Both entrepreneurs and investors must recognize the importance of understanding and implementing entrepreneurial processes for their mutual benefit. In reality, both the entrepreneur and the investor live the entrepreneurial process, for better or worse. Indeed, this practice book is an outgrowth of The Theory of Entrepreneurship: Creating and Sustaining Entrepreneurial Value by Mishra and Zachary, which presents a unified two-stage entrepreneurial process; namely, Entrepreneurial Value Creation Theory. With its core creation, Entrepreneurial Value Creation Theory delineates and links the stages and processes of it first venture formulation stage and followed by the venture monetization stage.

This thesis evaluates the impact of assortative mating over two very closely linked variables: female labor supply and family income inequality. To attain this objec- tive, three methods are used, those of Cancian and Reed (1999), Bredemeier and Juessen (2013) and Greenwood et al. (2014) in order to decompose the effect of a greater selectivity in couple formation over working hours by women or family income inequality measured with the Gini index and the coefficient of variation of total family income. In all three cases cases it is found that assortative mating plays a minor role in the determination of variations in both variables, because these can be attributed to other factors (lower fertility, reductions in the wage gap and others). Moreover, I show that variations in sorting are minimal in the period used, regardless of the indicator used.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the US labour market experiences a remarkable polarization along with fast technological catch-up, as Europe and Japan drastically improve their global innovation performance. Is foreign technological convergence an important source of employment and wage polarization? To answer these questions, we set up a Schumpeterian growth model with two asymmetric countries, heterogeneous workers, endogenous skill formation and occupational choice. A calibrated version of the model shows that foreign technological catching-up accounts for a non-negligible part of polarization in the US. Moreover, the model delivers predictions on the US wealth to income ratio consistent with empirical evidence.

This dissertation contains four essays on unemployment differences between skill groups, on the effect of non-employment on wages and measurement error, and on subjective expectations of Americans about mortality and the stock market.

While living alone has risen to historic highs in the United States, the prevalence of living with roommates, boarders and other nonrelatives has fallen. This historic transformation in living arrangements reflects a growing prevalence across the 20th century for adults, notably the young and unmarried, to live apart from family members and outside of boarding houses. Thus, the rise of living alone is directly linked with the decline of roommates and boarders in the United States. To explore this relationship, we use Integrated Public Use Microdata Samples (IPUMS) of decennial census data for 18502000 (Ruggles et al. 2010), and 2010 Census data. We use multinomial logistic regression to examine the changing risks of living alone, with relatives, or with nonrelatives only since 1850.

This paper considers the effects of small and mid-size commercial airports on their local economies over the post World War II period, specifically 1950-2010. To estimate these effects, I use a detailed, novel dataset of Census Based Statistical Area (CBSA) level employment outcomes, geographic, transportation, and city characteristics, along with previously unexploited historical aviation data. Using an instrumental variables approach with three instruments – the locations of collection points on the Air Mail system of 1938, a network of Federally constructed emergency air fields in the early years of aviation, and a 1922 plan of airways for national defense, as well as two alternative estimators – one-to-one Mahalanobis distance matching with caliper and pooled synthetic controls – I show that airports have had substantial effects on CBSA population and employment over time. Specifically, I find that relative to non-airport cities, the presence of an airport in a CBSA has caused population growth ranging between 14.6 percent and 29 percent, total employment growth of between 17.4 percent and 36.6 percent, tradable industry employment growth of between 26.6 percent and 42.6 percent, and non-tradable industry employment growth of between a non-statistically significant 2.7 percent and 16.1 percent. These effects vary by region, city size, and traffic levels. Most of these growth effects occurred over two periods: first, at the beginning of the post-war period, 1950-1960, and then, during the formative years of the jet age, 1970-1980, after which the effects of aviation remained constant. The larger effect on tradable industry employment implies that the overall employment and population effects may result from direct effects on tradable sector industry productivity, perhaps by facilitating information flows. Effects vary by initial city size and region, and are generally robust to the choice of instruments and/or estimator.

This book is the first social history of the census from its origins to the present and has become the standard history of the population census in the United States. The second edition has been updated to trace census developments since 1980, including the undercount controversies, the arrival of the American Community Survey, and innovations of the digital age. Margo J. Andersons scholarly text effectively bridges the fields of history and public policy, demonstrating how the census both reflects the countrys extraordinary demographic character and constitutes an influential tool for policy making. Her book is essential reading for all those who use census data, historical or current, in their studies or work.

