From a Multiethnic Empire to a Nation of Nations examines migration between the Habsburg Monarchy and the US as well as return migration to Central Europe. There have long been conflicting views of migrants who arrived in the US between the middle of the nineteenth century and the outbreak of WWI. The socio-economic, demographic, and cultural analyses presented her offer a nuanced picture of the newly arrived and their offspring. The book describes multiple ethnic and religious groups from different regions of the Imperial Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. However, it does not tell the rags-to-riches story of success. Moreover, it is not the rags-to-respectability narrative some historians have used to describe social mobility among migrants children. Our analysis shows that only with the third generation were Austro-Hungarian immigrants became to harvest the fruits of their grandparents and parents struggles for a better life. The newcomers created and upheld their own distinct public culture while integrating new, American elements into their lives. Austro-Hungarians became Americanized but they also changed America.

The gap between black and white earnings is a longstanding feature of the United States labor market. Competing explanations attribute different weight to wage discrimination and access to human capital. Using new data on local school quality, we find that human capital played a predominant role in determining 1940 wage and occupational status gaps in the South despite the effective disenfranchisement of blacks, entrenched racial discrimination in civic life, and lack of federal employment protections. The 1940 conditional black-white wage gap coincides with the higher end of the range of estimates from the post-Civil Rights era. We estimate that a truly “separate but equal” school system would have reduced wage inequality by 40 - 51 percent.

Occupational segregation and pay gaps by gender remain large while many of the constraints traditionally believed to be responsible for these gaps have weakened over time. Here, we explore the possibility that women and men have different tastes for the content of the work they do. We run regressions of job satisfaction on the share of males in an occupation. Overall, there is a strong negative relationship between female satisfaction and the share of males. This relationship is fairly stable across different specifications and contexts, and the magnitude of the association is not attenuated by personal characteristics or other occupation averages. Notably, the effect is muted for women but largely unchanged for men when we include three measures that proxy the content and context of the work in an occupation, which we label ‘people,’ ‘brains,’ and ‘brawn.’ These results suggest that women may care more about job content, and this is a possible factor preventing them from entering some male dominated professions. We continue to find a strong negative relationship between female satisfaction and the occupation level share of males in a separate analysis that includes share of males in the firm. This suggests that we are not just picking up differences in the work environment, although these seem to play an independent and important role as well.

This paper investigates the impact of the Paid Family Leave (PFL) Act of California on the timing of first births for mothers, as well as infant health outcomes. Using a Difference in Difference (DID) methodology and Vital Statistics data from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), I find that PFL of California reduces birth delay by encouraging women over 35 years old to have their first child 2 years earlier. This policy improves infant health outcomes for new mothers at delayed childbearing by reducing incidence of low birth weight (<2500 g) by 1%, premature (< 37 weeks of gestation) by 1.5%, and cesarean-born infants by 3.1%. However, this policy has no significant impact on infant health for new mothers under age 35 years who are already in normal childbearing age. Finally, I investigate the impact of the PFL of California on labor market outcomes for new mothers. Results show that this policy has encouraged a return to work with a 5% increase in the likelihood of employment after childbirth for older women. The results are robust to a wide range of controls and robustness checks.

When Franklin Roosevelt delivered his second inaugural address on January 20 1936, he thanked the “men and women of good will” who had elected him in a landslide, and issued them a challenge. “I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished,” he said. “The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.” All Americans aspire to join the middle class, but today many struggle to do so; 36 million workingage Americans find themselves stuck in Roosevelt’s impoverished “one-third.” To be sure, they are better off than in Roosevelt’s day, with new supports like the earned income tax credit, the child tax credit, housing vouchers, and Medicaid. In addition, the composition of this group has shifted from being disproportionately old to being disproportionately working-aged. The introduction and later expansion of Social Security and Medicare have greatly reduced poverty among the elderly. But among working-age adults and their children, progress has come more slowly. For whatever reason—low wages or lack of employment—these families are not achieving the American Dream. The group we analyze throughout this paper is simply the poorest one-third of all families in the U.S. with an able-bodied head between the ages of 25 and 54 (hereafter struggling families or households).1 This group is larger than the population in poverty (although 83 percent of them fall below 200 percent of the federal poverty line, or FPL). All of them (by definition) . . .

