In this study, we draw on longitudinal, state-level data to analyze the impact of four distinct forms of school racial segregation on black/white achievement gaps in math and reading. Pooled time-series analyses with two-way fixed effects suggest that increases in blackwhite dissimilarity and black student isolation contribute to black/white achievement gaps, increases in blackwhite exposure reduce achievement gaps, and increases in exposure of black students to other minority students have no impact. We conclude by discussing the implications of school racial segregation as a source of academic achievement disparities between black and white students in the contemporary United States.

Innovation is a crucial driver of urban and regional economic success. Innovative cities and regions tend to grow faster and have higher average wages. Little research, however, has considered the potential negative consequences: as a small body of innovators gain relative to others, innovation may lead to inequality. The evidence on this point is fragmented, based on cross-sectional evidence on skill premia rather than overall levels of inequality. This article provides the first comparative evidence on the link between innovation and inequality in a continental perspective. Using micro data from population surveys for European regions and US cities, the article finds, after controlling for other potential factors, good evidence of a link between innovation and inequality in European regions, but only limited evidence of such a relationship in USA. Less-flexible labour markets and lower levels of migration seem to be at the root of the stronger association between innovation and income inequality in Europe than in USA.

The attacks on public-sector collective bargaining rights in the United States that began in early 2011 are arguably one of the most important developments in labor law in recent memory. Although the most famous and radical moves took place in Wisconsin and Ohio, over a dozen states have enacted significant restrictions on the rights of government employees and their unions. 1 This is significant both because public-sector workers now comprise more than half the total number of union members in the United States 2 and because of the broader political implications of "defunding," and otherwise crippling, a major constituent of the Democratic Party.

Dans cet article, nous présentons un modèle logit hiérarchique des migrations entre 59 régions du Canada et des États-Unis que nous avons conçu grâce à plus de 70 000 microdonnées portant sur les travailleurs de tous les déciles de la répartition des compétences que comportaient les recensements canadiens et américains de 2000/2001, puis nous faisons des estimations et des simulations. En combinant les données individuelles et et les données régionales, nous pouvons analyser les effets des différences de politiques fiscales des deux pays sur les migrations des travailleurs. Comme nous savons quels sont les travailleurs hautement qualifiés, nous pouvons simuler les effets que des changements en matière d’impôt (en présupposant des budgets équilibrés) auraient autant sur la tendance des individus à migrer que sur l’importance des courants migratoires. Ces simulations suggèrent qu’une augmentation du rendement des compétences après impôt au Canada ainsi que la réduction, au niveau moyen américain, du taux moyen d’imposition canadien (avec compensation des réductions des dépenses pour maintenir la neutralité budgétaire) réduiraient effectivement les migrations vers les États-Unis, particulièrement parmi les travailleurs hautement qualifiés. Toutefois, les réductions des taux d’imposition et des dépenses publiques nécessaires pour produire ce résultat étant relativement élevées, cela soulèverait des questions touchant des politiques publiques importantes dans d’autres domaines. In this study we develop, estimate, and simulate a nested logit model of migration among 59 Canadian and US sub-national areas, using over 70,000 microdata observations on workers across all deciles of the skill distribution obtained from the US and Canadian censuses of 2000/2001. Combining microdata on individual workers with area data, we are able to consider the effects on worker migration of tax policy differences across countries. Our ability to identify highly skilled individuals using these data enables us to simulate the effects of changes to taxes (under balanced budget conditions) on the migration propensities of individuals, as well as the magnitude of the aggregate migration streams. Simulations suggest that increasing Canadian after-tax returns to skills and implementing fiscal equalization (reducing the average Canadian tax rate to the average US level with offsetting expenditure reductions to maintain budget neutrality) would effectively reduce southward migration, especially amongst highly skilled workers. The required reductions in tax rates and public expenditures are relatively large, however, and therefore would be expected to raise other substantial public policy concerns.

I examine the impact of gender-neutral custody laws on divorce. I develop the first systematic coding of custody law changes over the twentieth century and show that states movement from maternal preference to gender-neutral custody laws is independent of the adoption of unilateral divorce laws. I exploit the variation across states in the timing of the legal changes to identify the effect of the new custody law on divorce. I find that changes in custody laws have a dynamic effect on divorce rates. The divorce rate begins to increase approximately seven years after a states adoption of the new custody law and persists thereafter. The magnitude of the increase is between 0.1 and 0.2 divorces per 1,000 people per year. Changes in custody laws also increase the likelihood of being separated by roughly 0.5 percentage points for women and 0.3 percentage points for men. The effects I find for changes in custody laws are independent of those of unilateral divorce. The results suggest that child custody law reform play an important and overlooked role in marital dissolution in the U.S.

