Urban sprawl is, among all, also the result of voluntary or induced resettlement of population from the inner city to urban periphery, or by in-migration to peripheral parts of cities where the origin of migrants is in other settlements. The focus of this paper is on the influence that residential preferences have on suburbanization, with the emphasis on analysis of the residential choice and certain population groups’ tendencies to prioritise living in suburbs or the inner-city living. Theoretical considerations which are set in this paper initiate with residential preference components and the hypothesis of change in dominant motives for residential choice throughout family and individual’s lifecycle. Then, the demographic data have been analysed according to the latest Census results in the two pilot-areas of urban and suburban type in Belgrade. Additional research on residential preferences are founded on preparation of specific questionnaire which would enable application of more powerful statistical techniques, especially a wider use of measuring scales for the variables deriving from the questionnaire, and formulation of a model for prediction of different population groups’ residential preferences in urban and suburban settings

With the advent of the open access and open data movement, the preservation and availability of data has multiplied exponentially. This increased distribution and sharing of data has energized numerous fields of research. In such an environment, librarians are increasingly tasked with finding actual data related to specific subjects in addition to the traditional task of locating relevant scholarly articles. This article provides a valuable resource for reference and science librarians as they meet the needs of their patrons in an increasingly data-centric world.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability among U.S. adolescents. The authors sought to determine causes and trends for TBI-related hospitalizations in the U.S. adolescent population (10-19 years). The authors identified common causes and trends of adolescent TBI, overall and within two-year age categories, using hospitalization data from 2005 to 2009 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. The leading cause of adolescent TBI overall was motor vehicle occupant accidents (35%), which are also the leading cause in 14-15, 16-17, and 18-19 year age groups. Falls were the cause of most TBI in the 10-11 year (23%) and 12-13 year (20%) groups. For both unintentional and intentional mechanisms of injury, there was evidence of increasing hospitalizations with increasing age. From 2005 to 2009, the overall annual incidence of adolescent TBI hospitalizations decreased 21% from an estimated 75.5 to 59.3 per 100,000 (p<0.001). These rates declined for mild, moderate, and severe TBI, and decreased for two-year age groups, except 18-19 year olds. For TBI attributable to motor vehicle occupants, rates declined 27% from 27.6 to 20.2 per 100,000 (p<0.001). Motor vehicle occupant injuries account for 42% of in-hospital mortality in adolescent TBI; however, firearms are the most lethal mechanism with 46% proportional mortality among victims of firearm-related TBI. Rates of adolescent TBI-related hospitalizations have decreased overall. Motor vehicle accidents and firearms were identified as leading causes of injury and mortality for adolescent TBI and represent potential targets for intervention.

In the automobile society of the United States, virtually every adult needs a car to work, shop, and participate in social institutions. However, not everyone has a car. One of the populations with low access to vehicles is the Latin American immigrant population. This study asks to what extent Latino immigrants experience spatial constraints due to lack of mobility, what mobility strategies do they use in order to function in a context of automobility, and to what extent transportation limitations are associated with another socially isolating factor English proficiency. I investigate these questions for employed Latino immigrants in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area, which is a new Latino destination that has a particularly poor transportation system. Data sources include US Census summary files for 1980-2010, data from the Census Transportation Planning Package from 2000, and American Community Survey 2006-2010 pooled microdata.

Unemployment during and after the Great Recession has been persistently high. One concern is that the housing bust reduced geographical mobility and prevented workers from moving for jobs. We characterize flows out of unemployment that are related to geographical mobility to construct an upper bound on the effect of mobility on unemployment between 2007 and 2012. The effect of geographical mobility is always small: Using pre-recession mobility rates, decreased mobility can account for only an 11 basis points increase in the unemployment rate over the period. Using dynamics of renter geographical mobility in this period to calculate homeowner counterfactual mobility, delivers similar results. Using the highest mobility rate observed in the data, reduced mobility accounts for only a 33 basis points increase in the unemployment rate.

Multivariate analysis of variance is a widely used multivariate method that is generally robust to minor deviations from normality and homoscedasticity. When data is balanced, standard multivariate tests for factor eff ects are exact. However, these tests can be biased when data is unbalanced and covariance matrices are heteroscedastic which emphasizes the need for proper methods. This master thesis aims to investigate how some newly proposed modi ed tests, which takes unbalancedness and heteroscedaticity into account, perform in relation to standard tests for two-way multivariate analysis of variance models with interactions. Two numerical examples are set up in order to compare performances of the modifi ed and standard tests. The obtained results show that diff erences between these tests are marginal when data is balanced. The modifi ed tests are overall less prone than standard tests to yield signifi cant results when data is unbalanced. Main implications from the results are that further studies of the testing procedure are needed but that modified tests are useful as a statistical tool in the presence of unbalancedness and heteroscedasticity.