Este artículo mide el impacto de la migración internacional sobre la natalidad uruguaya del período 1996-2010 a través de la comparación de los nacimientos ocurridos y los nacimientos esperados en ausencia de migración. En este ejercicio contrafactual se asume que la fecundidad de las mujeres que residen en el exterior sería equivalente a la de las no migrantes. También se estima la natalidad de las uruguayas que residían en España y Estados Unidos entre 2001 y 2011, lo que permite contar con una referencia para evaluar la magnitud de esta pérdida de nacimientos. La merma de nacimientos atribuible a la migración es especialmente importante en los años de mayor emigración neta (2001-2004 y 2006-2008). Incluso a fines de los noventa se observan secuelas de la movilidad experimentada en décadas anteriores por las cohortes en edades avanzadas del ciclo reproductivo.

Privately owned domestic water wells supply household water to about 15 percent of Americans, roughly 50 million people. Domestic wells are not regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act, and therefore are not subject to the testing requirements that are employed by public water suppliers. It is the responsibility of the homeowner to have their well water tested. Well testing can be expensive, ranging anywhere from under a hundred dollars to thousands of dollars depending upon the location and the number and variety of tests being conducted. In order to help identify areas in the United States that are either being affected by or are vulnerable to contamination, locations of private wells must be known. Although most states now require permits or logs to drill a new domestic well, very few required them prior to the 1990’s. I present a universal dasymetric approach which extrapolates well data from the 1990 Census, which was the last time Americans were universally asked from where they received their water supply, to 2010 and refines it from the Census block group level to the Census block level. The results show predicted domestic well use for over 11 million Census blocks in the United States for 2010. This dataset will be useful for numerous applications relating to groundwater use and protection, as well as helping to protect public health by providing important data for future planning and development.

Can social segregation explain differences in beliefs regarding the role of effort in determining high incomes? I develop a model of lineages of agents learning about the effect of effort on the probability of receiving a high income based on their own experience (effort chosen and income received) and the experiences of agents in their networks. Simulating economies of these agents, only two conditions are needed for the existence of long-run differences in beliefs: (i) agents assume their networks are representative of the whole economy, and (ii) they are more likely to meet others with similar life experiences-as under social segregation. For my analysis, I also consider (iii) imperfect intergenerational transmission of beliefs, in the form of partial confidence about parents beliefs, to account for sizable changes in beliefs due to single mobility experiences. I find a positive relationship between the degree of social segregation and the level of long-run differences in beliefs. Moreover, high levels of social segregation can lead agents to make inefficient effort choices while average beliefs drift away from real parameters. High levels of social segregation generate groups of agents who persistently exert (no) effort coexisting with agents choosing depending on their cost of effort. And, mobility experiences resulting from luck decrease the belief about the role of effort.

This study re-examines racial salary discrimination of National Basketball Association players by constructing a long unbalanced panel covering the 19851986 to 20152016 seasons. Contrary to the results of previous studies, we find that non-white players are paid equally to white players with similar characteristics in the 1980s and 1990s, but that white players started to be paid 20 percent more than non-white players in the last 10 years. Our results are robust in all specification checks such as the quantile regressions, controlling the sample selection and controlling different contract types. Non-parametrically estimated density of the counter-factual salary of non-white players confirms our results. In addition, we find that neither the employers preference nor income gap of white and black fans explain this increasing salary gap.

