How can creative placemaking bring two communities together? And how can deeper engagement across boundaries foster community safety? Building a gathering space— say, a park, stage, or trail—is not enough; the space needs to be accessible, usable, and able to foster engagement across difference. The effort is complicated when adjacent communities are divided across social, economic, or racial lines. Without careful planning, the effort could be seen as an incursion or as a pathway toward displacement. This case study examines how one set of stakeholders used creative placemaking to foster engagement across different communities, build greater community cohesion, and push for inclusive economic development.

This paper develops a series of information-theoretic measures to consider the systemic effects on individual incomes of complex patterns of social and economic discrimination by race, ethnicity, and gender, in the U.S. It derives coefficients of joint, conditional or incremental, and mutual information that offer non-parametric characterizations of the relative influence of economic and social-identity characteristics in the determination of individual income for different groups. It reports on estimates of those coefficients obtained using large-scale cross-sectional data from that economy. Those estimates support two sets of conclusions. First, the informational significance of social identity in the determination of incomes differs clearly and persistently across social-identity groups. For some groups social identity exerts a significant informational influence in the determination of income. Other groups enjoy greater scopes for individual differentiation by factors other than social identity. Second, the informational influence of educational attainment on income is deeply shaped by social identity. Among other expressions of this, the paper finds that some identity groups see the comparative measure of informational association between their incomes and educational attainment rise steadily with levels of educational attainment. In contrast, other groups see those comparative measures fall as educational attainment rises. These observations point to the economic effects systems of discrimination impose on certain groups, and to the relative privileges enjoyed by those not subjected to them.

Persistent growth in skill requirements on the job and low unemployment has forced Colorado to compete for skilled labor nationwide, but that threatens to leave Coloradans born in the state behind in the competition for middle class jobs— especially Latinos1 with a high school education or less. Colorado has the second most-educated adult populace, but largely because it imports college-educated labor from other states.2 Almost 56 percent of Coloradans have a high-quality certificate, associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree, or higher.3 Yet at the same time Colorado has the fifth lowest high school graduation rate in the nation. The state’s 77 percent high school graduation rate puts it close to the bottom—the national average is 83 percent.4 Because the state is committed both to improving the quality of its workforce and to improving opportunity for Coloradans born in the state, it has set an educational attainment goal that by 2025, 66 percent of state residents will have a postsecondary credential.5 The majority of states have set overall postsecondary attainment goals, but Colorado has gone a step further by setting 66 percent goals for each significant racial and ethnic grouping. State leaders expect each racial and ethnic group in the state individually to reach this goal, but right now only Whites are on track to do so: Latinos and Native Americans6 are the farthest behind in reaching the goal (29% of each have a postsecondary credential), Whites are the closest (64%), and Blacks are in between (39%). . .

A central question in the current debate over work requirements in Medicaid is whether such policies promote health and are therefore within the goals of the Medicaid program. Work requirements in welfare programs in the past have had different goals of strengthening self-esteem and providing a ladder to economic progress, versus improving health. This brief examines literature on the relationship between work and health and analyzes the implications of this research in the context of Medicaid work requirements. We review literature cited in policy documents, as well as additional studies identified through a search of academic papers and policy evaluation reports, focusing primarily on systematic . . .

This chapter will focus on four big issues in digital data curation: data integration, electronic dissemination, sustainability, and metadata.I will begin by describing the origins of microdata and early efforts at data integration. I will then describe the development of IPUMS, which has required development of new technology for data integration and dissemination. I will discuss the implications of this experience for the ‘Big Three’ National Science Foundation surveys: the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the American National Election Study, and the General Social Survey. Finally, I will discuss the importance of preservation, persistant identifiers, and structured metadata.

The nonprofit Urban Institute is a leading research organization dedicated to developing evidence-based insights that improve people's lives and strengthen communities. For 50 years, Urban has been the trusted source for rigorous analysis of complex social and economic issues; strategic advice to policymakers, philanthropists, and practitioners; and new, promising ideas that expand opportunities for all. Our work inspires effective decisions that advance fairness and enhance the well-being of people and places.

This thesis consists of three independent chapters, related by a common theme: the role of education in the macroeconomy. The first chapter considers the role of higher education policies in intergenerational mobility. Student loans and grants increase the possibilities for low-income students to attend college and earn high incomes later in life. For that reason, they are commonly assumed to increase intergenerational mobility. Instead, the chapter shows that education policies have another effect, working in the opposite direction: they reduce the relative importance of other components of earnings such as luck, while those components are a greater source of mobility. Which of the two effects dominates is an empirical question. To that end, the chapter develops and parameterizes a model of the markets for higher education and labor. The results show a trade-off between welfare and intergenerational mobility. The second chapter connects two disparate strands of literature on earnings inequality. On the one hand, skill-biased technological change describes how general equilibrium effects between different types of workers shape the income distribution. On the other, the literature on taxation suggests that incentives to accumulate human capital drive the earnings distribution. The chapter combines both approaches, underpinned by an empirical analysis of occupational skill data. It finds that incentive changes in taxation like those that occurred in the second half of the 20th century can lead to polarization of the labor market. The third chapter really concerns education in economics, rather than education in the economy. It analyses the completion times of students in top European PhD programs. These are comparable to their counterparts in the United States, with a median that is approaching six years and a higher average. The publication of the present thesis helps counter the trend.

