Designed specifically with mental health professionals in mind, The Bilingual Counselor’s Guide to Spanish is perfect for counselors interested in expanding their client base and language skill set. Featuring terminology and cultural phrases specific to the mental health profession, this text offers an easy introduction to both the Spanish language and interfacing with Spanish-speaking clients in a counseling setting. Sections of useful and practical vocabulary are followed by ¡Practique! sections, which enable to reader to put his or her developing skills to use. These sections are augmented by case studies in English and Spanish, as well as brief overviews of Latino history, customs, and social manners that will greatly enhance any counselor’s depth of interaction with Spanish-speaking clients. For counselors who want to communicate with the large and rapidly expanding population of Spanish speakers in the United States, or for those who are simply interested in developing or improving their Spanish-language skills, The Bilingual Counselor’s Guide to Spanish is the place to start.

Allen et al.’s results depend on their inclusion of children whose family at the time of their grade retention is unknown, plus adopted and foster children whose selection process into families is unknown. Children whose family has been through upheavals or transitions are less likely to make good progress in school than children from stable families. Children raised by stable same-sex couples do remarkably well in school.

One of the very interesting demographic features in the US over the last three decades of the 20th century is the increase of the married women labor force participation rate . Over the same period , estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially . This dissertation is to investigate the reasons behind them . I first study the determinants of the increase of the labor participation rate for married women with preschool -aged children over the last three decades of the 20th century . Using 5 % samples of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS ) for 1980 , 1990 and 2000 , I find that the existing explanations proposed in the literature may only account for 9 .6 % increase in the 1980s and 70 % decrease in the 1990s . In this paper , I find that the rising ratio of career type women can explain 30 .33 % of the growth in the labor force participation rate , and the change in the composition of career motivating career type women can at least explain 17 .22 % growth across cohorts . Women who have been working three years before their first childbearing are more likely to return to work after the childbearing period . The analyzing data is the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSYW ) from 1968 to 2003 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79 ) from 1979 to 2008 . This dissertation sheds some insight about a puzzle on estimated married women's labor supply elasticity variation . This important puzzle (sometimes referred to as the Hausman puzzle ) is that the estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially even when similar frameworks and similar datasets are used . I study the role of budget sets in producing this wide range of estimates . In particular , I study the effect of the typical convexification approximation of the non -convex budgets , and the well -known Heckman critique of the lack of bunching at the kink points of budget sets in the Hausman model . I introduce measurement error in nonlabor income to create an uncertain budget constraint that no longer implies bunching at kink points . Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID ) of 1984 and 2001 , I find that neither the convexification approximation nor using a model with random budget sets affects the estimates . These results demonstrate that variations in budget constraints alone do not explain the different estimates of labor supply elasticity . Changing the level of budget sets , for example by ignoring the state individual income tax , could affect the variation in elasticities .

The lockstep march from school to work and then on to retirement no longer applies for a growing share of Americans. Many young adults are launching their careers later, while older adults are working longer. As a result, the education and labor market institutions that were the foundation of a 20th century system are out of sync with the 21st century knowledge economy. This six-part report examines trends in employment, labor force participation, annual earnings, and occupations for young and older adults, by sex, race/ethnicity, and education. The following are appended: (1) Methodology; and (2) Detailed Occupational Changes for Young Adults between 1980 and 2010, and Endnotes.

This study describes the native and foreign born in US healthcare in the first decade of this century. Immigrant women are more likely than natives to be employed in long term care where they are most concentrated among professional practitioners and lesser skilled direct care workers. The foreign born are similar to natives in their average age, education and the dominance of women. They differ in being more likely to reside in metropolitan areas and in central cities. The foreign born earn more than natives and this appears to be both significant and inexplicable by way of differences in experience or education.

We analyse the labour market position of the second-generation minority ethnic groups in Britain and the United States in 1990 and 2000 on the basis of micro-data from the two most recent censuses of the population. We find that they were making progress, although some groups were still facing considerable disadvantages. The second-generation men were doing better in the United States than in Britain at both time points but the gaps were being narrowed. The second-generation women in Britain lagged behind their American counterparts in the first period, but they were doing equally well in the two countries in 2001. The overall pattern is one of small but notable progress and shows somewhat greater support for the revised straight-line theory than for the segmented assimilation theory.

