Green spaces have gained increasing urgency due to the global and local challenges resulting from rapid urbanization and environmental issues. This study specifically focuses on the design, management, and crucial significance of urban green spaces in Uzbekistan within the framework of sustainable development. Through the integration of diverse theoretical perspectives and interdisciplinary approaches, the study seeks to enhance biodiversity, facilitate wildlife movement, and promote environmental sustainability within urban green spaces. The research methodology employed in this study is robust, encompassing comprehensive data analysis, which provides compelling evidence of the positive impacts of green spaces on both physical and mental well-being. Moreover, the study establishes a clear correlation between the concept of nature-based solutions and the imperative to leverage the potential of nature to effectively address environmental challenges and achieve socioeconomic advantages. In addition, the study explores the role of geography in effectively addressing the opportunities and challenges associated with urban green spaces in Uzbekistan. Policymakers, researchers, and practitioners engaged in promoting sustainable urban development can draw valuable insights from this study. The findings underscore the critical importance of adopting a multidimensional approach to urban planning to foster the development of sustainable and livable cities. By implementing the recommendations outlined in this study, Uzbekistan has the potential to enhance its green spaces and successfully tackle pressing environmental challenges. Consequently, this study fills a significant research gap by highlighting the pivotal role of geography in comprehending and addressing the importance of urban green spaces. The findings align with the concepts of nature-based solutions and geography, offering actionable guidance for sustainable urban development in Uzbekistan.

Local governments have been increasingly active in immigration policy by cooperating with federal immigration enforcement or creating local offices of immigrant affairs (OIA) charged with integrating immigrants. How do these policies shape perceptions of locales following these policy routes? Using a set of pre-registered survey experiments, we find that compared to local cooperation with federal immigration enforcement, creating an OIA produces more favorable public attitudes, with minimal differences when undocumented immigrants also receive access to services. Democrats, especially white Democrats, have the most favorable views of cities with an OIA. While Republicans prefer cooperation with ICE, their attitudes toward cities with OIAs remain positive. Our findings suggest that despite partisan polarizing immigration policy debates, establishing OIAs does not attract the negative political attention common in an era of hyperpolarization. OIAs could be a rare immigration policy that may be effective and supported.

The digital engages five broad research strands emerging in the humanities: firstly, the creation of web-based collections, archives, and text-encoding initiatives; secondly, the reading and analysis of electronic hypertexts; thirdly, the application of geospatial and discursive mapping and coding technologies; fourthly, approaches deploying gaming and 3D immersive visualisations; and fifthly, the explosive growth of big data, social computing, crowdsourcing, and networking opportunities (Holm, Jarrick, and Scott 2015). Digitally enabled syntheses between old (books, archives, maps, paintings, film, etc.) and new types of media (qualitative analysis software, geographic information systems [GIS], social media, gaming and virtual reality platforms, etc.) are becoming increasingly salient to the study of human-environmental relations. In turn, research and teaching initiatives coalescing under the umbrella of the DEH are beginning to address three interrelated phenomena characteristic of the 21st century: the digital revolution, global warming, and sociopolitical agency related to environmental change (Travis 2018). In this milieu, the “new human condition,” to crib a phrase from the political philosopher Hannah Arendt (1961, 59), finds that “the world we have come to live in . . . is much more determined by [humans] acting into nature, creating natural processes and directing them into the human artifice and the realm of human affairs.”

Only 8.6% of all recording engineers currently employed in the United States are women. To understand the influence of a woman’s gender in their recording career, this study presents their experiences from multiple angles – the recording studio business, women engineers’ obstacles, the recording education pipeline, and diversity and inclusion in industry.

Small communities (population < 5,000) and Native American communities in Nebraska, U.S., often lack the means to deal with highway-based crashes involving hazardous materials (HazMat). This research focused on assessing the vulnerability of small and tribal communities in Nebraska to the impacts of highway HazMat crashes. To do so, this paper estimated the expected number and type of HazMat crashes per population in each community. This study statistically analyzed reported HazMat crashes in Nebraska to determine if small and Native American communities experienced a higher crash rate per population and per HazMat vehicle miles traveled (VMT) than large communities and other small communities. Mean HazMat crash rate per population statistically significantly differed between small and large communities, while the mean crash rate comparison between the Native American and other small communities was not statistically significant. For the mean HazMat crash rate per HazMat VMT, neither comparison was statistically significant. For HazMat crashes per population, and per HazMat VMT, small communities had higher mean values than larger communities. Communities on Native American reservation land experienced a lower HazMat crash rate per population than other small communities but HazMat crashes per VMT in Native American communities were higher than in other small communities. Overall, this research provided a widely applicable risk assessment method not only for communities in Nebraska but also across the U.S. without appreciable loss of generality.