What is the worth of a college degree when higher education expands? The relative education hypothesis posits that when college degrees are rare, individuals with more education have less competition to enter highly-skilled occupations. When college degrees are more common, there may not be enough highly-skilled jobs to go around; some college-educated workers lose out to others and are pushed into less-skilled jobs. Using new measurements of occupation-level verbal, quantitative, and analytic skills, this study tests the changing effect of education on skill utilization across 70 years of birth cohorts from 1971 to 2010, net of all other age, period, and cohort trends. Higher-education expansion erodes the value of a college degree, and college-educated workers are at greater risk for underemployment in less cognitively demanding occupations. This raises questions about the sources of rising income inequality, skill utilization across the working life course, occupational sex segregation, and how returns to education have changed across different life domains.

In many real world situations, data are updated and released over time. In sequential data publishing, the number of attributes and records may vary and the attribute values may be modified in different releases. This might lead to a compromise in privacy when different releases of the same data are combined. Preventing information disclosure becomes more difficult when the adversary has background knowledge on correlations among sensitive attribute values over time. In this paper, we propose an anonymization framework to protect against background knowledge attack in a sequential data publishing setting. Our proposed anonymization framework recreates the adversary’s inference ability to estimate her posterior beliefs. Our method extends a privacy model to consider the adversary’s posterior beliefs. We propose a bottom-up sequential algorithm which uses local generalization to decrease information loss compared to other sequential anonymization algorithms that use global generalization. We verify the theoretical study by experimentation on two datasets. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms the state of the art sequential approaches like CELL(FMJ) and TDS4ASR in terms of information loss, the adversary’s information gain, and average adversary confidence.

This work will focus on the consumer’s household budget to better characterize the vulnerability of low-income communities and the metrics that would be most appropriate to measure the ‘affordability’ of energy. The team created an Ability-to-Pay index that was used as the basis of univariate statistical correlations of 57 potential vulnerability indicators. The corresponding GIS maps offer nuanced affordability and vulnerability data for stakeholders in the power system.

BACKGROUND Hispanic immigrants have been found to be more likely to have a disability than USborn populations. Studies have primarily focused on populations aged 60 and older; little is known about immigrant disability at younger ages. OBJECTIVE Taking a broader perspective, we investigate whether Hispanic immigrants have lower disability rates in midlife; if so, at what ages this health advantage reverses; and the correlates of this pattern. METHODS Using American Community Survey 2010–2014 data, we estimate age-specific disability prevalence rates by gender, nativity, education, and migration age from age 40 to 80. We also present estimates by six types of disability. RESULTS Compared to non-Hispanic whites, disability prevalence among foreign-born Mexican women is lower until age 53 (men: 61) and greater after 59 (66). Similar patterns hold for other foreign-born Hispanics. Crossovers are observed in rates of ambulatory, cognitive, independent living, and self-care disability. Evidence of a steeper age– disability gradient among less-educated immigrants is found. Minimal differences are noted by migration age, challenging an acculturation explanation for the crossover. CONTRIBUTION The paper contributes to a better understanding of immigrant–native disability patterns in the United States. It is the first to systematically document a Hispanic immigrant health advantage in disability that reverses from working to old age. Hispanic immigrants (particularly foreign-born Mexican women), may face steeper risk trajectories, consistent with their greater concentration in low-skill manual occupations. We call for increased scholarly attention to this phenomenon.

How was the American student population distributed across geographic areas and how has this changed over time? The implications for the educational system would be crucial. The size of the school employee labor force, the number of buildings, and school funding would all be affected. In this chapter I examine the distribution of the US and US student populations from 1880 to 1930. Two geographical concepts are examined: Urban/Rural/Suburban distinctions, and Regional distinctions. There are at least two important reasons why these distinctions are crucial. First, as America moved West, important, geographic distinctions emerged. Secondly, as America moved from an agricultural to a manufacturing/industrial economy, workers moved into urban centers in search of work. Consequently, urban/rural distinctions emerged. Each of these patterns affected education and the demography of American schools.

