Research shows that foreign-born blacks have better health profiles than their U.S.-born counterparts. Less is known, however, regarding whether black immigrants’ favorable health outcomes persist across generations or whether these patterns differ across the diverse sending regions for black immigrants. In this study, we use data from the 1996–2014 waves of the March Current Population Survey (CPS) to investigate generational differences in self-rated health among blacks with West Indian, Haitian, Latin American, and African ancestry. We show that first-generation black immigrants have a lower probability of reporting fair/poor health than third/higher generation blacks. The health advantage of the first generation over the third/higher generation is slightly more prounced among the foreign-born who migrated to the United States after age 13. Second-generation immigrants with two foreign-born parents are generally less likely to report their health as fair/poor than the third/higher generation. However, we find no evidence that self-reported fair/poor health varies between second-generation immigrants with mixed nativity parents (only one foreign-born parent) and the third/higher generation. These general patterns hold across each of the ancestral subgroups in the study sample. In summary, our findings highlight a remarkable convergence in health across immigrant generations among blacks in the United States.

This study examines the patterns of interracial marriage and interethnic marriage among foreign-born Asians in the United States, using pooled data from the 2008–2012 American Community Surveys. Results show that the most dominant pattern of marriage among foreign-born Asians was still intra-ethnic marriage and that interracial marriage, especially with whites, rather than interethnic marriage among Asians, remained the dominant pattern of intermarriages. Out of all foreign-born Asian marriages, inter-Asian marriages stayed at only about 3%. Among all foreign-born Asian groups, Japanese were most likely to marry interracially and interethnically, while Asian Indians had the lowest rates of interracial marriage and interethnic marriage. Foreign-born Asian women were more likely to interracially marry, especially with whites, than foreign-born Asian men, but they were not much different from foreign-born Asian men in terms of their interethnic marriage rate. The findings have significant implications for intermarriage research, assimilation, and Asian American panethnicity.

The skyline query over uncertain data streams, as an important aspect of big data analysis, plays a significant role in domains such as environment monitoring, decision‐making, and data mining. The skyline query over uncertain data streams with sliding window model always focuses on the most recent N streaming items, which cannot meet the query requirements of different window scales at the same time. To improve the query flexibility and efficiency, we propose an efficient parallel method for processing uncertain n‐of‐N skyline queries; that is, computing the skyline for the most recent n (∀n ≤ N) items in parallel. Specifically, we first propose a framework for parallelizing the query computation for uncertain n‐of‐N skylines. Furthermore, we put forward a sliding window partitioning strategy as well as a streaming items mapping strategy to realize the load balance for each node. In addition, we define a spatial index structure RST based on R‐tree to organize the elements within each individual sliding window and candidate set in each which can significantly improve the dominance tests. Most importantly, we provide an encoding interval scheme to transform the n‐of‐N query into stabbing query in each compute node, which can greatly minimize the query scope and improve the query efficiency. In addition, we use a red‐black tree named RBI to store all stabbing intervals. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposals are efficient and can greatly meet the query requirement of users in real applications.

Selection: All regions with high education level in 2010 Maj. white pop. Maj. black pop. High level of ed. Details Identified clusters IQR Figure 1: Higher increase in the education level (purple cluster) in Chicago between 1970 and 2010. While the whole city follows this trend, the change was far more pronounced in these regions. The relevant clusters defined by Black (green) and White (orange) majority of population are also visible. ABSTRACT Census measurements provide reliable demographic data going back centuries. However, their analysis is often hampered by the lack of geographical consistency across time. We propose a visual analytics system that enables the exploration of geographically inconsistent data. Our method also includes incremental developments in the representation, clustering, and visual exploration of census data, allowing an easier understanding of the demographic groups present in a city and their evolution over time. We present the feedback of experts in urban sciences and sociology, along with illustrative scenarios in the USA and Canada.

This thesis examines the intersection of religious identity, education, partisanship and community institutions through a case study of Catholic voting patterns in Detroit from 1960 to 1972. I build off prior literature investigating the decline in Democratic Party loyalty among American Catholics to situate the mobilizing role of Catholic parishes as a missing link between demographic and voting trends. By creating a model with fifty-one neighborhoods that combined precinct-level presidential election data, demographic data from the census, and the locations of Catholic high schools in Detroit, I argue that the presence of Catholic high schools acted as a moderating force to stem the tide of suburbanization and diverging Catholic voting patterns. With open Catholic high schools as a proxy for parish power and influence, I find strong evidence that parishes with Catholic high schools prevented white flight from those neighborhoods and inhibited the sharp decline in Democratic voting experienced by Catholics nationwide.