Despite the favorable health impacts of preventive services use, young adults remain at a higher risk of not using these services compared with older adults. This study seeks to identify barriers to receiving recommended preventive services among Asian young adults compared to other racial/ethnic young adults. Using 2016–2018 National Health Interview Survey data, this study examined barriers to recommended preventive services among non-Hispanic (NH) Asian young adults aged 18–39 years compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the United States (Total = 25,430; NH Asians = 6.3%). General prevention included fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus checkups. We documented information on vaccinations for influenza, pneumonia, tetanus, hepatitis A/B, and female-specific preventive care measures. NH Asian young adults reported blood pressure checkups less often than NH Whites (72.88% vs. 79.92%, p < 0.001). NH Asian young adults were also less likely to report HIV testing than all other racial/ethnic groups (p < 0.001). After controlling for covariates, NH Whites (odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.60, 2.50), NH Blacks (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.18, 2.02), and other races (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.60, 3.58) were more likely to receive any preventive services than NH Asians. Among those receiving any preventive services, there were no differences between NH Asians and all other racial/ethnic groups in whether they reported receiving relatively more preventive services. Our findings demonstrate that the rates of certain recommended preventive services use were lower among NH Asian young adults. Targeted public health strategies are needed to increase the use of preventive healthcare for racial/ethnic minority young adults.

As of January 2021, after years of community organizing and protests, the Puerto Rican island government announced a state of emergency due to the high rates of gendered violence on the island. At the same time, within the field of psychiatric epidemiology, consistent findings have indicated higher frequencies of mood disorders and substance abuse disorders among Puerto Ricans both on and off the island, relative to all other US Latinx ethnic groups. This dissertation frames Puerto Ricans experiences with psychological distress and gendered violence as public health issues nested within differing geographies of colonial divestment. I explore the relationships between key community level sociodemographic variables, measures of colonial divestment, and rates of mental illness and gendered violence across Puerto Rico’s judicial and health regions. Data from the National Health Interview Survey, the Puerto Rican Community Survey, the Puerto Rican Mental Health and Anti-Addiction Services Administration, the Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget, the Puerto Rico Department of Education, the Bureau of Puerto Rican Police, and the Puerto Rican Department of Justice are all sourced to unmask the contemporary consequences of coloniality on the physical and psychological wellbeing of Puerto Rican women on and off the island.

I examine the long-run impacts of a deskilling technology on workers and their children. The McKay stitcher dramatically changed shoe production in the late 19th century by replacing skilled artisans with machines and less-skilled workers. It was licensed in only a few counties and impacted workers across counties unevenly through the transportation network. More-exposed shoemakers left traditional shoemaking for lower wages and did not migrate. The transfer of occupation from father to son was disrupted,and the children of shoemakers entered lower income occupations. New entrants to shoe factories came from poorer and less educated families. Using a model of occupation selection, I infer the change in life-time earnings implied by the impact of the technology on occupation exit. I find that the most exposed shoemakers and their children lost 2.2and 2.5 years of wages, respectively.

This book presents the story of the Armenians of Glendale, California. Coming from Argentina, Armenia, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, and many other countries, this group is internally fragmented and often has limited experience with the American political system. Nonetheless, Glendale's Armenians have rapidly mobilized and remade an American suburban space in their own likeness. In telling their story, the book expands our understanding of US political history. From the late nineteenth-century onward, Irish, Italian, Jewish, and several other immigrant populations in large American cities began changing the country's political reality. The book shows how Glendale's Armenians—as well as many other immigrants—are now changing the country's political reality within its dynamic, multiethnic suburbs. The processes look different in various suburban contexts, but the underlying narrative holds: immigrant populations converge on suburban areas and ambitious political actors develop careers by driving coethnics' political incorporation.

This paper provides evidence that the economic impact of changes in aggregate uncertainty depends on the population’s age distribution. In particular, the volatility in employment due to uncertainty is lower in US states that have a higher population of prime-aged workers. This finding comes from a series of regressions using a quarterly panel of state data from 2000 to 2017. To address potential endogeneity, the current age distribution is instrumented by past birth rates, and statelevel uncertainty is instrumented by national uncertainty. The regression estimates indicate that the reduction in employment volatility within states with a higher share of prime-age workers is quantitatively large. The results are robust across a battery of approaches, including using alternative variable definitions and model specifications, analyzing a host of state-level controls, using local projections to examine the dynamics, and accounting for the role of labor fluctuations in job losses and participation volatility

We investigate how college major is associated with later-life family outcomes such as marriage and children. Using 2016–2020 data from the American Community Survey, we find that the effect of college education on family outcomes varies greatly by major. Almost all majors are significantly more likely than non-college-graduates to be married, but the size of this association varies more than threefold by major. We find that some majors such as agriculture and theology are associated with significantly higher fertility relative to non-college-graduates, while others like fine arts yield significantly lower fertility.