This study presents new evidence on the relationship between high school inputs measured at the time male respondents attended high school and the earnings of these same individuals throughout their careers, when they were about 35, 52 and 64 years of age. To accomplish this task, we matched newly coded data on the characteristics of Wisconsin high schools in the 1950s to the 1/3 random sample of 1957 Wisconsin high school graduates that are included in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey. Our estimates show a significant positive relationship of proxies for teacher human capital (education and experience) on student earnings that remain unchanged at all three career points. Our preferred estimates imply a $1000 difference ($2010) in teacher human capital raises earnings each year by 1.89-2.20 percent. We use our point estimates and a baseline career earnings model for male Wisconsin high school graduates constructed from the 1960-2000 Censuses to estimate the returns to communities from their investments in students. Our preferred estimates show the present value of the benefits to students from investing a $1/student over 12 years falls between $16 and $19 (all 2010 dollars, 5 percent discount rate) with an internal rate of return between 18 and 19 percent. We also find high school inputs have a strong effect on the assets of these students in 2004 when they are about 64 years old. We believe these results are the first estimates of the lifetime returns to school quality using individual panel data. Our estimates remain virtually unchanged using a variety of alternative specifications and samples.

Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and shifts in industries have morphed the occupational path of workers, curbing socioeconomic mobility for manywages of African-American workers which have trended upward in the 1960s and 1970s started stalling beginning in the 1980s. As Hispanic/Mexican immigrants were being absorbed in various industry sectors, researchers have questioned whether unfavorable trends in African-American wages and employment outcomes are tied to Mexican immigration. This paper examines the effect of Mexican immigrants on wages for African-Americans using various estimation methods and finds consistent negative estimates, pointing to an inverse relationship between Mexican immigrants and wages for African-Americans, which is consistent with crowding out and substitution effects. However, in addition, analyses also show that a heavier source of depression of wages for African-Americans stems not just from immigration. In fact, in some ways, occupation clustering and specialization of Mexican immigrants mitigates impact of immigration on African-Americans on a whole range of low-skill occupations. But, all else equal, there appears rather to be a tendency for African-Americans to face an even greater wage penalty in more predominantly black occupations. The findings suggest that the interplay of immigration policy and workforce development policies and initiatives should be better understood as part of the conversation to redress factors preventing occupational and wage mobility of disadvantaged minority groups in the labor force.

The Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North entailed a significant change in the health environment, particularly of infants, during a time when access to medical care and public health infrastructure became increasingly important. We create a new dataset that links individual infant death certificates to parental characteristics to assess the impact of parents' migration to Northern cities on infant mortality. The new dataset allows a number of key innovations. First, we construct infant mortality rates specific to migrants and also for a period (1915-1920) prior to the registration of births. Second, the microdata allow us to control for the selection into migration and assess a number of potential mechanisms for the migrant health effect. Conditional on parents' pre-migration observable characteristics and county-of-origin fixed effects, we find that black infants were more likely to die in the North relative to their southern-born counterparts. We do not find any evidence of migrant selection. Given that infant health has a long-lasting impact on adult outcomes, the results shed light on whether and how the Great Migration contributed to African Americans’ secular gains in health and income during the 20th century.

Recent evidence has suggested that interstate migration is in decline in the United States, which might imply that the labor market is becoming more rigid. However, the sharp post-2000 decline in the non-imputed interstate migration rate in the Current Population Survey (CPS), which has received considerable attention, is not reflected in other available data. In this paper, we use administrative records data to investigate labor mobility and migration within the U.S. We investigate the discrepancy in recent migration trends in the CPS and migration rates derived from administrative records sources using CPS micro data linked to administrative records on residential location. We find that a substantial fraction of CPS respondents who are cross-state migrants in the administrative records data do not report a cross-state move in the CPS, and that this disagreement has grown over time. Despite this disagreement in recent trends in overall interstate migration, rates and trends related to economic migration are remarkably similar in available data sources.

We examine whether greater Medicaid generosity encourages mobility towards riskier but better jobs in higher paid occupations and industries. We use Current Population Survey Data and exploit variation in Medicaid thresholds across states and over time through the 1990s and 2000s. We find that moving from a state in the 10th to the 90th percentile in terms of Medicaid income thresholds increases occupational and industrial mobility by 7.6% and 7.8%. We also find that higher income Medicaid thresholds increase mobility towards occupations and industries with greater wage spreads and higher separation probabilities, but with higher wages and higher educational requirements.