What is the incidence of housing vouchers? In a frictionless, price-taking equilibrium, increased generosity of a narrowly-targeted subsidy causes in- creases in unit quality. However, search frictions may limit quality improve- ments and subsidies may accrue to landlords through price discrimination. Analyzing a 2005 formula change for Housing Choice Vouchers, we estimate that a $1 increase in the county-wide price ceiling raised same-address voucher rents by 13-20 cents. For tenants who moved, quality improvements were minimal. Second, we find that a Dallas pilot which replaced a metro-wide price ceiling with ZIP-code-specific ceilings improved tenants’ chosen neighborhood quality by 0.2 standard deviations.

Drawing on nearly thirty years of prior analyses of growth, aging, and diversity in Texas populations and households, the authors of Changing Texas: Implications of Addressing or Ignoring the Texas Challenge examine key issues related to future Texas population change and its socioeconomic implications. Current interpretation of data indicates that, in the absence of any change in the socioeconomic conditions associated with the demographic characteristics of the fastest growing populations, Texas will become poorer and less competitive in the future. However, the authors delineate how such a future can be altered so that the Texas Challenge becomes a Texas advantage, leading to a more prosperous future for all Texans.

Census's Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) nearly doubles the elderly poverty rate compared to the "Official" Poverty Measure (OPM), a result of the SPM subtraction of medical out-of-pocket (MOOP) expenditures from income. Neither the SPM nor OPM counts health benefits or assets as resources. Validation studies suggest that subtracting MOOP from resources worsens a poverty measure's predictive validity and excluding assets exacerbates this bias, since assets fund MOOP. The SPM is based on a 1995 NAS report that recommended a health-exclusive poverty measure, despite considering it, conceptually, a "second best" to a Health-Inclusive Poverty Measure (HIPM). We analyze the reasons for the NAS recommendation and argue that constructing a HIPM is now feasible if we conceptualize health needs as a need for health insurance, and if plans with non-risk-rated premiums and caps on MOOP are universally available, a condition largely met by the Affordable Care Act and Medicare Advantage Plans. We describe four HIPM variants and present analyses that suggest the SPM treatment of MOOP results in a less valid measure of elderly poverty and an overstatement of the elderly poverty rate (by up to 5.5 percentage points or 50 percent). Many elderly classified as poor by the SPM's unlimited MOOP deduction are not poorly insured persons with incomes near the poverty line, but well-insured persons with incomes well above the poverty line.

We use a gravity model of migration and alternative estimation strategies to analyze how income differentials affect the flow of immigrants into U.S. states using annual data from the American Community Survey. We add to existing literature by decomposing income differentials into short‐ and long‐term components and by focusing on newly arrived less‐educated immigrants between 2000 and 2009. Our sample is unique in that the vast majority of our observations take zero values. Models that include observations with zero‐flow values find that recent male immigrants respond to differences in (short‐term) GDP fluctuations between origin countries and U.S. states, and perhaps to (long‐term) trend GDP differences as well. More specifically, GDP fluctuations pull less‐educated male immigrants into certain U.S. states, whereas GDP trends push less‐educated male immigrants out of their countries of origin. Effects for less‐educated women are less robust, as GDP coefficients tend to be much smaller than for men.

This study asks: 1. What are the relationships between types of living arrangements and psychological well-being for older adults? and 2. How do these relationships differ by gender? Data come from the 2010 wave of the Integrated Health Interview Series and include non-institutionalized adults age 65 and older (n=4,862). Dependent variables include self-rated quality of life and psychological distress. The study finds that older adults living alone or with others fare worse than those living with a spouse only. Yet, the outcomes of different types of living arrangements for older adults vary by gender. Women living with others are at greater risk of worse quality of life and serious psychological distress than men. Programs and policies must be responsive to the diverse needs of this population, rather than attempting a one-size-fits-all approach to housing and community-based services designed to promote older adults psychological well-being and independence.

In response to a request from the California Debt and Investment Advisory Commission, we propose several approaches to explaining municipal default, and to estimating default likelihood for bonds issued by cities. The first approach relies on logistic regression analysis of major city financial statistics and socioeconomic variables from the Great Depression the last time a large number of cities defaulted to develop a statistical model. The model is used with contemporary figures, including data available in Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports (CAFRs) that cities are required to publish, to estimate default probabilities. For this study, we gathered data from CAFRs for 260 California cities with population over 25,000. Using CAFR data from the year 2011, and our Depression-era model, we estimate the default probability for California cities, and consider how well these estimates would have predicted the two defaults that actually occurred in California in 2012. Despite the fact that the model is based on historical events from over 80 years ago, it does a fairly impressive job of predicting the two 2012 defaults. The second approach relies on detailed case study evidence for recent historical defaults in California and other states. These case studies reveal that general fund exhaustion was associated with the most recent California municipal bond defaults. Thus our second approach for predicting default relies on a simple ranking of cities based on a standardized measure of general fund balance.This second approach, though highly simplistic, does an even better job of predicting the 2012 defaults than our Great Depression-era model. We continue this line of analysis by examining the determinants of general fund balance, and identify several variables that may provide a worthwhile departure for future research into the causes of municipal stress. Finally, we discuss the possibility of a hybrid model, which is informed by both the logistic regression analysis and case study evidence, as a third approach. Overall, this study sheds new light on the determinants and predictors of municipal default. By making both our findings and the data we gathered for this study available to scholars and the general public, this research will pave the way for better understanding this important topic.