The study pertains to the use of two industry wells and one IODP drill site in conjunction with high quality multichannel seismic reflection data in the northwestern Bay of Bengal. The industry wells provide subsurface information from Early Cretaceous period while the IODP drill site U1444 gives information about deposition younger to Miocene. Their locations over the seismic profiles facilitated the assignment of ages to the prominent seismic horizons thereby yielding a revised seismic stratigraphy of the northwestern Bay of Bengal. The ages of the oldest seismic horizons are in agreement with the recently published ages of the underlying oceanic crust. The sediments up to Late Cretaceous time are thick west of 85°E Ridge, while to its east, they are thin. The sediments up to Paleocene time thin towards offshore, implying that they are land derived (from East Coast of India). Fan sedimentation commenced in the Eocene time and was excessive since Miocene. The transparent sequence between the Late Pleistocene and Pliocene unconformities is thin over the 85°E Ridge. The western extents of the Quaternary subfans above the Late Pleistocene unconformity are demarcated in the study area. Further, the study suggests that the emplacement of the 85°E Ridge took place in the Middle Cretaceous period. Faulting/folding at the continental rise occurred around Miocene time and maybe linked to intraplate deformation that occurred in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Thus, the inferences drawn from this study help to provide a reliable sedimentary history of the northwestern Bay of Bengal forming an updated base for future investigations.

Objective: We examined factors associated with telehealth utilization during COVID-19 among adult Medicaid beneficiaries with behavioral health conditions. Data Sources and Study Setting: NC Medicaid 2019–2021 beneficiary and claims data. Study Design: This retrospective cohort study examined and compared behavioral health service use pre-COVID-19 (03/01/2019 to 02/28/2020) and during COVID-19 (04/01/2020 to 03/31/2021). Telehealth users included those with at least one behavioral health visit via telehealth during COVID-19. Descriptive statistics were calculated for overall sample and by telehealth status. Multilevel modified Poisson generalized estimating equation examined associations between telehealth use and patient- and area-level characteristics. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: We identified individuals ages ≥ 21–64, diagnosed with a behavioral health condition, and had at least one behavioral-health specific visit before COVID-19. Principal Findings: Almost two-thirds of the cohort received behavioral health services during COVID-19, with half of these beneficiaries using telehealth. Non-telehealth users had steeper declines in service use from pre- to during COVID-19 compared to telehealth users. Beneficiaries identifying as Black, multiracial or other were significantly less likely to use telehealth (ARR = 0.86; 95% CI: (0.83, 0.89)); (ARR = 0.92; 95% CI: (0.87, 0.96)) compared to White beneficiaries. Those eligible for Medicaid through the blind/disabled programs and who qualified for a state-specific specialized behavioral health plan were more likely to use telehealth (17% and 20%, respectively). Conclusions: During the pandemic, telehealth facilitated continuity of care for beneficiaries with behavioral health conditions. Future research should aim to investigate how to reduce the digital divide and ensure equitable access to telehealth.

This report analyzes the impact of public sector employment and defined-benefit pensions—which provide secure monthly retirement income based on salary and years of service—on poverty and wealth outcomes by race, gender, and educational attainment in California. Based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this report complements the author’s national-level study, Closing the Gap: The Role of Public Pensions in Reducing Retirement Inequality, available at https://www.nirsonline.org/reports/closingthegap/.1 We find that public pensions play an outsized role in the retirement security of every major demographic group in California, with the strongest impact on women and people of color. It is also a powerful tool for reducing wealth inequality. As private pension coverage declines, public pensions remain a critical bulwark of middle-class retirement security alongside Social Security, particularly for marginalized communities who have been historically shut out of other wealth-building opportunities. Detailed findings are as follows:1. Public sector employment plays a critical role in the retirement security of all racial groups in California, with particularly large effects on Black and Latino workers... Pensions continue to be a critical source of retirement income for many California seniors, reducing retiree poverty and near-poverty across race, gender, and educational attainment. Pensions’ anti-poverty effect is the largest for Black retirees, Latino retirees, and retirees without a four-year college degree... Pension payments to adults age 55 and older in California represent $569 billion in household wealth, boosting middle-class family net worth and narrowing race-, gender-, and class-based wealth gaps.

