We have built new datasets of linked census records for the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to document black-white differences in intergenerational economic mobility. Whether viewed from an occupational or income-based perspective, southern whites were much more likely than blacks, conditional on fathers status, to be upwardly mobile and less likely to be downwardly mobile. Children from poor white households often ascended into the American middle class, whereas children from poor black families rarely did. This work is preliminary and additional data collection is ongoing.

It is the thesis of this chapter that the task of absorbing new immigrants to America is not simply the process of providing the resources for establishing home and employment and education but also the transformation of the values, norms, and worldview of the immigrants. Success is measured in part depending on the success of transmitting those values. While any immigrant to a new land might be expected to adopt the language and culture of their new homeland, many Americans assume that this is a 'natural' process in that they are now 'free' to behave as natural men and women. Therefore, difficulties in the process of acculturation are seen as entirely the problem of the immigrant, and sometimes seen as a fault. This creates what may be an insurmountable problem for those who migrate in old age and may never become 'American.'

This paper reexamines the first viable and a still leading explanation for mid-twentieth century baby booms: Richard Easterlin's relative income hypothesis. He suggested that when incomes are higher than material aspirations (formed in childhood), birth rates would rise. This paper uses microeconomic data to formulate a measure of an individual's relative income. The use of microeconomic data allows the researcher to control for both state fixed effects and cohort fixed effects, both have been absent in previous examinations of Easterlin's hypothesis. The results of the empirical analysis are consistent with Easterlin's assertion that relative income influenced fertility decisions, although the effect operates only through childhood income. When the estimated effects are contextualized, they explain 12% of the U.S. baby boom.

This paper finds that a static labor demand model restricted with theoretical requirements yields empirically coherent wage elasticities of labor demand when the recent Census data are used. A Bayesian approach is used for more straightforward imposition of regularity conditions. The Bayesian model confirms elastic labor demand for youth workers, which is consistent with what past studies find. Comparison with other conventional methods suggests that monotonicity and concavity must be checked and addressed particularly in the case where one or more factor shares are so small that monotonicity is likely to be violated. Additionally, to explore the effects of changes in age structure on a regional economy, we integrate the estimated age-group-specific labor demand model into a regional input-output model. The new model suggests that ceteris paribus aging population attributes to lowering aggregate economic multipliers due to the rapidly growing number of elderly workers who earn less than younger workers.

This study investigates the relationships between neighbourhood change and spatial transformation in the North Carolina Piedmont region between 1980 and 2010. The dominant patterns of neighbourhood change, on the one hand, conform to some classical models of metropolitan structure, and, on the other hand, provide new insights on what has been ignored by those models. Trajectories of neighbourhood change reflect both persistent segregation and increasing diversification. A detailed analysis of trajectories of neighbourhood change points to interesting patterns in both central-city and suburban ecological succession and transformation.

The objective of this study is to examine the effect that state-level and county-level economic variables have on U.S. Navy recruiting. To achieve this goal, I conducted state-level and county-level fixed effects models that examined the effects of state and county unemployment rates, as well as state employment-to-population ratios on Navy recruiting applicant rates, accession rates, high-quality applicant rates, and high-quality accession rates over the years from 1991 to 2013. Through the state-level and county-level fixed effects model estimation, it is determined that state unemployment rates, state employment-to-population ratios, and county unemployment rates all have a statistically significant effect on Navy recruiting, and that they all predict Navy recruiting equally well.

This thesis offers new empirical insights on women’s empowerment in colonial and present-day in Uganda. This thesis is organised into two parts. The first part,offers a noval perspective on the long-term development of African male and female human capital formation, skills, labour market participation, intergenerational social mobility, and marriage patterns over the long 20th century, using unique individual-level data from hitherto unexplored Anglican marriage registers. In the second part, a large-scale field survey in Western Uganda highlights the challenges smallholder women face in present-day rural Uganda and investigates the determinants for women’s participation in co-operatives and the potential of collective action to improve female smallholders’ relative social and economic position.To achieve this, the thesis focuses on an in-depth case-study of a single African country, Uganda. this thesis sheds new light on four important questions: 1) How did gender equality develop in the long-run, notably since the beginning of the colonial era to the present-day? 2) How did historical shocks, such as the advent of Christian mission education and the parallel emergence of a colonial cash economy shape intergenerational social mobility and gender inequalities on the household-level over the longue durée? 3) What role can producer and microfinance co-operatives play in empowering female smallholders within their households in present-day rural Uganda? and 4) What determines women’s ability to join and actively participate in collective action?