This review focuses on how Latinos report their race. This is an area that has recently experienced a major surge of interest in both government and academic circles. This review of the literature examines how and why Latinos report their race on the census, in surveys and in more qualitative studies. It reviews the vibrant and growing scholarly literature relevant to the questions of the placement by self or others of Latinos along the US color line, what determines it and how the Census has coped and is coping with it. We begin with a brief review of the history of Latino classification in the census and then discuss the factors influencing racial reporting. These include national origin and skin color, acculturation and generational status, socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination and identification with others who have experienced actual discrimination, location, and question format. We end with a discussion of the implications of the recent 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment conducted by the census, and conclude with suggestions for future research.

The introduction of the first antibiotics in the United States in the late 1930s led simultaneously to a sharp fall in infant and maternal mortality. We study the fertility response to these changes. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find that the fall in maternal mortality led to increased fertility. The fall in infant mortality increased fertility on the extensive margin but decreased it on the intensive margin. Our results contribute to a small empirical literature that provides well-identified estimates of the quantity-quality tradeoff and they support the contention of essential complementarity posited in a recent extension to the canonical model (Aaronson, et al, 2012)

This thesis employs two new approaches to explain some of the important debates in two key economic Öelds: labour market economics and macroeconomic studies related to current account imbalances. Chapter 1, Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 begin a new strand of research by in- troducing the normal inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution to describe unobserved heterogeneity in the labour market. The NIG distribution can be represented as a normal variance-mean mixture with the inverse Gaussian (IG) distribution as the mixing distribution. A 0.01% subsample of the 1980 US Census, comprising all men between 18 and 65 who are in the labour force, as well as a comparable sample from Ghana, is used to show that the NIG distribution provides a better Öt of the log earnings function than the normal distribution. The prediction of right skewness of the log earnings distribution arising from the log normal skill Roy selection model is rejected in favour of left skewness. The thesis then extends the model to describe the distribution of log earnings conditioned on education. The same two datasets (US males and Ghanaian males) are used for the empirical analysis. We Önd that, once the unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for, the return to education is almost áat for lower levels of education in Ghana, and then increases for education levels greater than ten years. One of the key di§erences between the two datasets is that skewness and unobserved heterogeneity is a func- tion of education for Ghana but not for the US. The NIG framework is found to be a useful tool to model this heterogeneity. Chapter 4 uses a model that allows for a rich structure of age e§ects similar to those predicted by the life cycle theories to argue that the demographic shifts are partly responsible for the sustained rise in the US current account deÖcit and the rapid increase in Chinaís current account surplus in the last decade. However, demographics do not have an impact on the long run equilibrium or level of current accounts. Rather, they are important determinants of the short run adjustment of current accounts to their equilibrium levels. In the next twenty years, the demographic shifts are likely to push towards further current account positive adjustments in China and current account negative adjustments in the US. Developing the infrastructure, Önancial markets, policy tools and regulatory settings to be able to cope with the excess capital áow remains an urgent task.

We revisit the minimum wage-employment debate, which is as old as the Department of Labor. In particular, we assess new studies claiming that the standard panel data approach used in much of the “new minimum wage research” is flawed because it fails to account for spatial heterogeneity. These new studies use research designs intended to control for this heterogeneity and conclude that minimum wages in the United States have not reduced employment. We explore the ability of these research designs to isolate reliable identifying information and test the untested assumptions in this new research about the construction of better control groups. Our evidence points to serious problems with these research designs. Moreover, new evidence based on methods that let the data identify the appropriate control groups leads to stronger evidence of disemployment effects, with teen employment elasticities near -0.3. We conclude that the evidence still shows that minimum wages pose a tradeoff of higher wages for some against job losses for others, and that policymakers need to bear this tradeoff in mind when making decisions about increasing the minimum wage.

In this article, I examine the large Black / White fertility gap in the US. I question the "compositional argument" according to which differences in socioeconomic characteristics would be the main driver of this gap. Indeed, once controlled for education, other characteristics such as income, employment and marital status do not help to close the gap. I therefore test whether the difference could stem from the fact that individuals inherit of race-specific fertility norms. I show that Black women who were born in a state where past cohorts of Black women had a high fertility rate tend to have more children. Moreover I have found that this effect diminishes as education increases. The transmission of fertility norms therefore seems to be a good candidate to explain racial differences in fertility in the US, as it is consistent with larger differences for less educated individuals.

An important goal of the study was to obtain a diverse representation of LGBT older adults in San Francisco. From April to June 2013, electronic and hardcopy surveys in five languages (English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, and Tagalog) were distributed through media, service agencies, community events, and community outreach activities. The survey was completed by 616 LGBT City residents, aged 60 to 92 years old.

