This study examines osteoarthritis (OA) progression in the hands of an urban working class population born during the 19th century. The lives of these individuals were marked by the changing atmosphere propagated by the Industrial Revolution. The present study offers important insight into the lives of these individuals through osteological and archival analysis.A total of 816 hands representing 412 individuals from the Hamann-Todd anatomical collection were macroscopically examined for evidence of OA. Using a nonrandom multi-stage sampling strategy, approximately equal numbers of specimens were selected from each demographic subgroup: 101 African-American males, 102 African-American females, 104 European-American males, and 105 European-American females.Individuals were grouped into cohorts by age, birth year, sex and ancestry; frequency differences were assessed using multivariate logistic regression, Kruskal Wallis H, Fishers exact, and Chi Square tests. OA was discovered in 43% of the sample with European-Americans (104/206) having significantly higher rates (p = 0.0052) than African-Americans (74/202). Multivariate logistic regression results reveal that the odds of a female developing OA during this time period were nearly 4.0 times that of a male. Also, at any given age, the odds of a female having OA are estimated at 1.9 times greater than for a male at the same age.Archival research utilizing the Minnesota Population Centers Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) was used to help contextualize these results with regard to occupational stress from the antebellum period to the second industrial revolution in Cleveland, Ohio. As these results demonstrate, industrialism took its toll on the American work force as they toiled in factories and mills in an ever advancing industrial age.

The purpose of this project is to provide an analysis of policy issues affecting middle school and high school-aged boys and young men of color in the areas of education, health, and pathways to employment. This policy scan and subsequent recommendations will provide valuable background knowledge to inform the future direction of policy efforts for the target population. In addition, findings from this analysis will be used to inform the framing of future policy discussions and implementation at the national, state, and local level.

Urban regions have come under increasing pressure to adapt to the imperatives of mobility, including greater freedom of travel, rising trade volumes and global economic networks. Whereas urbanization was once characterized by the concentration of services and facilities, urban areas now have to ensure the exchange of goods, services and information in a much more complex, interrelated, highly competitive, and spatially dispersed environment. As a consequence, cities are challenged to ensure the functionality of infrastructure while mitigating negative environmental and social impacts.Cities, Regions and Flows brings together debates in a single volume to present a theoretical framework for understanding the changing relationship between places and movement. It analyses the significance of flows of goods for urban and regional development and emphasises the twin processes of integration and disintegration that result from goods movement within urban space. It discusses urban regions as nodes for organizing the exchange of goods, services and information against a background of socio-economic and technological change, as well as new patterns of urbanization. The new logistics concepts and practices that have been developed in response to these changes exert both integrative and disintegrative effects on cities and regions. It also considers how urban policies are dealing with related challenges concerning infrastructure provision, land use, local labour markets and environmental sustainability.Cities, Regions and Flows contains thoughtfully prepared case studies from five different continents on how cities manage to become part of value chains and how they strive for accessibility in an increasingly competitive environment. This book will be on interest to policy-makers and advanced classes in planning, geography, urban studies and transportation.

This paper uses a survey-based equation in order to assign probable legal status to foreign-bornindividuals in the 2005-2009 American Community Surveys (ACS). We then examine the respectiveeffects of the recession and state-level immigration enforcement measures on participation in the informaleconomy (approximated by self-employment in certain occupations) among Mexican immigrant men, aswell as how these effects vary depending on ones citizenship and immigration status. Participation in theinformal economy increased among Mexican immigrant men nationwide, and increases were especiallysharp among the unauthorized after the start of the recession in Fall 2008. Beyond the recession effectson the prevalence of self-employment among Mexican-born men, states implementing policies aimed atrestricting access to the formal labor market among unauthorized immigrants (namely, Arizona), sawespecially steep increases in low-skilled self-employment. While these increases were concentrated primarily among the unauthorized in Arizona, it appears that the states restrictive policies may also have pushed Mexican-born legal residents into the informal sector. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of the findings.