Whether immigrants advance in labor markets during their lifetimes relative to natives is a fundamental question in the economics of immigration. We examine linked census records for five cohorts spanning 1850-1940, when immigration to the United States was at its peak. We find a U-shaped pattern of assimilation: immigrants were "catching up" to natives in the early and later cohorts, but not in between. This change was not due to shifts in immigrants' source countries. Instead, it was rooted in men's early-career occupations, which we associate with structural change, strengthening complementarities, and large immigration waves in the 1840s and 1900s.

The aim of this paper is to study the differences in homeownership of international migrants in Buenos Aires, from a demographic perspective still little applied to the subject in Latin America, which explores the intensity and calendar of the phenomenon in specific generations, groups and territories. Birth cohorts of different national groups were reconstructed based on variables such as age and place of birth from the Argentine population censuses from 1970 to 2010. As a main result, it was found that the older the population, the more widespread is homeownership, but access to land has become more restrictive. This has affected recent generations in general, including the Argentine population, but especially migrants from neighboring countries of lower social sectors and in the most disputed territories of the city.

This report released by the CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies, State of the Unions 2023: A Profile of Organized Labor in New York City, New York State, and the United States, is a part of an annual publication series, documents recent trends in unionization patterns. The overall level of unionization in both the City and State has been roughly double the national rate over the past two decades. But recently, union density has fallen more in New York City and New York State than in the United States as a whole. In the mid-2010s, both the City and State rates steadily hovered around 24 percent, but they began to fall after 2017. By 2022–23, only 17.7 percent of all wage and salary workers residing in the five boroughs of New York City, and 20.2 percent of those in the state, were union members. This year’s report includes a special feature guest authored by CUNY’s National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education and the Professions at Hunter College, It analyzes the recent uptick in organizing and strikes among student-workers and faculty in higher education since January 2022.

Introduction Roughly 30% of stroke survivors suffer from aphasia—a communication disorder that affects the ability to communicate effectively—but little is known about their healthcare expenditure or how it varies between aphasia subtypes. This study evaluates the relative differential in healthcare expenditure of anomic, Broca’s, Wernicke’s and Conduction aphasia and assesses expenditure between demographic cohorts Methods Individual level data from the 2010 Moss Aphasia Psycholinguistic Project Database was matched with the 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey using a propensity score algorithm based on functional, health, and demographic characteristics. Multilevel, generalized, nonlinear regression models were applied to the resulting data set to assess the correlation between annual healthcare expenditure, time post onset (tpo), sex, race, family size, marital status, income, education, aphasia type, and region of residence. Results were used to predict expenditure by aphasia subtype, race, and sex. Multiple distributional specifications tested the sensitivity and ensured the robustness of estimates. Results Regression results indicate that individuals with Broca’s aphasia had statistically higher healthcare expenditures paying an average of $10,896.45 annually when compared to anomic ($7,927.60), Wernicke’s ($7,096.22), and Conduction ($9,447.19) aphasias. Additionally, healthcare expenditure increased with each year of age (β=0.004, SE=0.005), but decreased with each year after stroke (β=-0.002, SE=0.001). Females (β=0.358, SE=0.131) and Blacks (β=0.103, SE=0.200) paid significantly more annually compared to males and Whites, respectively. Neither region of residence, income, nor level of education were significantly correlated with healthcare expenditure. Conclusion This study showed that, while individuals with Broca’s aphasia had higher average healthcare expenditure than other subtypes, the differential was not statistically significant. Sex and race cohorts did, however, show statistically significant differences in healthcare expenditures. While causality is outside the scope of this analysis, additional work is needed to determine the best strategy to mitigate these disparities.

In this paper, we develop a life cycle model that features pecuniary and non-pecuniary investments in health in order to rationalize the socioeconomic gradients in health and life expectancy in the United States. Agents accumulate health capital, which affects labor productivity, utility, the distribution of medical spending shocks, and life expectancy. We find that unequal health insurance coverage plays a negligible role in generating the observed gaps in health and longevity. Universal health insurance increases preventive medical spending but not time spent in health promoting activities, as individuals are no longer worried about avoiding high curative medical expenditure shocks due to increased health insurance coverage. Our findings suggest that differences in lifetime income, preferences and health shocks are the main determinants of inequality in life expectancy.

[A list of 8 facts about recent Latino immigrants to the U.S.]