Over the last 50 years, there has been a remarkable convergence in the occupational distribution between white men, women, and blacks. We measure the macroeconomic consequences of this convergence through the prism of a Roy model of occupational choice in which women and blacks face frictions in the labor market and in the accumulation of human capital. The changing frictions implied by the observed occupational convergence account for 15 to 20 percent of growth in aggregate output per worker since 1960.

The next mayor faces several challenges in the economic development arena: a climate of fiscal austerity; the imperative to leave a legacy that distinguishes the new administration from its predecessors; and an obligation to steward continued growth while working to repair the economic distress and dislocation that still affect one in five of the city’s residents. If the next administration commits to pursuing growth and equity goals simultaneously in economic development policy, it can consolidate the achievements of the Bloomberg administration while responding to the many advocates and stakeholders who believe there is much more to be done. In short, the new mayor should move policies aimed at reducing poverty and connecting a new generation of New Yorkers to the middle class to the center of the agenda, rather than separating the quest for new sources of wealth and growth from the quest to improve the economic well-being of unemployed and low-earning residents. There are many things to learn from the current administration, and many of its economic development initiatives should and will continue. Yet the next mayor needs to look for a new play book on reconciling growth and equity by explicitly setting more evenly spread job growth, more evenly spread income growth and greater economic mobility for low wage-earners as goals. Luckily, it is not necessary for a new administration to feel around in the dark for solutions. Several cities – including Los Angeles, as outlined in a companion essay by Cecilia Estolano -- have pursued pro-growth strategies that also focus on economic mobility. Estolano’s examples and others show how embedding policies that put community partnerships into the DNA of city government and promote basic workforce linkage policies in conjunction with economic development projects can achieve both equity and growth. This paper reviews the recent history of economic development policy and suggests three “growth with equity” strategies for New York City: ∙ Replace discretionary and as-of-right subsidies to firms with investment in public infrastructure and the adoption of labor demand strategies ∙ Use available public levers to increase training, earning, and economic mobility opportunities for unemployed and low-wage workers ∙ Strengthen the City's core blue-collar employment base by bringing a deliberate equity vision to the management of the city’s physical assets, especially industrial land.

This thesis consists of two chapters. The first chapter investigates the causes of the recent slowdown in college attainment in the United States. The second chapter studies the gender wage gap by occupational complexity.

While all racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. exhibited an increase in longevity during the twentieth century, inequalities in survival remain. Hispanics have the highest life expectancy at birth in the United States, non-Hispanic blacks have the lowest, and non-Hispanic whites exhibit life expectancy between the two minority groups. An overarching objective of Healthy People 2020 is to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Yet, a similar objective based on the Healthy People 2010 campaign regarding reduction of health inequalities was clearly not met. As the population of the United States becomes increasingly diverse as a result of immigration, intermarriage, and evolving notions regarding race and ethnicity, health demographers must monitor adult survival outcomes and inequalities across racial and ethnic subpopulations.

This dissertation addresses three broad economic choices within the fi eld of labor economics and public economics: the choice of educational attainment, occupational choice, and household's residential location choice. The dissertation particularly focuses on the behaviors of immigrants and their decedents in the United States so as to understand the ethnic disparities in these economics outcomes as well as the policy implications.

Описывается классификация социальных ожиданий Р. Дарендор- фа в её экстраполяции на речевое поведение коммуникантов. В основе данной классификации лежит обя- зательность соблюдения членами общества норм и правил как на уров- не всего национального сообщества, так и на уровне отдельных социаль- ных групп. Речевые нормы также являются неоднородными по степе- ни обязательности их соблюдения носителями языка в различных со- циальных контекстах. Классифика- ция Р. Дарендорфа применительно к речевым социальным ожиданиям позволяет уточнить степень обя- зательности соблюдения речевых норм членами общества.

This chapter centers on the two key steps prior to analyzing data at the global level: ‘harmonizing’ datasets to prepare them for linkage to one another and ‘aggregation’ to create files of steadily expanded scale, up to global levels in space, time, and topic. Objectives include creating comparable units in time and place, for instance by presenting big countries (Russia and China) in terms of regional subunits. Population, the most basic of human data, must be estimated for all regions. Harmonization requires consistent documentation — through algorithms developed by CHIA staff — by source, time, space, weights and measures, and uncertainty in observations. Particular effort goes into locating datasets for data-poor regions, to ensure that their metadata are included in the overall ontology.The data processed to this level are housed at Level 3 of CHIA’S distributed archive.