This study is a statistical exploration of the economic impact of prevailing wage on veterans in Minnesota’s construction industry. The results are based on publicly available information and are reproducible.

Introduction: There is increasing evidence of an association between individual long-term PM2.5 exposure and human health. Mortality and morbidity data collected at the area-level are valuable resources for investigating corresponding population-level health effects. However, PM2.5 monitoring data are available for limited periods of time and locations, and are not adequate for estimating area-level concentrations. We developed a general approach to estimate county-average concentrations representative of population exposures for 1980-2010 in the continental U.S. Methods: We predicted annual average PM2.5 concentrations at about 70,000 census tract centroids, using a point prediction model previously developed for estimating annual average PM2.5 concentrations in the continental U.S. for 1980-2010. We then averaged these predicted PM2.5 concentrations in all counties weighted by census tract population. In sensitivity analyses, we compared the resulting estimates to four alternative county average estimates using MSE-based R2 in order to capture both . . .

By their nature military conflicts produce veterans, but all veterans do not have the same experiences when they come home; World War II veterans generally prospered after 1945, while Vietnam Veterans have often been viewed as being ‘damaged goods’. In new research, Alair MacLean examines the socioeconomic status of groups of veterans, finding that veterans of World War II and Korea benefited from the country’s growing postwar economy which included government benefits, whereas those returning from Vietnam in the 1970s received far less generous benefits, earned less, and were relatively less equal by comparison.

Organizations publish the individual's information in order to utilize the data for the research purpose. But the confidential information about the individual is revealed by the adversary by combining the various releases of the several organizations. This is called as linkage attacks. This attack can be avoided by the SLOMS method which vertically partitions the single quasi table and multiple sensitive tables. The SLOMS method uses MSB-KACA algorithm to generalize the quasi identifier table in order to implement k-Anonymity and bucketizes the sensitive attribute table to implement l-diversity. But there is a chance of probabilistic inference attack due to bucketization. So, the method called t-closeness can be applied over MSB-KACA algorithm which compute the value using Earth Mover Distance(EMD) and set the minimum value as threshold in order to equally distribute the attributes in the table based on the threshold 't'. Such that the probabilistic inference attack can be avoided. The performance of t-closeness gets improved and evaluated by Disclosure rate which becomes minimal while comparing with MSB-KACA algorithm.

This research draws on extensive data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to shed new light on change and variability in family life. I address two overarching questions. First, how did variability in marriage timing change over the course of the twentieth century? Second, did changes in the variability of marriage timing occur broadly across socioeconomic groups, or have they been limited to the top or bottom of the socioeconomic ladder? Because identifying consistent measures of socioeconomic standing over broad historical periods is not straightforward, and because one’s own socioeconomic standing may be in part flow from marriage decisions, I triangulate results using multiple measures of social standing. Although the magnitude and timing of changes in age of first marriage vary somewhat across social class, my results point to generally similar underlying trends across class groups. Social class variation in marriage patterns is well documented, yet explanations for the changing variability in marriage timing over the course of the twentieth century also needs to consider factors that could have affected all social class groups to some extent.

The article provides a review of foreign and Russian experience of creating and implementation of on-line GIS projects as one of the trends of the development of historical computer science at the present stage. Considerable attention was paid to the review of historical GIS presented in the public domain as a result of large-scale studies on the spatial and geographical aspects of historical research. Beginning with the 1990‑s. big national and even supranational GIS projects were created in Europe, the UK, Holland, Belgium, China, etc., combining the reconstruction of the administrative-territorial boundaries, their changes with demographic and socio-economic data. In Russian historical science the development and creation of Web-GIS are on the formative stage. This is due to the general trend of the use of GIS in Russian historical research. Nevertheless, the implementation of Russian web-GIS projects is an upcoming trend of “digital history” and promotes the intensification of humanitarian online technologies and historical- oriented internet resources.