Non-independent reasoning (NIR) refers to learning the information of one record from other records, under the assumption that these records share the same underlying distribution. Accurate NIR could disclose private information of an individual. An important assumption made by differential privacy is that NIR is considered to be non-violation of privacy. In this work, we investigate the extent to which private information of an individual may be disclosed through NIR by query answers that satisfy differential privacy. We first define what a disclosure means under NIR by randomized query answers. We then present a formal analysis on such disclosures by differentially private query answers. Our analysis on real life datasets demonstrates that while disclosures of NIR can be eliminated by adopting a more restricted setting of differential privacy, such settings adversely affects the utility of query answers for data analysis, and this conflict cannot be easily solved because both disclosures and utility depend on the accuracy of noisy query answers. This study suggests that under the assumption that the disclosure through NIR is a privacy concern, differential privacy is not suitable because it does not provide both privacy and utility.

Legislators and advocates claim that pay secrecy perpetuates the gender wage gap and that the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) should be amended to outlaw these practices. Using a difference-in-differences fixed-effects human-capital wage regression, I find that women with higher education levels who live in states that have outlawed pay secrecy have higher earnings, and that the wage gap is consequently reduced. State bans on pay secrecy and federal legislation to amend the FLSA to allow workers to share information about their wages may improve the gender wage gap, especially among women with college or graduate degrees.

En este artículo se investiga la relación entre la actitud positiva y el tiempo vivido de manera sana y feliz durante todo el ciclo de vida en el Brasil y México. La medición empírica de la actitud multidimensional se basa en tres niveles de percepción: la autopercepción, las relaciones con las redes sociales y el entorno que rodea a la persona. Esta medición se utiliza para evaluar las diferencias en la esperanza de vida sana (EVS) y la esperanza de vida feliz (EVF) a lo largo del ciclo . . .

The aim of this article is twofold: (1) to descriptively explore the evolution of occupational segregation of women and men of different racial/ethnic groups in the United States during 1940–2010, and (2) to assess the consequences of segregation for each group. For that purpose, in this article, we propose a simple index that measures the monetary loss or gain of a group derived from its overrepresentation in some occupations and underrepresentation in others. This index has a clear economic interpretation. It represents the per capita advantage (if the index is positive) or disadvantage (if the index is negative) of the group, derived from its segregation, as a proportion of the average wage of the economy. Our index is a helpful tool not only for academics but also for institutions concerned with inequalities among demographic groups because it makes it possible to rank them according to their segregational nature.

This essay proposes a new methodological approach to the study of wage differences. All existing approaches to the phenomenon of wage differences have failed so far to empirically address the shape of the wage distribution. The proposed new approach effectively addresses the shape of the wage distribution and its change over time, combining visual and numerical representations of the empirical distribution of median-normalized hourly wages. Applied to the group of full-time wage earners in the United States in the 1990s, the new method produces new empirical results that challenge the dominant view on the evolution of wage differences. In particular, the new results refute the notion that the distribution of wages has “polarized” in the 1990s, revealing, instead, a more complex pattern characterized by the expansion at and below the median hourly wage, the contraction of the upper-middle, and a disproportionate increase, or “protrusion,” at the very top, which in magnitude stands, however, well below the expansion observed in the bottom half. An extension of the analysis to the 1980s yields a pattern for the whole period than can be considered an empirical discovery, since it reveals an empirical phenomenon that has previously not been observed empirically or discussed theoretically. More specifically, the combination of the 1980s and 1990s patterns reveal an oscillation of employment change in the bottom half, the accumulating contraction of the upper-middle and the gradual separation of the expanding top.

