido para responder a esta pregunta cuantitativamente. La desigualdad será mayor en un mundo sin abortos. La razón principal de esto es el número más alto y una distribución más desigual de los niños a través de los hogares. Los niños también reciben menos capital humano. El segundo capítulo de la tesis doctoral, "La tecnología y la familia cambiante: un modelo unificado de matrimonio, el divorcio, el nivel educativo y casado participación femenina en la fuerza laboral" (junto con Nezih Guner, Jeremy Greenwood y Santos Cezar), habla de los cambios históricos en las características socio-económicas de la familia americana. En particular, el matrimonio ha disminuido desde 1960, siendo el descenso más grande para no universitarios en comparación con los individuos con educación universitaria educada. El divorcio se ha incrementado, sobre todo para el colegio no educado vis-à-vis la educación universitaria. Además, el apareamiento selectivo ha subido, es decir, las personas tienen más probabilidades de casarse con alguien del mismo nivel educativo en la actualidad que en el pasado. Un modelo modelo unificado de matrimonio, el divorcio, el nivel de instrucción y se casó con la participación femenina en la fuerza de trabajo se desarrolla y estima para ajustarse a los datos de la posguerra de Estados Unidos. El papel del progreso tecnológico en el sector de los hogares y los cambios en la estructura salarial para explicar estos hechos se mide. El capítulo final, "Los cambios en los diferenciales de ingresos étnicos en Bulgaria : desde la planificación al mercado", analiza los cambios que se producen a los ingresos relativos de los trabajadores turcos étnicos en Bulgaria en el inicio (1990) y en los últimos años de la transición (a principios de 2000) en comparación con los niveles pretransición (mediados de 1980). La brecha de ingresos étnico aumentó inmediatamente después del cambio de régimen, pero era similar en tamaño al inicio y en los últimos años de la transición. Sin embargo, los cambios en los diferenciales de ingresos étnicos son diferentes para hombres y mujeres. En el caso de los hombres, la brecha étnica aumenta de manera constante durante la transición, mientras que para la mujeres que se eleva al comienzo de la transición, pero disminuye en los últimos años. El análisis identifica las diferentes fuentes de los cambios en la brecha como los cambios en las características del mercado laboral (grupos de factores específicos) y los cambios en la estructura salarial. La evidencia presentada en este capítulo muestra que los hombres turcos en transición experimentaron una disminución de sus ingresos relativos, debido principalmente a la ampliación de la estructura salarial que los perjudicaban. Turquía las mujeres que trabajan mejorado su posición relativa en comparación con sus homólogos búlgaros en términos de las características observadas y no observadas principalmente. Estos cambios fueron sólo parcialmente debido a una selección en la participación en la fuerza laboral

Racial disparity has been investigated in a number of cancers; however, there remains a comparative paucity of data in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). We examined time-, age-, and gender-specific incidence, disease characteristics, and survival across and within races for adolescent/adult HL (age 10-79 years) diagnosed during 1992-2007 in the SEER 13 registries. A total of 15 662 HL cases were identified [11 211 non-Hispanic whites, 2067 Hispanics, 1662 blacks, and 722 Asian/Pacific Islanders (A/PI)]. Similar to whites, A/PIs had bimodal age-specific incidence, while blacks and Hispanics did not. Further, HL was significantly more common in Hispanics versus whites age > 65 years (7.0/1 x 10(6) versus 4.5/1 x 10(6), respectively, P 40 years. Interestingly, from 1992-1997 to 2003-2007, A/PI incidence rates increased > 50% (P < 0.001). Moreover, this increase was restricted to US-born A/PI. We also identified a number of disease-related differences based on race. Finally, 5-, 10-, and 15-year overall survival rates were inferior for blacks and Hispanics compared with whites (P < 0.005 and P < 0.001, respectively) and A/PI (P < 0.018 and P < 0.001, respectively). These differences persisted on multivariate analysis. Collectively, we identified multiple racial disparities, including survival, in adolescent/adult HL.