In this article, I demonstrate how using linked micromaps (Carr and Pickle, 2010) can improve mapping of same-sex couple (SSC) household data. Micromaps display multiple maps on the same exhibit and highlight different geographic units in each map. Linked micromaps display columns of data next to micromaps.

We estimate the effects of various factors on service provision and unit cost by public mental health providers using administrative data from Virginia and find that, while there is significant variation in service provision levels and unit costs across providers, it is difficult to explain much of the variation. Especially with respect to cost results, this suggest some potential for cost savings but also a need for better data on cost determinants. We also use MEPS data to show that individuals with Medicaid health insurance use more mental health services than those with private insurance but at significantly lower unit costs. We suggest reasons why this might occur and what those reasons imply about methods to reduce Medicaid expenditures in Virginia and other states.

Objective. To evaluate the impact of the Salt Education Program for hypertensive adults on student pharmacists' knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes regarding sodium consumption.Design. As part of the introductory pharmacy practice experience program in community pharmacies, student pharmacists assessed patients' sodium intake knowledge and behaviors, taught them how to read nutrition labels, and obtained information about their hypertensive conditions. Students completed pre-and post-intervention questionnaires in April and August 2012, respectively.Assessment. One hundred thirty student pharmacists (70% female, 78% white) completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires. Students demonstrated significant improvements in knowledge scores (p<0.001) and perceived benefit of a low-salt diet (p=0.004). Further, there were significant improvements in the self-reported frequency of looking at sodium content of foods when shopping (p<0.001) and purchasing low-salt foods (p=0.004).Conclusion. Changes in students' knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes after participating in the Salt Education program suggested that the program was effective in improving student knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes.

This paper examines the relationship of inequality to school funding in counties of the U.S. in 1890. Inequality, measured here on the basis of farm-size distributions, is found to be negatively related to local school property tax revenues across the whole sample of 1345 rural counties. However, further analysis shows that this relationship is not consistent across the sample. In the North, there is a significant negative relationship between inequality and school funding, and this relationship is shown to be consistent with the fact that assessed values of property did not rise linearly with wealth. Across the South, there is no distinct relationship between inequality and school funding. The results also indicate that inequality in the South cannot directly explain the gap in school funding with the North, in the sense that redistributing farms in the South to match the Northern distributions leads to no predicted increase in school funding.

A global historical archive, once created, must be analyzed appropriately. One side of such analysis requires specific techniques of computation and representation to implement analyses. Another side of it requires an appropriate conceptualization of society at the global level, sound application of social science theory, and alternation among multiple perspectives. In two important feedback loops, data-mining will rely on computational systems to seek out unrecognized relations within the Archive, and systems of analysis will estimate and simulate missing data. In each case the results of these exercises will be incorporated into the Archive. Visualization, beginning with geographic visualization of global data, will expand to temporal and topical visualization at various scales, and more generally to visualization of information, concept, strategy, and metaphor. CHIA is to be open to high-level analysis by researchers but also to more basic questions from teachers and students. Results of user queries and interpretations will be added to the archive; feedback from analysis of the data will bring modification to the work of Mission 1 and Mission 2.

This report analyzes data from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 American Community Surveys on educational attainment, and personal and household income among Latinas in New York City. It considers the differences between Latinas and Latinos; among the five largest Latino nationalities in New York City; between foreign- and domestic-born Latinas; compares females of four major racial/ethnic groups (Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Latino, and Asian); and between Latina-headed households and households headed by other demographic groups.

I examine the impact of gender-neutral custody laws on child outcomes. Between the 1970s and 1990s, state custody laws moved from maternal preference to the best interests of the child doctrine which gives fathers and mothers equal treatment in child custody cases, a change that is independent of divorce law reforms. While standard household bargaining models predict that changes in custody laws give fathers greater bargaining power in marriages, the net effect of the custody law reform on all children is unknown. I exploit the variation across states in the timing of custody law changes to estimate the long-term implications of growing up in a gender-neutral custody law regime. I find that childhood exposure to gender-neutral custody laws has a negative and significant effect on educational attainment. For example, a man exposed to the new custody law as a child is less likely to graduate from high school by, on average, 2.04 percentage points. Results are similar for women. Moreover, the negative effects are independent of the effects of childhood exposure to unilateral divorce laws.

