A simple theoretical model is presented in which higher relative arrest rates for blacks compared to whites lead to higher relative absenteeism (including tardiness) and ultimately a lower likelihood of placement in occupations where absenteeism is more costly, such as supervisory positions. Though the data do not allow for a direct test of the model, partial correlations provide some suggestive evidence. Controlling for city fixed effects and using an occupation prestige index to proxy for occupations with more costly absenteeism, higher relative arrest rates for blacks compared to whites are associated with relatively worse occupation placement compared to whites. The model and suggestive evidence make a case for further research into the spillover effect of criminal justice outcomes and for consideration of spillover effects in the costs and benefits of enforcement mechanisms which disproportionately affect blacks.

We estimate the effect of changes in the per capita expenditures of county departments of public health on county-level general health status. Using panel data on 40 counties in California (2001-2009), dynamic panel estimation techniques are combined with the Lewbel instrumental variable technique to estimate an aggregate demand for health function that measures the causal cumulative impact that per capita public health expenditures have on county-level general health status. We find that a $10 long-term increase in per capita public health expenditures would increase the percentage of the population reporting good, very good or excellent health by 0.065 percentage points. Each year expenditures were increased would result in 24,000 individuals moving from the 'poor or fair health' category to the 'good, very good or excellent health' category across these 40 counties. In terms of the overall impact of county public health departments on general health status, at current funding levels, each annual expenditure cycle results in over 207,000 individuals being in the 'good, very good or excellent' categories of health status rather than the 'poor or fair' categories.

Rates of prematurity (PTB) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) were compared between US-born and foreign-born non-Hispanic black women. Comparisons were also made between Sub-Saharan African-born and Caribbean-born black women and by maternal country of birth within the two regions. Comparisons were adjusted for sociodemographic, health behavioral and medical risk factors available on the birth record. Birth record data (2008) from all states (n = 27) where mothers country of birth was recorded were used. These data comprised 58 % of all singleton births to non-Hispanic black women in that year. Pearson Chi square and logistic regression were used to investigate variation in the rates of PTB and SGA by maternal nativity. Foreign-born non-Hispanic black women had significantly lower rates of PTB (OR 0.727; CI 0. 726, 0.727) and SGA (OR 0.742; CI 0.7390.745) compared to US-born non-Hispanic black women in a fully adjusted model. Sub-Saharan African-born black women compared to Caribbean-born black women had significantly lower rates of PTB and SGA. Within each region, the rates of PTB and SGA varied by mothers country of birth. These differences could not be explained by adjustment for known risk factors obtained from vital records. Considerable heterogeneity in rates of PTB and SGA among non-Hispanic black women in the US by maternal nativity was documented and remained unexplained after adjustment for known risk factors.

We estimate the self-selection of Mexican migrants into and out of the United States in the 1920s. Officials recorded migrant height on border crossing manifests, which we use to proxy migrant quality and to measure self-selection into migration in 1920. Migrants were positively selected on height compared to the Mexican population. We link these migrants to the 1930 U.S. and Mexican censuses to obtain samples of permanent and return migrants and to estimate the selection into return migration. Return migrants were not differentially self-selected on height relative to permanent migrants.

Privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) is one of the hot issues in the field of the network security. The existing PPDP technique cannot deal with generality attacks, which explicitly contain the sensitivity attack and the similarity attack. This paper proposes a novel model, (w, γ, k)-anonymity, to avoid generality attacks on both cases of numeric and categorical attributes. We show that the optimal (w, γ, k)-anonymity problem is NP-hard and conduct the Top-down Local recoding (TDL) algorithm to implement the model. Our experiments validate the improvement of our model with real data.