I argue that rising inequality in offered wages lowers average working hours. If labour supply is concave in wages, a decrease in the working hours of low-paid workers is greater than an increase in working hours of high-paid workers. Furthermore, due to low market opportunities, some low-paid workers may leave the labour force. Using CPS-MORG data for prime-age men, I find evidence in support of this explanation. I establish empirically the concavity of the labour supply and find evidence that after controlling for the average wage, wage inequality has a negative effect on labour supply.

The disproportionate impact of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico on ethnic minorities, particularly the English literacy–challenged populations (e.g., Vietnamese) is an important public health concern. An understanding of the etiology and manifestation of disaster-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) promotes community resiliency. In emergency situations, socioeconomically marginalized ethnic minorities who are not fluent in English are at a disadvantage. These individuals often face economic and social barriers due to their limited-English-proficient (LEP) communication with government personnel, lack of scientific knowledge about the environmental hazards, and limited access to mental health care during postdisaster events. The objective of this commentary is to examine the potential impact of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Leaks on the physical and psychological health of Vietnamese ethnic minority residents living in the emergency-impact area. The article first provides a brief background of the Vietnamese residents in the area and then explores the issues of PTSD and cognitive functioning resulted from psychological traumas after a disaster. The latter part of the discussion raises the possibility of educational and public awareness about the environmental hazards and health risks through the application of different educational techniques (i.e., 3D dynamic visualizations). English literacy–challenged ethnic immigrant communities need to overcome cultural and language barriers to ensure that they receive adequate benefits, including economic and social services as well as psychological emergent interventions. The primary goal is to promote innovative educational training techniques (i.e., multimodal immersive virtual reality) for disaster-reduction behavior among LEP populations and nationwide research initiatives to serve as a prototype for standard public mental health care programs to support LEP ethnic minorities with disaster-induced PTSD.

This research examines recent migration patterns of native-born blacks and whites to the U.S. South. Our primary research questions concern race and regional migration dynamics, and whether new insights into such can be gleaned by comparing migrants to the South with persons moving within the non-South. Using samples of 19702000 census data, we focus on race differences in the tendency to choose the South as a migration destination, and whether whites and blacks differ in key selection mechanisms shaping movement to different regional destinations. We observe increasing rates of black (compared to white) migration to the South. Additionally, patterns of selectivity within this growing African-American migration stream are especially dramatic when southern migrants are compared to persons moving within the non-South. Our analyses also show that black migrants are targeting particular parts of the South (e.g., states where blacks are a larger share of the population), suggesting that future research should disaggregate the Census South region to provide a more comprehensive picture of contemporary interregional migration in the United States

This article highlights the new racial and ethnic diversity in rural America, which may be the most important but least anticipated population shift in recent demographic history. Ethnoracial change is central to virtually every aspect of rural America over the foreseeable future: agro-food systems, community life, labor force change, economic development, schools and schooling, demographic change, intergroup relations, and politics. The goal here is to plainly illustrate how Americas racial and ethnic transformation has emerged as an important dimension of ongoing U.S. urbanization and urbanism, growing cultural and economic heterogeneity, and a putative decline in community in rural America. Rural communities provide anatural laboratory for better understanding the implications of uneven settlement and racial diversity, acculturation, and economic and political incorporationamong Hispanic newcomers. This article raises the prospect of a new racial balkanization and outlines key impediments to full incorporation of Hispanics into rural and small town community life. Immigration and the new ethnoracial diversity will be at the leading edge of major changes in rural community life as the nation moves toward becoming a majority-minority society by 2042.

Data perturbation is a sanitization method that helps restrict the disclosure of sensitive information from published data. We present an attack on the privacy of the published data that has been sanitized using data perturbation. The attack employs data mining and fusion to remove some noise from the perturbed sensitive values. Our attack is practical it can be launched by non-expert adversaries having no background knowledge about the perturbed data and no data mining expertise. Moreover, our attack model also allows to consider informed and expert adversaries having background knowledge and/or expertise in data mining and fusion. Extensive experiments were performed on four databases derived from UCIs Adult and IPUMS census-based data sets sanitized with noise addition that satisfies e-differential privacy. The experimental results confirm that our attack presents a significant privacy risk to published perturbed data because the majority of the noise can be effectively removed. The results show that a naive adversary is able to remove around 90% of the noise added during perturbation using general-purpose data miners from the Weka software package, and an informed expert adversary is able to remove 91%99.93% of the added noise. Interestingly, the higher the aimed privacy, the higher the percentage of noise can be removed. This suggests that adding more noise does not always increase the real privacy.