We present theory and evidence highlighting the role of natural amenities in neighborhood dynamics, suburbanization, and variation across cities in the persistence of the spatial distribution of income. Our model generates three predictions that we con rm using a novel database of consistent-boundary neighborhoods in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1880{2010, and spatial data for natural features such as coastlines and hills. First, persistent natural amenities anchor neighborhoods to high incomes over time. Second, downtown neighborhoods in coastal cities were less susceptible to the suburbanization of income in the mid-20th century. Third, naturally heterogeneous cities exhibit spatial distributions of income that are dynamically persistent.

In this article, I demonstrate how to use CCMs to explore variation in housing cost-to-income ratios (HCIRs) in the 50 states and Washington, D.C. For renters, HCIR equals monthly rent plus utility and fuel costs, divided by monthly household income. For homeowners, monthly costs can include mortgage payments, property insurance, property taxes, utility and fuel costs, condominium fees, and mobile home fees, in addition to other costs.

Today, nearly every growing occupation requires some post-high school education or training. While the share of African American men in New Orleans with a high school degree has increased substantially since 1980, the share of African American men with an associate's degree or more has been completely stagnant since 1980 at only 15%. In comparison, the share of white men with an associates degree or more has grown from 46 percent in 1980 to 66 percent in 2009-11. Until more African American men perceive the benefit of acquiring more education and find the means to do so, the city will continue to lose out on the productivity that more postsecondary-educated workers could contribute to the economy. This issue is nontrivial because African American men represent 26 percent of the working-age population of New Orleans, and this share is expected to grow in the future. The economic future of New Orleans depends on maximizing the productivity of all its workers.

This report explores trends in poverty from 1990 to 2011 within New York City and the United States with special emphasis on Latinos in comparative perspective with poverty among other race/ethnic groups. Changing poverty rates among Latino nationalities are also examined.

The quality of the decennial census of the United States is compromised by population undercount, which often misses immigrants and racial/ethnic minorities, thereby diminishing federal resources allocated to such groups. Using a modified version of demographic analysis and informed by the latest contributions of emigration scholarship, this research estimates net undercount for the 1990 census relative to the 2000 census by age, sex, year-of-entry, and place-of-birth cohorts. Ordinary least squares estimates suggest that males, recent arrivals, and cohorts aged 15-44 had higher relative net undercount for 1990 compared with 2000. Much higher relative net undercount was found for cohorts from Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean (excluding Cuba and Puerto Rico) who were ineligible for amnesty under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (i.e., those fitting the profile of an undocumented immigrant). Larger implications of these findings suggest that the political climate in which a person is embedded-particularly for persons who may feel threatened or marginalized by the government and/or the public-affects that person's willingness to respond to the census.

Following the Civil Rights Movement and the "quiet revolution" in women's work over the years 1950 to 1970, women and minorities increasingly joined the auditing profession while the profession ramped up efforts to encourage integration. The purpose of this study is to rigorously examine how the integration of auditors has evolved since the civil rights and quiet revolution period. The primary distinctive feature of this study is that it evaluates the auditing profession's integration by comparing it against samples of occupations similar to auditing for the purpose of isolating auditing-specific forces influencing integration. I find that the pay structure in auditing is unusually equal, consistent with "equal pay for equal work." The results for women, Hispanics, and miscellaneous minorities are consistent with members of these groups responding as one might expect to equal pay in auditing, with groups that are poorly paid in other occupations selecting into auditing at higher rates and groups that are well paid in other occupations selecting out of auditing at higher rates. The results for blacks are anomalous in that their pay in auditing has been good relative to many comparison occupations but they have nevertheless been poorly represented in auditing. There are a number of theories that could potentially explain why blacks may be anomalously underrepresented in auditing. To begin to test them, I perform an exploratory analysis of the representation of women and minorities among college freshmen, college graduates, and young auditors. The results suggest that accounting is a popular degree among black college freshmen and that a relatively high percentage of accounting graduates are black. However, although they are well represented in the pool of potential new auditors, black accounting graduates enter the auditing profession at very low rates relative to other occupations requiring levels of education similar to auditing. The results suggest that black underrepresentation in auditing is not due to a lack of awareness among, or role models for, young blacks.