In this dissertation, I present three essays on matching and assignment in labor economics. The ?rst chapter presents an integrated model of occupation choice, spouse choice, family labor supply, and fertility. Two key features of the model are that occupations di?er both in wages and in an amenity termed ?exibility, and that children require a nontrivial amount of parental time that has no market substitute. I show that occupations with more costly ?exibility, modeled as a nonlinearity in wages, have a lower fraction of women, less positive assortative mating on earnings, and lower fertility among dual-career couples. Costly ?exibility may induce high-earning couples to share home production, which rewards husbands who are simultaneously high-earning and productive in child care. Empirical evidence broadly supports the main theoretical predictions with respect to the tradeo?s between marriage market and career outcomes. In the second chapter, I use the University of Michigan Law School Alumni Survey to in- vestigate the interaction between assortative mating and the career and family outcomes of high-ability women. Women with higher earnings potential at the time of law school graduation have higher-earning spouses and more children 15 years after graduation. As the earnings penalty from reduced labor supply decreased over the sample, women with higher-earning spouses and more children reported shorter work weeks and were less likely to be in the labor force. Decreasing the career cost of non-work may have the unintended result of reducing the labor supply of the highest-ability women, as their high-earning spouses give them the option to temporarily exit the labor force. The third chapter addresses speci?cation choice in empirical peer e?ects models. Predicting the impact of altering classroom composition on student outcomes has proven an unexpected challenge in the experimental literature. I use the experimental data of Du?o et al. (2011) to evaluate the out-of-sample predictive accuracy of popular reduced form peer e?ects speci?cations. I ?nd that predictions of the impact of ability tracking on outcomes are highly sensitive to the choice of peer group summary statistics and functional form assumptions. Standard model selection criteria provide some guidance in selecting among peer e?ects speci?cations.

This paper examines the causal impact of labor force participation on informal caregiving. To address the endogeneity of labor force participation, we exploit local business cycles and instrument for individual labor force participation with state unemployment rates. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we find that labor force participation significantly reduces informal caregiving. Among women, working an additional 10 hours per week reduces the probability of providing informal care by 12.5 percentage points and reduces the number of care hours by 32 percent. We also find that the effect of labor force participation is stronger among women with low income and wealth, who are the most important target of many welfare policies that promote labor force participation. Our results imply that demographic trends and work-promoting policies have the unintended consequence of reducing informal caregiving in an aging society that faces rising demand for informal care.

The purpose of this research is to determine and compare economic assimilation of Indian and Chinese immigrants over time in the United States. On the one hand, because both groups come from fast growing developing countries in Asia, they could follow the same career path and face the same income disparity in the United States with natives. On the other hand, Indian immigrants have a higher level of English proficiency than Chinese immigrants do, so Indians might have an advantage over Chinese immigrants in terms of assimilation with natives. Based on data from IPUMS CPS (1995, 2000, 2005 & 2010), this paper applies the regression methodology, theories of assimilation and human capital, age earnings profile and the theoretical correlation between language proficiency and economic assimilation of immigrants. The study follows cohorts of Indian and Chinese immigrants in 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. It is designed to reexamine and expand the conclusions of previous studies and explain similarities and difference in economic assimilation for these two immigrant groups.

In this paper we use individual-level census data on registered and practical nurses in the United States from 1950-70 to determine the effect that the switch from certification to licensure had on wages and participation in the registered and practical nurse professions. We examine these occupations to take advantage of a quasi-experiment afforded by the fact that, by the beginning of our sample, all states already had certification in place and some states already required a license. During the subsequent decade several states switched from certification to a mandatory licensing regime while others did not. Accordingly, we infer the effect of licensure in a differences-in-differences framework that uses states that did not change their regulatory regime as a control. Interestingly, we find that the shift from certification to mandatory licensing had little to no effect on the wages or the participation rate of practical and registered nurses.

Popular discourse and academic scholarship both accent divisions between African American and immigrant workers. These debates most often focus on the question of job competition, positioning African Americans and immigrant workers as a priori adversaries in the labor market. We take a different tack. Drawing upon a case study of hotel workers in Chicago, we identify ways in which workers themselves challenge and bridge these divisions. Specifically, we reveal how union organizing activities, such as diverse committee representation and inclusion of diversity language in contracts, counter notions of intergroup competition in an effort to build common cause that affirms rather than denies differences. We argue that these activities represent political efforts on the part of workers to contest and even reshape the racial and ethnic division of labor, thereby revealing competition as a socially contingent and politically mediated process.