This paper examines whether the desire to improve absolute income or relative income that is, ones position in the income distribution dominates migration choice. Almost all models of migration assume absolute income motivates migration. This is at odds with recent evidence from happiness and life satisfaction surveys that suggest people care about relative income as well as absolute income. A notable exception is the work of Oded Stark who hypothesised that high relative deprivation increases the probability of migration. We argue that, to test between the two main theories absolute income and relative deprivation one needs individual-level panel data on before and after migration outcomes. Indeed, since one has to estimate counterfactual migrant earnings of non-migrants, if migrants are selected on unobservables then cross-sectional estimates will systematically bias the predicted migrant earnings of non-migrants. We estimate the relative importance of the two main theories in explaining interstate migration in the U.S. using a panel of individuals. Relative deprivation is calculated with respect to those persons in the same U.S. state. Our findings are novel and potentially profound. First, for migrants, both income and relative deprivation improve after migration but, the percentage improvement in relative deprivation is much greater than that for income. Second, we find robust evidence that an increase in relative deprivation increases the probability of migration. In contrast, income has no significant effect on migration propensity. Indeed, even after controlling for the estimated gain in income from migration, relative deprivation is the only theory of migration that our data supports.

In this paper, we examine the employment situation of disadvantaged social groups in Britain and the USA in the last forty years (1972-2011). Using data from the General Household Survey/Labour Force Survey for Britain and the Current Population Survey for the USA, we find that young people, ethnic minorities and those with low qualifications had poor chances of employment. With particular regard to minority ethnic groups, we find that Blacks always had higher unemployment rates in both countries, followed by Pakistanis-Bangladeshis in Britain and Hispanics in the USA. The disadvantages became much more pronounced at the peak of recessions. The overall disadvantages were more salient in Britain than in the USA, suggesting that the flexible labour market policies adopted by the British government failed to protect the most vulnerable groups and that the affirmative action programmes helped reduce minority ethnic disadvantages in the USA.

We provide the first analysis of the short-run causal impact of immigrant inflows on native populations atthe local labor market level. Using published statistics from the American Community Surveys of 20002010, we examine how immigrant inflow shocks to a metropolitan area affect native populations. We find that immigrant inflows are associated with increases in local native populations on an annual basis but that these OLS estimates are generally upward biased. Our IV results are purged of this bias, but we still find that an additional immigrant increases the low skill native population by 0.40.7 in the concurrent period. To explain this result, we show that immigrant inflows lead to declines in outflows of low skillnatives from affected MSAs. This is most pronounced in MSAs from which relocation is arguably more costly, which may disproportionately affect the low skilled. We find short-run responses among high skill natives that are consistent with displacement. The decline in high skilled native populations is driven by high skilled immigrant inflows, and high skilled outflows increase from affected MSAs. We show that these short-run changes are obscured in specifications using longer-run population changes and conclude that the short-run impact of immigrants on native populations differs markedly from their longer-run impact.

Over the last 40 years, state income tax breaks targeting the elderly have grown, often justified by arguments that the elderly move across state lines in response tosuch tax preferences. Using two complementary sources of elderly migration data and several measures of elderly income tax breaks, we investigate the relationshipbetween these tax breaks and migration. We employ different empirical methodologies that emphasize changes over time, including panel regression models spanning four censuses (1970-2000), and several different socioeconomic groups of elderly. Our results are overwhelming in their failure to reveal any consistent effect of state income tax breaks on elderly interstate migration.