The US suffers from large regional disparities in employment rates which have persisted for many decades. It has been argued that foreign migration offers a remedy: it "greases the wheels" of the labor market by accelerating the adjustment of local population. Remarkably, I find that new migrants account for 30 to 60 percent of the average population response to local demand shocks since 1960. However, population growth is not significantly more responsive in locations better supplied by new migrants: the larger foreign contribution is almost entirely offset by a reduced contribution from internal mobility. This is fundamentally a story of "crowding out": I estimate that new foreign migrants to a commuting zone crowd out existing US residents one-for-one. The magnitude of this effect is puzzling, and it may be somewhat overstated by undercoverage of migrants in the census. Nevertheless, it appears to conflict with much of the existing literature, and I attempt to explain why. Methodologically, I offer tools to identify the local impact of immigration in the context of local dynamics.

Cet article d’état de littérature porte sur les migrations résultant de mariages transnationaux exogames dont l’augmentation coïncide avec la globalisation du marché matrimonial à partir des années 1980 et qui sont caractérisés par une forte surreprésentation des femmes migrantes. L’article focalise sur les recherches qui intègrent le phénomène dans le champ de réflexion de la globalisation du travail reproductif ainsi que dans celui du contrôle biopolitique des migrantes. Il montre la complémentarité des travaux qui décrivent ces migrations comme une source de main-d’œuvre recherchée et de ceux qui analysent comment les épouses migrantes deviennent la cible de discours sur la menace.

This paper presents evidence that job suburbanization caused significant declines in black employment from 1970 to 2000. I document that, conditional on detailed job characteristics, blacks are less likely than whites to work in suburban establishments, and this spatial segregation is stable over time despite widespread decentralization of population and jobs. This stable segregation suggests job suburbanization may have increased black-white labor market inequality. Exploiting variation across metropolitan areas, I find that job suburbanization is associated with substantial declines in black employment rates relative to white employment rates. Evidence from nationally planned highway infrastructure corroborates a causal interpretation.

The dynamics of property regime play a key role in understanding the socio-economic and cultural evolution of the Romanian Principalities during the late Middle Ages. In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries the main landowners were the boyars (the local elite), the ecclesiastical institutions and the free peasants. The latter, known to have financial obligations only to the State, were in a constant feud with the boyars and the monasteries for the landownership of their estates. A rather common practice for the free peasants was to found a skete (a monastic community) and to endow it with a part of their domain. Focusing on the Buzău Subcarpathians, this paper attempts to examine the spatial dimensions of an estate donated by a free peasant, who later became a monk, to the skete founded by him. The paper uses the toponyms extracted from historical documents, oral histories and GIS to precisely locate the seventeenth-century estate and its subsequent evolution. The approach also serves as a tool for understanding the role played by the estates from a social, economic and administrative point of view. Finally, the paper explains the importance of the findings to the dynamic of the regional administrative county bounds, to the creation of a Historical-Geographical Information System (HGIS) in Romania and also to local tourism.

Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world’s preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation’s health and innovation in the biomedical industry.

The purpose of this study is to determine if occupational licensing affects the state in which veterans choose to live after separating from the military. Veterans receive specialized training while in the military, which has the potential to translate easily into civilian occupations. States that mandate licensing requirements for occupations, however, may act as barriers that prevent veterans from easily entering occupations for which they have received military training, causing unnecessary market inefficiencies. Occupational licensing has historically resulted in increased wages for workers in those occupations, and this study empirically confirms this trend, utilizing data regressions of veterans in the census. Additionally, as this study examines a sample composed entirely of veterans, I am able to compare multivariate relationships of our veteran sample to those of previous civilian samples. As this field is fairly narrow, and relatively new, there are numerous opportunities to further develop these relationships in future studies. New data collection from outside entities would also enable more useful studies to be conducted in this area.

Co-Chair Varco opened the meeting at 8:31 a.m. He welcomed all committee members, panelists, and guests to the meeting, and reminded everyone to avoid the use of social mediaduring the meeting. He reviewed proposed outcomes (see above). Co-Chair Varco then reviewed the charge of the committee, and then presented the minutes of last week’s meeting. There were no proposed amendments. There was a motion to approve the minutes as read, and seconded. Motion passes.

“Oh, my God, that damned cowboy’s in the White House,” Mark Hana, Senator from Ohio, and former campaign manager for William McKinley, upon hearing that Theodore Roosevelt had ascended to the Presidency after McKinley was assassinated by Leon Frank Czolgosz.1 It began as a local social movement, but morphed into a national political movement. Progressivism changed America. Prior to the Progressive Era, the Gilded Age was defined by a Capitalism out of control: workers were exploited, corruption was rampant in government and in large corporations.2 America was industrializing, urbanizing, and immigrants from Eastern and Western Europe . . .