We investigate the migration response to state and local variation in minimum wages in the United States. We find that a one dollar difference between two areas real minimum wage is associated with 3.1% more migration of low-skilled workers towards the location with the lower minimum wage. The minimum wage does not influence the migration decisions of high-skilled workers.

We summarize the history of the Cuban economic enclave of Miami, from its origins to the present. The uniqueness of the story lies not only in the emergence of this phenomenon and its early consequences but also in its bifurcation following the episode of the March boatlift of 1980. We examine the reasons for the split between the earlier waves of Cuban exiles arriving in the 1960s and 1970s and subsequent refugees. On the basis of census data, we are able to document the economic evolution of the Cuban and Cuban American population of the Miami metropolitan area, the signifi cant divide in economic returns in favor of entrepreneurs, and the wide gap in personal and family incomes between pre-1980 Cubans and their children and those coming after that date. Reasons why Mariel and post-Mariel Cubans have done much more poorly both as entrepreneurs and as workers in the Miami labor market are examined. Implications for the educational attainment and social adaptation of their US-born children, the second generation, are documented on the basis of data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS).

Intelligence is predictive of a variety of life outcomes. Using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Fifth Edition, this research explores the cultural, home environment, and socioeconomic conditions that impact the development of a childs cognitive abilities.

Our Commonwealth does best when everyone has the ability to reach their full potential and contribute to our society and economy. For our state to prosper, we all need jobs with decent pay, good public schools, safe and affordable housing, healthy places to live, and reliable transportation among other essentials. Yet these essentials are often not available to many people, particularly those who live in low-income communities and communities of color. This reduces their opportunities to thrive. Massachusetts, one of the wealthiest states in the nation, has the ability to build an economy in which everyone can participate fully. Our Commonwealth has taken some important steps to improve people’s lives. Because of public investments, Massachusetts’ students are at or close to the top in most academic measures. A greater percentage of people in the Commonwealth have health insurance than anywhere else in the U.S. The Commonwealth increased the minimum wage and boosted the state’s contribution to the Earned Income Tax Credit to increase after-tax incomes for low-wage workers. Most workers in Massachusetts also have access to earned paid sick time so they can care for themselves or their families without the risk of losing income or their jobs. But there is much more we can do to make sure that everyone in Massachusetts regardless of their race, ethnicity, or neighborhood, has . . .

Owing to their colonial history and their historic integration with global markets, Indians have been migrating across the world for centuries. Today twenty million Indians live outside India (GOI 2000). They span the spectrum of class, profession, and history—ranging from construction workers in the Middle East and taxi drivers in New Jersey to bank managers in Latin America and information technology (IT) entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley. Given the magnitude and diversity of the Indian diaspora, it is surprising how litt le we know about their activities and their impact on the country of origin. This chapter, based on the Comparative Immigrant Organizations Project (CIOP), examines how Indian immigrants in the United States have infl uenced development in India. Development is defi ned broadly to include policies and practices that aim to improve well-being in the socioeconomic and political realms. Surveys have shown that nearly 95 percent of overseas Indians send money to their families or close friends to support education, health, or other personal concerns in the homeland (Sampradaan . . .

In the paper, it is shown that the task of providing group anonymity can be treated as a generalized minimum cost flow problem, where fuzzy restrictions are imposed on the network architecture. To solve this task, a novel information technology is proposed. Results of applying this technology are illustrated with a real data based example.

This article addresses the policy debate over college for all versus college for some in the United States and analyzes the relationship between some college (as a formal education attainment category) and earnings. Our evidence confirmsusing data from the American Community Survey (ACS), the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID), and the Survey on Income and Program Participation (SIPP)that more (postsecondary) education, on average, is associated with higher median earnings. However, there is emerging evidence that a proportion of workers who have attained lower levels of education (i.e., some college) earn more than those who have attained higher levels of education (bachelor's degree). We focus particular attention on the subset of Americans who fall into the U.S. Census official category entitled some college. This is a heterogeneous group who have alternate educational credentials but who have not acquired a formal associate or bachelor's degree. Instead of an unequivocal focus on college for all or even community college for all, we argue that educators and policymakers should consider some college as a viable pathway to future labor market success. In sum, we conclude that some types of some college could lead to a reduction in earnings inequality.