This article evaluates criticisms by Sarah G. Carmichael, Alexandra de Pleijt, Jan Luiten van Zanden, and Tine De Moor of our view of the European Marriage Pattern (EMP), and explains why their claims are incorrect. We elaborate our arguments concerning the institutional sources of economic growth, explore the relationship between women's position and the EMP, analyze the two-way links between demographic and economic behavior, and explicate aspects of our empirical analysis that these scholars find puzzling. The causes of European economic growth, we reiterate, are not to be found in the EMP but rather must be sought in the wider framework of nonfamilial institutions.

The San Francisco Bay Area in California is undergoing a technology‐driven wave of growth arguably more thoroughgoing than the first “dot‐com” bubble, fueling hypertrophic gentrification and tales of a deeply class‐divided, “Blade Runner kind of society”. While Silicon Valley is still the industry's employment center, San Francisco is seeing faster tech firm growth, and is transforming its downtown to become more “livable” and promoting public space as key to innovation. In this context, this paper offers a reading of urban public space not just as a consumption amenity but also as the “shop floor” of a labor process that goes beyond the walls of the firm to mobilize the social itself in the production of privately appropriated value. With innovation now the watchword of gentrification, the stakes of this shift oscillate between the total commodification of urban vitality and the recognition of the social process of value production itself.

On a January day in 2011, the website of the Jamaica Plain Gazette broke the news that Hi-Lo Foodsan independent grocer selling food staples to Latino and Caribbean shoppers throughout Greater Bostonwould close suddenly and permanently. The Hi-Lo had operated for 47 years on Centre Street in the Hyde Square section of Bostons Jamaica Plain neighborhood, an area named in recent years by a local business group as the Latin Quarter, and anchored commerce in the immediate neighborhood. Although Hi-Lo had been a busy and successful store in JP, as the neighborhood is commonly called, the owners got an offer so high they could not refuse it (Helms, 2011a) and signed a 20-year lease with Whole Foods Market, Inc. (Helms, 2011b). A Boston Globe story captured the change: For Jamaica Plains eclectic mix of hipsters, affluent professionals, and working-class Latinos, there has been no starker symbol of transformation in their neighborhood than the one announced yesterday: The tumbledown Latino grocery Hi-Lo Foods will close its doors and reopen as a sparkling new Whole Foods Market (Irons, 2011).

This study asks (a) What are the relationships between types of living arrangements and psychological well-being for older adults? and (b) How do these relationships differ by gender? Data come from the 2010 wave of the National Health Interview Survey and include non-institutionalized adults aged 65 and older (N = 4,862). Dependent variables include self-rated quality of life and psychological distress. The study finds that older adults living alone or with others fare worse than those living with a spouse only. Yet, the outcomes of different types of living arrangements for older adults vary by gender. Women living with others are at greater risk of worse quality of life and serious psychological distress than men. Programs and policies must be responsive to the diverse needs of this population, rather than attempting a one-size-fits-all approach to housing and community-based services designed to promote older adults psychological well-being and independence.

This case study examines students of Cuban descent at a school that exemplifies the often overlooked phenomenon of Cuban Catholic schools and their persistence in contemporary Miami. These Cuban Catholic schools serve as an educational and cultural institutionthatpromotesdistinctconceptsofacculturationnotobserved elsewhere. Miami stands out for its Cuban and, more recently, pan-Hispanic influences. This study first incorporates archival data to chronicle the changes that Cuban Catholic schools faced during prerevolutionary Cuba, their “transplant” to Miami in the 1960s (Jorge Suchlicki and Leyva de Varona 1991) and their evolution to pan-Hispanic influencesinthe1990sand2000s. Theresearchthenincorporatessurveydatato determine how students of Cuban descent perceive their ethnic identity and what attitudes they hold towards the English and Spanish languages. The surveys will also compare the ethnic identities and perceived language attitudes of Cuban-immigrant youth and their parents to examine intergenerational differences. Lastly, the surveys willcomparetheperceivedethnic identitiesandlanguageattitudesofstudentsof Cubandescent,andstudentsofnon-Cuban Spanish-speakingdescentfromLatin America and the Caribbean, to determine intragenerational differences. Ultimately, the research asserts that students of Cuban descent are acculturating to American mainstream society, but they are doing so within the unique context of a Cuban and pan-Hispanic Miami.

Introduction While regular exercise has been shown to alleviate the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), it remains unclear whether a physically active lifestyle may prevent PD. Methods To examine physical activities across the lifespan and risk of PD, we relied on data from a population-based case-control study that enrolled 357 incident PD cases and 341 controls. We assessed physical activity levels via self-report of (1) overall physical activity (PA) over 4 age periods; (2) competitive sports; and (3) occupational histories. Results PD risks were lower comparing the overall PA highest quartile (moderate to vigorous activities 180 metabolic equivalent task-hours/week (MET-h/wk)) with the lowest quartile (<47.8 MET-h/wk) in age-period 1824 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.401.02), and 4564 years (OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.310.83) but not in age-period 2544. Individuals who consistently engaged in overall PA at high levels (before age 65 years) had a 51% lower PD risk than those with low levels. Also, having participated in competitive sports prior to age 25 was inversely associated with PD (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.310.91 for high level versus never). There was no association for measures of occupational physical activity though. Conclusion The long prodromal stage of PD makes it difficult to conclude whether insidious disease leads to a reduction of physical activity years before motor symptom onset and PD diagnosis. However, sports activities and high levels of overall PA in youth appear protective unless they are markers for biologic or genetic factors that lower PD risk. Keywords Parkinson's disease; Physical activity; Exercise; Occupations

