This paper analyzes age and cohort changes in the occupational attainment of Blacks and Whites born in successive decades from 1910 to 1979. Occupational attainment is operationalized as occupational returns to education and earnings returns to occupation. The primary objective is to determine whether the relative occupational attainment of Blacks of the baby-boom generation and Generation X improved over that of their great-grandparents, grandparents, and parents. The results indicate that Blacks and Whites, and men and women improved their occupational attainment levels over those of previous birth cohorts. However, neither Black men of the baby-boom generation nor those of Generation X improved their occupational attainment relative to White men of the same age and born in the same decade. Moreover, on a per capita basis, Black mens occupational status declined for the most recent birth cohorts. On the other hand, Black women seem to have improved their occupational status relative to White women, but the improvements fluctuated over the decades. These findings are discussed in relation to possible causes and limitations of this analysis.

We review different interpretations of the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) and explore how they relate to the discussion of the link between the EMP and economic growth. Recently Dennison and Ogilvie have argued that the EMP did not contribute to growth in Early Modern Europe. We argue that the link between the EMP and economic growth is incorrectly conceptualized. Age of marriage is not a good scale for the degree to which countries were characterized by EMP. Rather, the economic effects of the EMP should be seen in the broader context of how marriage responds to changing economic circumstance.

Intergenerational mobility in the U.S. is generally studied using only two generations. We construct and analyze new three-generation samples spanning 1850 to the present: one linking the 1850, 1880, and 1910 censuses; and another linking the 1940 Census, the 1973-1990 Current Population Surveys, and Census 2000 and the 2001-2013 American Community Surveys. We also break up the three-generation samples into multiple parent-child observations to explore changes in mobility across two-generations over time. We find a statistically significant correlation between outcomes of grandchildren and their grandparents. From 1850-1910, occupational wealth of adult grandchildren was 0.15 percent higher for every 1 percent increase in the occupational wealth of the grandparent. From 1940 to the present, the educational attainment of an adult grandchild is 0.29 years greater for every 1 year increase in their grandparents 1940 educational attainment. These relationships remain after accounting for the direct parent-child relationship.

Appendix of tables and figures

Objective The present study is the first to use nationally representative data to compare rates of food insecurity among households with veterans of the US Armed Forces and non-veteran households. Design We used data from the 20052013 waves of the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement to identify rates of food insecurity and very low food security in veteran and non-veteran households. We estimated the odds and probability of food insecurity in veteran and non-veteran households in uncontrolled and controlled models. We replicated these results after separating veteran households by their most recent period of service. We weighted models to create nationally representative estimates. Setting Nationally representative data from the 20052013 waves of the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement. Subjects US households (n 388 680). Results Uncontrolled models found much lower rates of food insecurity (84 %) and very low food security (33 %) among veteran households than in non-veteran households (144 % and 54 %, respectively), with particularly low rates among households with older veterans. After adjustment, average rates of food insecurity and very low food security were not significantly different for veteran households. However, the probability of food insecurity was significantly higher among some recent veterans and significantly lower for those who served during the Vietnam War. Conclusions Although adjusting eliminated many differences between veteran and non-veteran households, veterans who served from 1975 and onwards may be at higher risk for food insecurity and should be the recipients of targeted outreach to improve nutritional outcomes.

From 2004 to 2010, Arizona's administrations and Congresses implemented a broad series of policies against undocumented immigrants, including the passage of more than 40 laws. This article analyzes the reasons for the existence and restrictive sense of the harshest of all these laws, Arizona SB 1070. The author analyzes both its approval by voters and the motivations of political leaders for passing it. He argues that this law is the result of electoral interests and promoting a state-and nationwide anti-immigrant agenda with voter support.

Given a table T(Id,D1,...,Dd), the skycube of T is the set of skylines with respect to to all nonempty subsets (subspaces) of the set of all dimensions {D1,...,Dd}. To optimize the evaluation of any skyline query, the solutions proposed so far in the literature either (i) precompute all of the skylines or (ii) use compression techniques so that the derivation of any skyline can be done with little effort. Even though solutions (i) are appealing because skyline queries have optimal execution time, they suffer from time and space scalability because the number of skylines to be materialized is exponential with respect to d. On the other hand, solutions (ii) are attractive in terms of memory consumption, but as we show, they also have a high time complexity. In this article, we make contributions to both kinds of solutions. We first observe that skyline patterns are monotonic. This property leads to a simple yet efficient solution for full and partial skycube materialization when the skyline with respect to all dimensions, the topmost skyline, is small. On the other hand, when the topmost skyline is large relative to the size of the input table, it turns out that functional dependencies, a fundamental concept in databases, uncover a monotonic property between skylines. Equipped with this information, we show that closed attributes sets are fundamental for partial and full skycube materialization. Extensive experiments with real and synthetic datasets show that our solutions generally outperform state-of-the-art algorithms.