In this paper, we propose a new spatial framework to model excess commuting of workers and we show empirical differences between the self-employed and employees in the US. In a theoretical framework where self-employed workers minimize their commuting time, employees do not minimize their commuting time because they lack full information, and thus the difference between the time devoted to commuting by self-employed workers and employees is modeled as wasteful commuting (i.e., excess commuting). We first formulate a microeconomic framework for commuting by modeling the location of individuals in urban cores surrounded by rings. Using the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003-2013, our empirical results show that employees spend twelve more minutes per day, or forty percent of the average commuting time, compared to their self-employed counterparts. This is consistent with our diana model, in that location is an important factor.

Overeducation and underemployment are of increasing national concern. Recent research estimates that 48% of workers are overeducated for their positions. The wage penalty for overeducation varies significantly across majors by gender. Using the American Community Survey (Ruggles et al., 2010), the authors examine the extent of overeducation among business-related majors. This article contributes to the literature with detailed results of the wage penalties by gender for each of the 13 business-related majors, controlling for occupational and industry classifications. Overall, this authors find the penalty for overeducation among most business-related majors to vary from 4% to 14%. Overeducated women in business-related majors, however, appear to suffer lower wage penalties compared to other majors.

The growing precariousness of the working class and the declining significance of unions has given rise to precarious politics: non-union struggles by insecurely employed and low-income groups. Under what conditions do unions incorporate these struggles as part of a broader labor movement? This article examines how unions responded to two particularly visible examples of precarious politics in the late 1990s and early 2000s: the struggles of low-wage noncitizen workers and communities in California, USA; and the struggles of poor citizen communities with high unemployment in Gauteng, South Africa. Contrary to what the legacy of unionism in each context would predict, unions became fused with precarious politics in California but were separated from them in Gauteng. This surprising divergence stemmed from the reconfiguration of unions in each place, most notably due to steady union decline in California and democratization in Gauteng. Whereas unions in California understood noncitizen workers as central to their own revitalization, the close relationship between unions and the state in Gauteng created distance from community struggles. Both cases underscore the importance of workers citizenship status and the role of the state for understanding how unions relate to precarious politics.

Studies of the effect of immigration on homicide in U.S. cities have reported mostly null or negative results. These studies suffer from a failure to weight by population size and the lack of a credible identification strategy. Using data from the Census and the Uniform Crime Reports, 146 U.S. cities in the year 2000 are analyzed using weighted instrumental variables (IV) regressions to overcome these limitations. Estimates are insignificant, and none suggest a substantial negative effect of immigration on homicide, a finding that is replicated with 1990 data. Model comparisons indicate that conventional specifications exaggerate the beneficial effect of immigration somewhat.

We study the problem of privacy preservation in sequential releases of databases. In that scenario, several releases of the same table are published over a period of time, where each release contains a different set of the table attributes, as dictated by the purposes of the release. The goal is to protect the private information from adversaries who examine the entire sequential release. That scenario was studied in [32] and was further investigated in [28]. We revisit their privacy definitions, and suggest a significantly stronger adversarial assumption and privacy definition. We then present a sequential anonymization algorithm that achieves -diversity. The algorithm exploits the fact that different releases may include different attributes in order to reduce the information loss that the anonymization entails. Unlike the previous algorithms, ours is perfectly scalable as the runtime to compute the anonymization of each release is independent of the number of previous releases. In addition, we consider here the fully dynamic setting in which the different releases differ in the set of attributes as well as in the set of tuples. The advantages of our approach are demonstrated by extensive experimentation.

The relationship between school resources and students labor market outcomes has been a topic of debate among economists for the last half-century. The relatively recent public release of the 1940 US Census, the first to ask questions regarding income, allows for a closer examination of this relationship. I link children residing in Georgia in 1910 to their responses as adults to the 1940 census and to county-level school revenues collected from the reports of the Georgia Department of Education. Georgia is attractive as a case study since the State School Fund allocation rules provide a plausibly exogenous source of variation in school district revenues. A preliminary analysis, using a sample of three to seven year olds in 1910, suggests that a one standard deviation increase in school revenues received from the state per school-age child during the first three years of schooling reduced weekly wage earnings in 1940 by 1.85 percent for whites.