This report analyzes the magnitude and trend of migration flows between Mexico and the United States; the experiences and intentions of Mexican immigrants repatriated by U.S. immigration authorities; U.S. immigration enforcement patterns; conditions in Mexico and the U.S. that could affect immigration; and characteristics of Mexican-born immigrants in the U.S.The report draws on numerous data sources from both Mexico and the U.S. The principal Mexican data sources are the Mexican decennial censuses (Censos de Poblacin y Vivienda) of 1990, 2000 and 2010; the Mexican Population Count (Conteos de Poblacin y Vivienda) of 2005; the Survey of Migration in the Northern Border of Mexico (la Encuesta sobre Migracon en la Frontera Norte de Mxico or EMIF-Norte); the Survey of Demographic Dynamics of 2006 and 2009 (Encuesta Nacional de Dinmica Demogrfica or ENADID); and the Survey of Occupation and Employment for 2005-2011 (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacin y Empleo or ENOE). The principal U.S. data sources are the Census Bureaus Current Population Survey (CPS) monthly data for 1994 to 2012; the CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement conducted in March for 1994 to 2011; the American Community Survey (ACS) for 2005-2010; U.S. Censuses from 1850 to 2000; U.S. Border Patrol data on apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border; and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics on legal admissions to the U.S. and aliens removed or returned. The report also uses data from the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division.This report was written by Senior Demographer Jeffrey Passel, Senior Writer DVera Cohn and Research Associate Ana Gonzalez-Barrera. Paul Taylor provided editorial guidance in the drafting of this report. Rakesh Kochhar and Mark Hugo Lopez provided comments on earlier drafts of the report. Seth Motel and Gabriel Velasco provided research assistance. Gabriel Velasco and Eileen Patten number-checked the report. Marcia Kramer was the copy editor.

The strategy that we adopt to investigate these e ects is as follows. First, to provide us with a loose structure, we construct a simple model of health and time allocation based on Gronau (1980). Second, we analyze data from the American Time Use Survey. Due to a dearth of convincing exogenous sources of variation in health status, the approach that we adopt here is very descriptive.We conduct simple exercises in which we look at how time allocations vary with age and health by gender and marital status while controlling for common confounding variables. We then use these estimated partial correlations in conjunction with comparative statics from our model to make inferences on the relative e ects of health on market and non-market e ciency. We take a descriptive approach due to endogeneity issues and a lack of convincing instrumental variables, as well as other limitations. Major data limitations are the unavailability of spousal time use diaries as well as spousal health status measures. This prevents us from using actual spouses in our analysis. There are many reverse causality possibilities between health and time uses, including health and sleep, health and exercise, and health and leisure/work. Rather than attempting to overcome these severe limitations (and any attempts would be tenuous), we contend with the fact that correlations, taken together with a model, are still useful in drawing some important conclusions. Our ndings indicate that better health is correlated with more time allocated to \productive"2 activities and less time to various types of leisure. These correlations are larger for market than for non-market production. If market-and home-produced goods are highly substitutable (which is not an unreasonable assumption), then the larger positive correlation between health and home production implies that health exerts a greater e ect on non-market e ciency than on market e ciency. Interest-ingly, we show that most of the relationship between health and home production for single people occurs at the intensive margin, whereas the reverse is true for couples. This suggests that, for married people time allocated to home production is some-what inelastic with respect to their own health, unless they are su ciently unhealthy in which case they do not work at all. Finally, and in the spirit of this previous result, we show that the correlations between health and home production are larger for singles than for couples, which may reect less market substitutes for the time of married people.

Many social scientists hypothesize that the time mothers spend with their children is crucial for childrens cognitive development. Unlike most studies that investigate maternal employment effects on children, we estimate direct causal effects of time-diary measured maternal time using the CDS - PSID dataset. Considering maternal time allocation endogenous, the effect of an increase of maternal time associated with a rise in childcare price (IV estimate) is an order of magnitude larger than OLS estimates for Applied Problems and Word-Letter Identification tests. Evidence also shows that the effect is larger for children living with college educated mothers and in two-parent households.

This study examines metropolitan segmentation in educationalattainment during the postwar era. Employing a multilevelanalytical approach with U.S. Census data drawn from IPUMS, it finds urban-suburban distinctions shifted and grew in magnitude. While students in central cities enjoyed an educational advantage in 1940, by 1980 it was suburban youth who clearly exhibited higher levels of attainment. Various explanations for these developments are considered as topics for further exploration, including the significance of suburban development in regional economic growth and the changing dynamics of racial inequality in education. Particular attention is devoted to methodological issues in conducting this sort of analysis with these data.