We present a comprehensive assessment of genomic diversity in the African-American population by studying three genotyped cohorts comprising 3,726 African-Americans from across the United States that provide a representative description of the population across all US states and socioeconomic status. An estimated 82.1% of ancestors to African-Americans lived in Africa prior to the advent of transatlantic travel, 16.7% in Europe, and 1.2% in the Americas, with increased African ancestry in the southern United States compared to the North and West. Combining demographic models of ancestry and those of relatedness suggests that admixture occurred predominantly in the South prior to the Civil War and that ancestry-biased migration is responsible for regional differences in ancestry. We find that recent migrations also caused a strong increase in genetic relatedness among geographically distant African-Americans. Long-range relatedness among African-Americans and between African-Americans and European-Americans thus track north- and west-bound migration routes followed during the Great Migration of the twentieth century. By contrast, short-range relatedness patterns suggest comparable mobility of 1516km per generation for African-Americans and European-Americans, as estimated using a novel analytical model of isolation-by-distance.

This State of the Art Report aims to provide an overview of the academic and the policy debate on the emergence of new occupations and skills in the 21th century. Although the discussion on new jobs and skills is not new to the literature or the public debate, the issue still receives a lot of attention because of the socioecological transition that many countries in Europe are facing and the labour market implications that it brings along. Due to technological progress, globalisation and demographic and climate changes, new occupations are arising while other occupations disappear. At the same time, new jobs require new skills or combinations thereof, which need to be developed through formal education, on-the-job training or in another way. In order to better understand the labour market implications of such a transition, the report first thoroughly explores the concepts of occupations and skills and then continues with an analysis of the academic and policy view on these concepts. Commonly, the concepts of occupations, jobs, tasks and skills are studied simultaneously. From both the academic and policy work, it is clear that new occupations and skills are not entirely new phenomena, but the implications do appear to change over time. The academic and policy literature also appear to draw a lot on each other, in the sense that many concepts, definitions, methods and databases are shared. The remainder of the report is then dedicated to an analysis of the traditional methods and data sources and the introduction of innovative methodologies and new web-based datasets to analyse these phenomena. These new data and methodologies are promising and contribute to the real-time identification of new occupations and skills as they arise. In that way, the report supports work on mismatch, skill gaps, over-education, school-to-work-transitions and other factors and furthers our understanding of the dynamics of the labour market.

We develop and implement what we believe is the first conceptually valid health-inclusive poverty measure (HIPM) - a measure that includes health care or insurance in the poverty needs threshold and health insurance benefits in family resources - and we discuss its limitations. Building on the Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure, we construct a pilot HIPM for the under-65 population under ACA-like health reform in Massachusetts. This pilot demonstrates the practicality, face validity and value of a HIPM. Results suggest that public health insurance benefits and premium subsidies accounted for a substantial, one-third reduction in the health inclusive poverty rate.

Parents differential treatment is a common family dynamic that has been linked to youths well-being in childhood and adolescence in European American families. Much less is known, however, about this family process in other ethnic groups. The authors examined the longitudinal associations between parents differential treatment (PDT) and both depressive symptoms and risky behaviors of Mexican-origin sibling pairs from early adolescence through young adulthood. They also tested the moderating roles of cultural orientations as well as youth age, gender and sibling dyad gender constellation in these associations. Participants were mothers, fathers, and 2 siblings from 246 Mexican-origin families who participated in individual home interviews on 3 occasions over 8 years. Multilevel models revealed that, controlling for dyadic parentchild relationship qualities (i.e., absolute levels of warmth and conflict), adolescents who had less favorable treatment by mothers relative to their sibling reported more depressive symptoms and risky behavior, on average. Findings for fathers PDT emerged at the within-person level indicating that, on occasions when adolescents experienced less favorable treatment by fathers than usual, they reported more depressive symptoms and risky behavior. However, some of these effects were moderated by youth age and cultural socialization. For example, adolescents who experienced relatively less paternal warmth than their siblings also reported poorer adjustment, but this effect did not emerge for young adults; such an effect also was significant for unfavored youth with stronger but not weaker cultural orientations.

This study first defines skill-biased sectoral shift using two stylized facts. Specifically, the shift features the service sector having more college workers and becoming more productive than the goods sector. Subsequently, this study develops a two-sector model in which the shift is incorporated via a sector-specific labor adjustment cost and a reallocation shock. Although the model generates a jobless recovery, its implications on unemployment duration are not entirely consistent with the data. Therefore, this study considers its sectoral theory as promising, but does not claim that such theory fully explains jobless recoveries, especially when the existence of many alternative explanations is considered.