Each census for decades has seen the American Indian and Alaska Native population increase substantially more than expected. Changes in racial reporting seem to play an important role in the observed net increases, though research has been hampered by data limitations. We address previously unanswerable questions about race response change among American Indian and Alaska Natives (hereafter "American Indians") using uniquely-suited (but not nationally representative) linked data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses (N = 3.1 million) and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey (N = 188,131). To what extent do people change responses to include or exclude American Indian? How are people who change responses similar to or different from those who do not? How are people who join a group similar to or different from those who leave it? We find considerable race response change by people in our data, especially by multiple-race and/or Hispanic American Indians. This turnover is hidden in cross-sectional comparisons because people joining the group are similar in number and characteristics to those who leave the group. People in our data who changed their race response to add or drop American Indian differ from those who kept the same race response in 2000 and 2010 and from those who moved between a single-race and multiple-race American Indian response. Those who consistently reported American Indian (including those who added or dropped another race response) were relatively likely to report a tribe, live in an American Indian area, report American Indian ancestry, and live in the West. There are significant differences between those who joined and those who left a specific American Indian response group, but poor model fit indicates general similarity between joiners and leavers. Response changes should be considered when conceptualizing and operationalizing "the American Indian and Alaska Native population."

Research has documented that immigrants have moved in large numbers to almost every metropolitan area and select rural areas in the US. In the midst of these demographic shifts, the country has experienced a profound recession. To date, there has been little research on the impact of the recession on immigrants across the US. Using 2006 and 2009 American Community Survey microdata, the paper assesses how the recent economic crisis has affected Latino and Asian immigrants with respect to two housing outcomes (homeownership and headship) over two important time points in the recent economic cycle. Immigrants have worse housing outcomes and significantly lower mobility rates after the recession. Regression results suggest that the negativeimpacts from the recession are strongest in the gateway metropolitan areas and that, after controlling for residence in the hardest-hit areas, increases in metropolitan-level unemployment and mortgage delinquency rates have a negative impact on homeownership rates. The results also suggest that, even though the recession has disrupted immigrants upward trajectory in the housing markets, the effect has not been as severe on immigrants as one might expect. In particular, the places where immigrantpopulations are newest have not experienced as large a reduction in homeownership as those in the large immigrant gateways. Even in the established gateways, the declinein homeownership has been smaller for immigrants than for US-born households.

The well-being of women is integral to the economic vitality and overall health of Utah. Nearly one million women live in the state; when they thrive, so do their families and communities. Initiatives in Utah to strengthen women's overall well-being must address complex realities. On the one hand, Utah's women have made significant progress in recent decades. They are active in the workforce, make important economic contributions to their families and communities, have experienced a narrowing of the gender wage gap, and are more likely to have a college degree than two decades ago. On the other hand, Utah's women face persistent challenges. They continue to earn less than men-even when their educational levels are higher. They are also more likely than men to be poor and to experience intimate partner violence. In addition, women in Utah, as in the United States overall, are underrepresented in political leadership and face racial and ethnic disparities. 1 These challenges must be addressed for the state as a whole to thrive. This briefing paper provides an overview of how women in Utah fare in key dimensions of their lives: earnings, education, and economic security; physical and emotional health and safety; and political leadership and participation. While it lies beyond the scope of the paper to address other key aspects of women's overall well-being-such as faith and spirituality, family and friendships, civic and community involvement, and sports and fitness-the data provided here identify important areas of progress and challenges for Utah women and suggest policy directions that would benefit the state as a whole. Utah Women and Work: Strong Labor Force Participation, Large Gender Wage Gap Women have made great strides in Utah's workforce in recent decades. Although women's labor force participation rate did not increase between 1995 (when it was 61.2 percent; IWPR 1998) and 2012 (when it was 61.6 percent; Appendix Table A), the population and workforce of Utah have become more educated and more likely to work in professional and managerial occupations (IWPR 1998; Appendix Table A). On the whole, women's labor force participation in Utah is relatively strong: Utah ranks 17 th in the nation for its female labor force participation rate and has a higher share of women in the workforce than the nation overall (58.8 percent). Like the nation as a whole, however, women's labor force participation rate in Utah is much lower than men's (76.1 percent; Appendix Table A). In Utah, as in all states in the nation, women who work full-time, year-round earn less than men. In 2012, median annual earnings for Utah women were $33,100 compared with $48,000 for men (Appendix Table A). Among the largest racial and ethnic groups, earnings vary considerably. Non-Hispanic white women and men in 2009-2011 had the highest median earnings ($32,525 for women and $48,787 for men), followed by non-Hispanic minority women and men ($28,298 for women and $34,105 for men). Hispanic women and men had the lowest median earnings ($23,276 and $29,000; Appendix Table B and IWPR 2014a).