Objective To assess how many uninsured children are eligible for coverage through Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) but not participating and examine the reasons low-income uninsured children are unenrolled. Methods Medicaid/CHIP eligibility and participation are estimated for a sample of over 1.4 million children in the 2008 and 2012 American Community Survey. Medicaid/CHIP experience and enrollment barriers are examined for 2300 uninsured children in families with incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level in the 20112012 National Survey of Children's Health. Results Despite increases in the number eligible for Medicaid or CHIP between 2008 and 2012, participation rose nationwide by 6 percentage points; by 2012, 21 states and the District of Columbia had participation rates for children of 90% or higher. The number of eligible but uninsured declined from 4.9 to 3.7 million, but 68% of uninsured children in 2012 qualified for Medicaid or CHIP. Interest in enrolling uninsured children in Medicaid or CHIP is high (more than 90% of parents say they would enroll their child), but despite the high rates of prior enrollment, many families had knowledge gaps and perceived difficulties with enrollment. Conclusions Addressing enrollment/retention barriers and raising Medicaid/CHIP participation in low-performing states hold promise for reducing the number of eligible but uninsured children given the diverse set of states with high participation and the high expressed interest in enrolling children.

Purpose Epidemiologists often seek a representative sample of particular persons from geographically bounded areas. However, it has become increasingly difficult to identify a sample frame that truly represents the underlying target population. We assessed the degree to which a clinic-based sample represents a target community. Methods Our sample frame is from a large healthcare provider from the Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area. We used US Census data to examine the socio-demographic and geospatial distribution of the sampling frame and among those who did and did not respond. Results Our studys overall response rate was 57%. The most impoverished areas of the target population were underrepresented in our sample frame, but this under-representation was similar for both respondents and non-respondents. In addition, our sampled population was slightly older compared to the target population. Using ecological level census derived markers of socio-demographic characteristics, members of the sample frame were similar to that of the target population except for being somewhat more highly educated. However, the distributions of available individual level data such as race and education were different between respondents and the target population. Conclusions Although the use of health care administrative records for identifying a sampling frame that represents a target population has limitations, our findings suggest that this method had strengths. More comparisons of methods for identifying and recruiting target populations are needed.

Veterans struggle to enter the civilian labor market following military service. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks, over 3.2 million Americans have served in the military. Upon returning home, these veterans are twenty percent more likely to be unemployed than nonveterans (7.2% vs 6%, respectively). This study investigates the association between military service and employment outcomes (employment status and weekly earnings) for post-9/11 veterans, a heretofore understudied group. Data was obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS) Veteran Supplement. Linear probability models and OLS regressions were utilized to compare employment outcomes between veterans and nonveterans of similar age, education and race/ethnicity (“veteran effect”). Findings suggest that the veteran effect on employment is negative while the veteran effect on earnings, given employment, is positive. This is likely because of selection bias; the most productive veterans find employment and therefore command higher wages. Veteran effects differ . . .

In The Feminine Mystique (1963), Betty Friedan highlighted the anomie experienced by women whose sole focus was their husbands, children and homes. She also presented a solution to this ‘problem that has no name’, arguing that women’s lives could be more fulfilling if they combined marriage and motherhood with paid employment, and more particularly with a professional occupation. Using evidence from the U.S. Census, this article demonstrates that apart from the white upper- and upper-middle-class women upon whom Friedan concentrated, rising numbers of American women from all backgrounds already undertook paid work by 1960. As well as examining long terms trends in women’s employment in the U.S., the article disaggregates the overall figures by key variables such as age, race, marital status and age of children. By doing so, it reveals that the pattern of economic activity among elite white women, the cohort Friedan focused upon, changed in the twenty years following The Feminine Mystique’s publication, coming to more closely resemble that of working-class and non-white women. Furthermore, as the century progressed, professional and white collar employment increasingly became the norm. This seemingly vanquished ‘the problem that has no name’ although not the obstacles and difficulties that continue to face all women in the labour force.

This last chapter imagines possible futures and the degree to which suffering remains a challenge. After a summary of the chapters in Part V, an illustrative conceptual model visually shows the key elements that make a major difference in the cycles of relieving and deepening suffering. Such abstraction can be an aid in both qualitative and quantitatively oriented research. Next, I list and discuss a wide variety of human rights violations, showing not only a strong relationship between global suffering and human rights violations, but how these violations might push us to devise more sophisticated measures of suffering. Research on suffering remains difficult and sometimes tedious, but it offers progress toward a knowledge base that can lead to more effective ways to understand and alleviate suffering in the future.