This chapter presents a brief historical overview of labor and labor markets, using the United States as a case study. Topics include the concepts of the labor force and the labor market; sources of information for historical study; basic features of change over time in the size and composition of the labor force, hours worked, occupations, and skills; changes in real wages over time and in the structure of wages; the emergence of a national market for labor; and the evolution of racial differences.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is salient for workers with a disability because of their significant health care needs, relatively low incomes, and the complex interactions among work, federal disability benefits, and eligibility for public health insurance. Using data from the 20062010 National Health Interview Surveys, in this study, we document the characteristics and health insurance profiles of workers with a disability and consider the extent to which these factors are correlated with the ability to access adequate and timely health care. We find significantly higher rates of reported difficulties accessing timely health care for cost-related and structural reasons among employed adults with self-reported health conditions limiting the ability to work than among their non-work-limited peers, even after controlling for personal characteristics and health insurance coverage. The findings suggest that although the ACA will improve access to health insurance, it remains to be seen whether it will substantially reduce the likelihood that workers with disabilities will experience barriers to health care access relative to their non-disabled peers.

Localized hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) booms in the United States present a unique opportunity to explore migration responses to positive labor demand shocks in the current context of low geographic mobility. Using data from 1999 to 2013, I show that fracking led to large increases in potential earnings and employment as well as a sizable migration response in fracking counties. This average migration effect masks substantial underlying heterogeneity in migration behavior across both demographics and regions. Migrants to fracking areas were more likely to be male, unmarried, young, and less educated than movers more generally. Furthermore, both in- and out-migration rates increased with fracking and both flows were driven by the same demographic groups, suggesting fracking resulted in short-term migration and increased churn. An instrumental variables analysis using fracking conditions to instrument for earnings suggests that a ten percent increase in average earnings increased in-migration rates by 3.8 percent in North Dakota fracking counties, as compared to only 2.4 percent in the West, 1.6 percent in the South, and 0.5 percent in the Northeast. This difference across regions is statistically significant; robust to housing market controls, geographic spillovers, and other various specifications; and is only partially explained by differences in commuting behavior, initial population characteristics, or a non-linear relationship between earnings and migration. Data on news stories suggest that information might be playing a role. Under certain conditions, there is migration to large positive economic shocks, even among less educated populations, although the magnitude of this response might be dampened by non-market factors, such as the lack of information.

Investment and view damage costs are important determinants in siting locations for offshore wind farms (OWF) in the Lake Michigan region. This study is limited to the Michigan state boundary for the OWF sites and viewshed impacts. Investment cost depends on the depth and distance to shore of the farm. View damage cost depends on household density and consumer willingness to pay to avoid the visual disamenity of wind turbines. Both these costs are dependent on the geographic location and are summed to create an aggregate cost. Using ArcGIS, the OWF siting locations were mapped, with spatial analysis revealing the northern region of the lake at the minimum aggregate cost. The view damage cost contributes at most 68%, but on average 7%, to the aggregate cost. The aggregate levelized cost of energy (LCOE) ranges from 183 to 368 $/MWh (average of 256 $/MWh). The view damage LCOE contribution to the aggregate LCOE is 3% on average and 46% at most. View damage impact is the dominating factor only around a small shoreline region (due to large impacted populations). A series of maps are presented that highlight the investment and view damage tradeoffs which can inform OWF siting in Lake Michigan.

While the style and amount of grandparent involvement with grandchildren varies considerably among a number of key demographic and structural lines, grandparenthood nevertheless continues to be a widespread and a hopeful aspiration for the majority of adults in the United States as they age. Survey respondents in one nationally representative sample report having increased their time with family; roughly one quarter of surveyed adults 65 years and older specifically mention time with grandchildren as one of the primary benefits of growing older (Taylor, Morin, Parker, Cohn, and Wang, 2009).

The skyline query returns a set of interesting points that are not dominated by any other points in the multi-dimensional data sets. This query has already been considerably studied over last several years in preference analysis and multi-criteria decision making applications fields. Space partitioning, the best non-index framework, has been proposed and existing methods based on it do not consider the balance of partitioned subspaces. To overcome this limitation, we first develop a cost evaluation model of space partitioning in skyline computation, propose an efficient approach to compute the skyline set using balanced partitioning. We illustrate the importance of the balance in partitioning. Based on this, we propose a method to construct a balanced partitioning point VMP whose ith attribute value is the median value of all points in ith dimension. We also design a structure RST to reduce dominance tests among those subspaces which are comparable. The experimental evaluation indicates that our algorithm is faster at least several times than existing state-of-the-art algorithms.