É desenvolvido e explicado um novo método para a interpolação de estruturas etárias detalhadas de fecundidade, a partir de dados agrupados por idade. O método permite a estimativa das taxas específicas de fecundidade para qualquer idade detalhada, desde as diferentes faixas etárias padrão até qualquer agrupamento não usualmente utilizado. O novo método, chamado de estimador spline calibrado (CS), expande as taxas de fecundidade agrupadas por idade encontrando uma curva suavizada, por minimização dos erros quadrados penalizados. A penalidade é baseada tanto no ajuste aos dados dos grupos etários disponíveis, quanto na semelhança dos padrões das estruturas etárias 1fx observadas no Banco Human Fertility Database (HFD) e no US Census International Database (IDB). O estimador CS foi comparado a um bom método alternativo que requer mais computação: interpolação de Beers. Os resultados mostram que o CS replica as conhecidas estruturas etárias de fecundidade, 1fx, a partir das 5fx melhoradas, sendo que as estruturas etárias da fecundidade interpoladas apresentam-se também mais suavizadas. A conclusão é que o CS constitui um método facilmente calculado, flexível e preciso para a interpolação de estruturas de fecundidade detalhadas a partir de dados agrupados. Os usuários podem calcular estruturas específicas de fecundidade detalhadas diretamente por meio dos dados observados, usando apenas aritmética elementar.

This thesis investigates the role of human capital in understanding recent developments in the U.S. labor market. Chapter 1 provides novel empirical evidence suggesting that an increasing importance of on-the-job human capital accumulation is behind the declining dynamism in job turnover. The quantitative results of a theoretical model show that the proposed explanation can account for almost one-third of the decline in job turnover. Chapter 2 shows that population aging and rising educational attainment are two crucial factors behind the downward trend in unemployment flows since mid-1970s. A theoretical model where older and more educated workers posses more job-specific human capital can account for the observed trends. Chapter 3 finds that more educated individuals experience lower and less volatile unemployment due to a lower hazard rate of losing a job. A theoretical model with initial on-the-job training illustrates that accumulation of match-specific human capital can explain this empirical pattern.

By allowing for an extensive margin in the standard quantity-quality model, we generate new insights into fertility transitions. We test the model on Southern black women affected by a large-scale school construction program. Consistent with our model, women facing improved schooling opportunities for their children were more likely to have at least one child but chose to have smaller families overall. By contrast, women who themselves obtained more schooling due to the program delayed childbearing along both the extensive and intensive margins and entered higher quality occupations, consistent with education raising opportunity costs of child rearing.

Over the period 19902010, the increase in life expectancy for males in New York City was 6.0 years greater than for males in the United States. The female relative gain was 3.9 years. Male relative gains were larger because of extremely rapid reductions in mortality from HIV/AIDS and homicide, declines that reflect effective municipal policies and programs. Declines in drug- and alcohol-related deaths also played a significant role in New York Citys advance, but every major cause of death contributed to its relative improvement. By 2010, New York City had a life expectancy that was 1.9 years greater than that of the US. This difference is attributable to the high representation of immigrants in New Yorks population. Immigrants to New York City, and to the United States, have life expectancies that are among the highest in the world. The fact that 38 percent of New Yorks population consists of immigrants, compared to only 14 percent in the United States, accounts for New Yorks exceptional standing in life expectancy in 2010. In fact, US-born New Yorkers have a life expectancy below that of the United States itself.

Management of uncertain and imprecise data has long been recognized as an important direction of research in data bases. With the tremendous growth of information stored and shared over the Internet, and the introduction of new technologies able to capture and transmit information, it has become increasingly important for Data Base Management Systems to be able to handle uncertain and probabilistic data. As a consequence, there has lately been significant efforts by the database research community to develop new systems able to deal with uncertainty, either by annotating values with probabilistic measures or defining new structures capable of capturing missing information

This paper studies the effect of graduating from college on lifetime earnings. We develop a quantitative model of college choice with uncertain graduation. Departing from much of the literature, we model in detail how students progress through college. This allows us to parameterize the model using transcript data. College transcripts reveal substantial and persistent heterogeneity in students credit accumulation rates that are strongly related to graduation outcomes. From this data, the model infers a large ability gap between college graduates and high school graduates that accounts for 54% of the college lifetime earnings premium.