The economic crisis resulted in sharp increases in U.S. unemployment rates for all three of the major socio-economic classes. Descriptive data analysis and results fromregression models using information from the 2007 and 2009 Current Population Surveys indicate that in both years members of the Creative Class had a lower probability ofbeing unemployed than individuals in the Service Class and the Working Class, which was hit particularly hard by the recession. Probit regression results also show that a largepresence of creative workers in a region lessened the impact of the recession on members of the Working Class.

The purpose of this exploratory study is to identify various sociogeographic characteristics and emerging service needs of older adult immigrants resulting from suburbanization and socioeconomic changes in Chicago during the last two decades. Integrating the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) with the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA), this study analyzes data from 529 Korean American older adults who received services from a Korean ethnic social service agency. The findings from this study provide preliminary knowledge on emerging social service needs and suggest a useful insight in developing new programs for Korean American and other immigrant social service agencies.

This document shows that Colombian immigrants, who returned to the country from the United States between 1990 and 2005, were on average less well- educated than those who decided to stay in the U.S. This is a fact that has contributed to emphasizing the positive selection made by Colombians when choosing the U.S. as their destination, and, as a result, has increased the net flight of human capital (the so-called brain drain). Although data does not allow us to include the quality of the jobs that immi- grants are performing in the U.S. as a determinant of the decision to return, it allows us to show that Colombian immigrants are usually engaged in jobs that require qualifications commensurate with the level of education. We also provide evidence that Colombia is a net exporter of 5% of its population with a university or post-graduate degree.

BURK Technologies, Inc. has developed a web site which allows easy access to up-to-date STEM workforce data obtained from the American Community Survey. The web site is located at http://www.stem-data.org. The site contains STEM workforce data from 2004 through 2009 for fifty (50) STEM occupational categories broken out by age, sex, race, income, state or geographic region. Data may be displayed as spreadsheets, graphs or data sheets.

We analyze the effects of the introduction of Title I of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, a large federal grants program designed to increase poor students educational services and achievement. We focus on the South, the poorest region of the country. Title I increased school spending by 50 cents on the dollar in the average Southern school district and by more in districts with less ability to offset grants through local tax reductions. Title I induced increases in school budgets appear to have reduced high school dropout rates of whites, but not blacks.

L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi e` lo sviluppo di un processo automatizzato per eseguire la generalizzazione dei dati per la scala 1:50000. Nel primo capitolo viene introdotto il tema della cartografia, definendo, in particolare, in cosa consiste il processo cartografico per la produzione delle mappe. Nel secondo capitolo viene definita la generalizzazione cartografica e descritti alcuni modelli concettuali relativi a questo tema proposti in letteratura; viene, inoltre, introdotto il tema della generalizzazione automatica e di come questo venga affrontato all’interno del progetto di ricerca Cargen. Nel terzo capitolo vengono descritte le fasi del lavoro per la messa appunto del processo e vengono descritte le caratteristiche di software sviluppato. Nel quinto capitolo viene approfondito il tema della generalizzazione semantica e come questa e` stata implementata durante la messa a punto del progetto. Nel quinto capitolo vengono analizzati i risultati del lavoro svolto.

The Bluegrass Economic Advancement Movement region encompasses the Louisville and Lexington MSAs and the corridor between them. It is an area with much of the manufacturing, medical and transportation & warehousing industries of Kentucky contained within. Over 36% of the population and 38% of the Kentucky labor force live and work in this region. This report analyzes the labor market structure within the region. We also examine the labor market structure in five Workforce Investment Act Regions: Bluegrass, Lake Cumberland, Lincoln Trail, Kentuckiana Works, and Indiana Region 10. We examine employment at the industry and occupation level and project employment growth for the regions. We examine important inter-industry linkages, and how these linkages may be important for attracting and maintaining the manufacturing base, in spite of a 30 year decline in manufacturing employment. We also examine the educational attainment of the regions and consider whether the workforce has the mix of education best suited to growth. Finally, we examine the age structure of occupations important to the regions. As is well known, the baby boomer generation is approaching retirement age. While the impact of the aging population will be felt across all occupations, we examine general characteristics which point to certain types of occupations as having a preponderance of workers in these age categories.