This chapter briefly retells the 1960s’ Cuban exilic arrival and reception experience in South Florida via the lenses of race, using the Rosemond family’s adjustment experiences as illustrative. While vastly fewer in number (and many leaving the region entirely), some Afro-Cubans did settle in South Florida during the early stages of the Cuban Revolution. I apply a mixed methodology, comparing US Census data (5 % PUMS sample) on “white” and “black” Cuban arrivals in Miami-Dade County over time, and ground these dichotomous outcomes in the historical literature on racism in Cuba. Here, I present the historical antecedents, grounded in anti-black racism in Cuba, as background for the presently bifurcated streams of arrival.

We exploit regional variation in US house price fluctuations during the boom-bust cycle of the 2000s to study the impact of the housing cycle on young Americans' choices related to education and employment. We find that in MSAs which experienced large increases in house prices between 2001 and 2006, young adults were substantially more likely to forego a higher education and join the workforce, lowering skill formation. During the bust years, the young, especially those without higher education, were more likely to be unemployed in areas which experienced higher declines in house prices.

People have been killing each other since before the beginning of written history, as recorded by the broken bones of people massacred long before writing was invented.1 One of the quiet reasons for the large-scale killings known as genocides and wars is demographics— the statistics of birth rates, death rates, growth rates, and migrations into or out of territories.2 This dimension is under-covered by those who focus on the statements or acts of key leaders. Politicians and commanders of war typically have described their reasons in political, religious or military

This study employs remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial statistical modeling to structurally characterize urban growth and spatially understand its drivers in an effort to assess the outcome of the 1974 Tulsa Metropolitan Statistical Area (TMSA) comprehensive land use plan. Results demonstrate that the TMSA witnessed significant alterations in land use/land cover (LULC) spatial extent and structure over the assessment period and further illustrate that median household income, population density, sales, and construction cost are key drivers that influenced the structural character of LULC between 1990 and 2011. The assessment shows that the spatial and temporal patterns within development districts deviated from that prescribed in the comprehensive plan while spatial development within intensity corridors mirrors the goals and objectives set in the plan. Aberrations between plan objectives and outcomes can be attributed to upward mobility in financial status, growth in markets, and political climate.

Technological innovations have drastically increased labor productivity, but low labor force participation continues to exist, with labor force participation at its lowest rate since 1977. Our analysis draws from the job polarization phenomenon, which explains how automation has been a contributing factor in the drastic decrease of middle-skill jobs, while it has assisted in the increase of employment shares for high-skill and low-skill occupations. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between job polarization and wage polarization. We test whether changes in employment shares affect occupational income trends. We analyze real annual median income using a time series approach, focusing separately on low, middle, and high-skill occupational categories. We further analyze these broad occupational categories at a micro level by examining changes in the real median annual income of individual occupations that comprise them. Results from our time series analysis are compared to the trends in employment shares of each occupational category. We find minimal evidence that changes in employment shares affect income trends. Job polarization, in fact, does not lead to wage polarization. Finally, we speculate on the future of the labor force as technological innovations continue to alter tasks performed and change the configuration of occupations.

We consider the problem of constructing a synthetic sample from a population of interest which cannot be sampled from but for which the population means of some of its variables are known. In addition, we assume that we have in hand samples from two similar populations. Using the known population means, we will select subsamples from the samples of the other two populations which we will then combine to construct the synthetic sample. The synthetic sample is obtained by solving an optimization problem, where the known population means, are used as constraints. The optimization is achieved through an adaptive random search algorithm. Simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. We observe that on average, such synthetic samples behave very much like actual samples from the population of interest. As an application we consider constructing a one-percent synthetic sample for the missing 1890 decennial sample of the United States.

We construct longitudinal data from the U.S. Census records to study migration patterns of those affected by the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Our focus is on the famous "Okie" migration of the Southern Great Plains. We find that migration rates were much higher in the Dust Bowl than elsewhere in the U.S. This difference is due to the fact that individuals who were typically unlikely to move (e.g., those with young children, those living in their birth state) were equally likely to move in the Dust Bowl. While this result of elevated mobility conforms to long-standing perceptions of the Dust Bowl, our other principal findings contradict conventional wisdom. First, relative to other occupations, farmers in the Dust Bowl were the least likely to move; this relationship between mobility and occupation was unique to that region. Second, out-migration rates from the Dust Bowl region were only slightly higher than they were in the 1920s. Hence, the depopulation of the Dust Bowl was due largely to a sharp drop in migration inflows. Dust Bowl migrants were no more likely to move to California than migrants from other parts of the U.S., or those from the same region ten years prior. In this sense, the westward push from the Dust Bowl to California was unexceptional. Finally, migration from the Dust Bowl was not associated with long-lasting negative labor market effects, and for farmers, the effects were positive.