The article considers the history of the construction of express highways in San Francisco, California. A 1955 map is offered indicating highways whose construction was proposed but never undertaken due to political opposition in the 1950 and 1960s from neighborhoods in which they were to be located. It is noted that neighborhoods which were successful in preventing highway construction were middle and upper class neighborhoods.

Concentrated poverty in highly segregated neighborhoods within U.S. metropolitan areas is a long debated academic issue. Studied in isolation, the usual statistical indicators may fail to locate accurately the most distressed neighborhoods and assess the exact relationship between places, race and poverty. This paper investigates the persistent linkage between the poverty rate at the neighborhood level and the spatial distribution of African-American and Hispanic communities by using spatially autoregressive correlation analysis and bivariate local spatial statistics. Empirical analysis of geospatial data of 153 metropolitan areas of the U.S. South in 1970 and 2010 suggests that spatial dependence is a major explanatory factor of the linkage between segregation and poverty. By using data sets aggregated by census tracts at two periods, 1970 and 2010, this study confirms the persistent relevance of this issue, despite significant progress toward better integration of minorities in the American society.

We suggest that the impact of globalization on wages has been missed because its effects must be captured by analyzing occupational exposure to globalization. In this paper, we extend our previous work to include recent years (2003-2008), a period of increasing import penetration, China's entry into the WTO, and growing US multinational employment abroad. We find significant effects of globalization, with offshoring to low wage countries and imports both associated with wage declines for US workers. We present evidence that globalization has led to the reallocation of workers away from high wage manufacturing jobs into other sectors and other occupations, with large declines in wages among workers who switch, explaining the large differences between industry and occupational analyses. While other research has focused primarily on China's trade, we find that both imports and offshoring to China have led to wage declines among US workers. However, the role of trade is quantitatively much more important. We also explore the impact of trade and offshoring on labor force participation rates. While offshoring to China has a negative impact on US labor force participation, other factors such as increasing computer use and substitution of capital for labor are significantly more important determinants of US employment rates across occupations.

Skilled workers have a rising tendency to emigrate from developing countries, raising fears that their departure harms the poor. To mitigate such harm, researchers have proposed a variety of policies designed to tax or restrict high-skill migration. Those policies have been justified as Pigovian regulations to raise efficiency by internalizing externalities, and as non-Pigovian regulations grounded in equity or ethics. This paper challenges both sets of justifications, arguing that Pigovian regulations on skilled emigration are inefficient and non-Pigovian regulations are inequitable and unethical. It concludes by discussing a different class of policy intervention that, in contrast, has the potential to raise welfare.

This dissertation consists of three essays that explore the relationship between the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program and the economic integration process of Iraqi refugees and immigrants in the United States. I utilize a mixed-method approach to explore the labor force activity and resettlement experiences of Iraqi refugees and immigrants. In the first paper, I explore the relationship between refugees and resettlement service providers using data obtained from interviews with service providers and multi-site participant observation at two resettlement agencies. The results indicate that ethnicity and gender have a critical influence in shaping the provision and utilization of resettlement services. In the second paper, I analyze the responses from face-to-face interviews I conducted with recently-arrived Iraqi refugees to identify the primary obstacles to socio-economic mobility they encountered during their initial resettlement in the United States. My findings suggest that the intersections of ethnicity, class, and gender interact to influence the labor force experiences of Iraqi refugees by informing job preferences and employability in the local labor market. The roles of ethnic-based social networks and institutional policies, as key components of the mode of reception, shape the refugees' decision-making processes related to housing, education, and employment. In the third paper, I use data from a pooled sample of the 2005-2012 American Community Surveys to examine the determinants of socio-economic status of Iraqis by gender and ethnicity, and to explore their variation in labor market activity by U.S. metropolitan level Iraqi immigrant population composition. The implications from the results are that the type of employment and earnings of Iraqi immigrants and refugees are significantly affected according to the degree of Iraqi residential composition. The empirical results indicate that this effect of Iraqis on socio-economic status varies by ethnicity and gender. These essays contribute to the field of sociology by adding to our understanding of how the involvement of the government and intermediary agents in the refugee resettlement process shapes the refugee's socio-economic trajectory, by contributing to the knowledge base of Iraqi socio-economic status in the U.S. within the field of migration studies, and by identifying the dynamic interactions between nationality, ethnicity, class, and gender in the labor market.