Les outils de l’analyse en ligne (OLAP) permettent à l’utilisateur de réaliser des tâches exploratoires dans les cubes de données. Cependant, ils n’offrent aucun moyen pour la prédiction ou l’explication des faits. En vue de renforcer le processus de l’aide à la décision, plusieurs travaux ont proposé l’extension de l’analyse en ligne à des capacités plus avancées. Dans cet article, nous pro- posons une nouvelle approche d’extension de l’analyse en ligne à des capacités de prédiction à deux phases. La première est une phase de réduction des dimen- sions des cubes de données, qui repose sur l’analyse en composantes principales (ACP). La deuxième est une phase de prédiction dans laquelle nous introdui- sons une nouvelle architecture de percéptrons multicouches (PMC). Notre étude expérimentale a montré une capacité de prédiction prometteuse, ainsi qu’une bonne robustesse dans le cas d’un cube épars.

Given a multi-features data set, a best preference query(BPQ) computes the maximal preference score (MPS) thatthe tuples in the data set can achieve with respect to a preference function. BPQs are very useful in applications where users want to efficiently check whether many individual data sets contain tuples that are of interest to them. Although a BPQ can be navely answered by issuing a top-1 query and computing the score from the returned tuple, doing so might require to load a larger number of tuples externally. In this paper, we address the problem of efficient processing BPQs by using lightweight cubic(3-dimensional) views. With these in-memory views, the MPSs of BPQs can be efficiently estimated with an error bound guaranteed, by paying only a small number of I/Os. Extensive experimental results over real-life data sets show that our approximate solution can achieve the efficiency of up to three orders of magnitude compared to exact solutions, with certain accuracy guaranteed.

Newly emerging, transitional societies that is, societies that traded dictatorial or authoritarian rule for some form of open or liberal polity face at least three interdependent problems of what is called in legal scholarship and social science transitional justice: the first is how (if at all) to hold the old regimes autocratic, often violence-laden leadership responsible for its wrongdoings while in power; the second is what (if anything) to do with thousands upon thousands of ordinary folk whose participation in, or compliance with, the old regime helped legitimate and thus perpetuate the wrongdoing; and the third task how (if at all) to deal with the victims of the old regime. By situating the American South in the global context of the need of newly democratizing societies for transitional justice, we explore how the Souths similarities with and differences from other such societies have shaped the timing and character of its peoples post-Jim Crow era restorative justice and racial reconciliation projects, paying particular attention to criminal trials for perpetrators of past crimes, apology, truth and reconciliation-type commissions, and memorialization. We then document the extent of racial inequalities in employment, income, poverty status, and morbidity and mortality, arguing both that past racial injustices result in contemporary racial inequalities and that restorative justice points forward in time--and thus must deal with current inequities as well as backward.

The Hamilton Projects mission is advancing opportunity, prosperity, and growth. On both the individual and society-wide levels, a strong public education system enables Americans to achieve those objectives. Indeed, education has historically been the great equalizer and offered students of all backgrounds not the promise of equal outcomes but the prospect of equal opportunity. It has allowed for the growth and development of a thriving middle class, and it has helped make the proverbial rags-to-riches story not just a possibility but a narrative that is inherently American. Education is a powerful force for promoting opportunity and growth. It is not surprising that an individuals educational attainment is highly correlated with her income: college graduates generally earn more than less-educated Americans. More alarming, however, the gap between college graduates and everyone else has been getting bigger. Over the past forty years, incomes for graduates have gone up by more than one-third, while incomes for those with only a high school diploma have stagnated; Americans who do not complete high school today actually earn less than similar Americans did in 1970 (figure 1).What might be less obvious is that education is also a significant determinant of many other very important outcomes, including whether individuals marry, whether their children grow up in households with twoparents, and even how long they will live.Whats more, on all of these dimensions, the gap between highly educated and less-educated Americans is getting biggerin some cases, much bigger. These changes have contributed to the dramatic increase ininequality in American society, and many believe they are laying the seeds for future increases in inequality. These trends are unsettling in their own right but can also undermine our countrys future: high rates of inequality can cause people to lose faith in the shared American project, making it difficult for policymakers to pursue the pro-growth strategies that allow living standards to rise over the long run...