We address methodological breaks in data collection on part-time employment to construct new monthly time series of U.S. stocks and flows spanning the period from 1976 onwards. Using these data, we document that part-time employment plays an increasingly important role in shaping the functioning of the U.S. labor market, both in normal times and during recessions. Specifically, we find an upward secular trend in turnover between full-time and part-time employment, and a large cyclical component chiefly explained by fluctuations in involuntary part-time work. We show that these patterns cannot be uncovered without splitting employment into finer categories because both short-run and long-run reallocations along this margin occur mostly without an intervening spell of non-employment. We emphasize the importance of our findings for several active debates, such as the slowdown in U.S. labor-market dynamism, changes in job stability and security, and the assessment of labor-market slack.

Data sharing plays an important role in modern biomedical research. Due to the inherent sensitivity of health data, patient privacy must be protected. De-identification means to transform a dataset in such a way that it becomes extremely difficult for an attacker to link its records to identified individuals. This can be achieved with different types of data transformations. As transformation impacts the information content of a dataset, it is important to balance an increase in privacy with a decrease in data quality. To this end, models for measuring both aspects are needed. Non-Uniform Entropy is a model for data quality which is frequently recommended for de-identifying health data. In this work we show that it cannot be used in a meaningful way for measuring the quality of data which has been transformed with several important types of data transformation. We introduce a generic variant, which overcomes this limitation. We performed experiments with real-world datasets, which show that our method provides a unified framework in which the quality of differently transformed data can be compared to find a good or even optimal solution to a given data de-identification problem. We have implemented our method into ARX, an open source anonymization tool for biomedical data.

What was the role of imperfect local information in the growth, gender gap, and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) major selection of early 20th century American universities? In order to examine pre-1950 American higher education, this study constructs four rich panel datasets covering most students, high school teachers, and doctors in the state of California between 1893 and 1946 using recently-digitized administrative and commercial directories. Students attending large California universities came from more than 600 California towns by 1910, with substantial geographic heterogeneity in female participation and STEM major selection. About 43 percent of university students in 1900 were women, and the number of women attending these universities increased by more than 500 percent between 1900 and 1940. Meanwhile, the number of California towns with female high school physics or chemistry teachers doubled between 1903 and 1923, while the proportion of towns with a female doctor increased from 20 to 26 percent (adding almost 60 towns) during the same period. Event study regression analysis shows that towns became 9-15 percentage points more likely to send at least one female student to the institutions examined in this study after the arrival of their first female high school physics or chemistry teacher or female doctor, implying a 2 percentage point increase in the likelihood of young womens college attendance, but that the arrival of female STEM teachers decreases the likelihood of a towns sending a male STEM student to university by 10 percentage points. This study establishes the role of limited information and social networks in early 20th century educational choices, and has implications for both historical growth accounting and contemporary educational practices in developing economies. It also provides a window into the tremendous socioeconomic mobility afforded by Californias commitment to mass higher education. This is the first of several planned studies that are part of the new UC Cliometric History Project based as CSHE in anticipation of UCs 150th anniversary.

Recent work in the U.S. immigration literature has established that immigration flows and domestic workers wages are positively correlated. That this correlation reflects an economic relationship is less clear. Using the predictions of a framework wherein foreign and domestic labor inputs are imperfectly substitutable, this paper shows that the correlations in the U.S. data do not support the theory. Particularly troubling is the finding of a positive correlation between immigrant flows and previous immigrants wages. Further, this positive correlation is shown to persist when using the Enclave instrument (used in Card (2001), for example). Prompted by these findings, this paper provides conditions under which Bartik-style instruments, of which the Enclave instrument is an example, are valid. I show that Bartik instruments do not convincingly meet the conditions required for identification in a system of labor supply and demand. I propose and implement alternative empirical strategies with the Enclave instrument, finding no evidence in favour of imperfect substitution between foreign and domestic workers

This paper studies how the quality of food purchased by low-income households changes after a positive income shock. Using induced changes in the household budget due to exogenous variation in the winter temperature that directly affects heating bills, I show that households do not improve the nutritional quality of their food purchases. Households below 130 percent of the poverty threshold increase total calorie amount without changing the composition of food purchases. Households above 130 percent of the poverty threshold purchase different products, but these products are of mixed nutritional quality. My findings suggest that policies that provide food subsidies face a trade-off subsidizing not just the increased consumption of healthy food but also the increased consumption of unhealthy food.

In recent years the quality of education available to children has become increasingly dependent on the social and economic demographics of neighborhoods in which the children live. This study assesses the role of community violence in explaining the relation between SES and academic outcomes and the potential of positive school climate to promote academic achievement. With a sample of 297 Chicago public elementary schools, we test the hypotheses that violent crime mediates the relation between SES and academic achievement, and school climate has a direct effect on achievement and moderates the relation between SES and academic achievement. Results support the hypothesized mediation such that lower SES was associated with lower academic achievement and violent crime partially mediated this relation. School climate was positively associated with academic achievement but did not significantly moderate the relation between SES and academic achievement. Implications for theory, research, and interventions are discussed.