This paper studies mortgage contract choices in US history using a first-of-its-kind sample of residential loans from 1930 and 1940, linked to the decennial censuses. Contract choices reflected borrowers' reactions to the risks posed by different contracts. The majority of borrowers chose contracts with the longest available terms, despite required frequent amortization, likely in order to avoid refinancing risk and to maximize leverage. In contrast, the most creditworthy borrowers with high socioeconomic status preferred short-term contracts, confident that they could refinance at will. The combination of short terms and frequent amortization was unpopular, used disproportionately by the least creditworthy. Between 1930 and 1940, contract use shifted toward longer term contracts, reflecting the advent of federal involvement in the residential mortgage market.

The U.S. Civil War destroyed a substantial fraction of southern wealth and emancipation transferred human capital to the formerly enslaved. The prevailing view of most economic historians is that the southern planter elite was able to retain its relative status despite these shocks. Previous studies have been hampered, however, by limits on the ability to link individuals between census years, and scholars have been forced to focus on persistence within one or a few counties. Recent advances in electronic access to the Federal Census manuscripts now make it possible to link individuals without these constraints. In this paper, we exploit the ability to search the full manuscript census to construct a sample that links top wealth holders in 1870 to their 1860 census records. Although there was an entrenched southern planter elite that retained their economic status, we find evidence that the turmoil of the 1860s opened greater opportunities for mobility in the South than was the case in the North, resulting in much greater turnover among wealthy southerners than among comparably wealthy northerners.

Empirical research has documented the importance of non-wage margins of adjustment in the response of local labor markets to trade shocks. To formalize this observation empirically, we decompose the differential impact of a trade shock across U.S. local labor markets (by labor group) on per capita labor income into wage, hours worked per employee, unemployment, and labor force participation margins of adjustment. Our results highlight the importance of heterogeneous treatment effects and quantify the relative importance of non-wage margins of adjustment. To understand the economic mechanisms generating observed effects of trade on regional inequality, we provide a unifying trade framework (featuring frictional unemployment and a labor/leisure tradeoff) and comparative static results across local labor markets by labor group and margin of adjustment. Our theory highlights the importance of heterogeneity in the elasticity of labor supply and the elasticity of matches to vacancies for understanding heterogeneous effects identified in empirical research. We recover these for each labor group by combining our empirical and theoretical results and show that our estimates are broadly in line with vast literatures in labor, public finance, and macroeconomics; where results differ, we suggest a path forward.

The paper investigates the relationship between income inequality and future income growth rates of households at different points of the income distribution. The analysis uses micro-census data from U.S. states covering the period from 1960 to 2010, and controls for exposure to imports from China and share of routine jobs, among other variables. It finds evidence that high levels of inequality reduce the income growth of the poor but, if anything, help the growth of the rich.

Technological development is nothing new, nor is rapid technological development. In recent centuries, new inventions have made society incredibly much more productive and dramatically increased living standards. The downside of the medal is that workers who have been replaced by machines and other technology have had to find other jobs - or they have become redundant. The question everyone is asking now is whether it is different this time. Are we on the brink of new breakthroughs in robotics, machine learning and artificial intelligence that will fundamentally change working life? This report gives an insight into the many debates about how technology can be thought to affect society, and first and foremost on the business and business world. What really happens when machines take over jobs and jobs? And are the changes we are facing now differing from the technological leaps of the past?

We find that U.S. firms in regions with residents tracing their ancestral roots to common law countries are more likely to adopt management-friendly provisions in their corporate bylaws, suggesting that investors in these areas are less concerned about expropriation from corporate insiders. Instrumenting local legal heritage with immigration from England at the turn of the 19 th century confirms that, legal norms aside, the cultural norms in common law countries provide better investor protection than the cultural norms in other countries. The effect of legal heritage on contractual obligations is stronger for the countries where these legal systems developed and for firms more strongly embedded in the local community.

Public health approaches to crime and injury prevention are increasingly focused on the physical places and environments where violence is concentrated. In this study, our aim is to explore the association between historic place-based racial discrimination captured in the 1937 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) map of Philadelphia and present-day violent crime and firearm injuries. The creators of the 1937 HOLC map zoned Philadelphia based in a hierarchical system wherein first-grade and green color zones were used to indicate areas desirable for government-backed mortgage lending and economic development, a second-grade or blue zone for areas that were already developed and stable, a third-grade or yellow zone for areas with evidence of decline and influx of a low grade population, and fourth-grade or red zone for areas with dilapidated or informal housing and an undesirable population of predominately Black residents. We conducted an empirical spatial analysis of the concentration of firearm assaults and violent crimes in 2013 through 2014 relative to zoning in the 1937 HOLC map. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors at the time the map was created from the 1940 Census, firearm injury rates are highest in historically red-zoned areas of Philadelphia. The relationship between HOLC map zones and general violent crime is not supported after adjusting for historical Census data. This analysis extends historic perspective to the relationship between emplaced structural racism and violence, and situates the socio-ecological context in which people live at the forefront of this association.

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (Vineland-3; Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Saulnier, 2016), published by Pearson, is a newly updated individually administered measure of adaptive functioning for individuals from birth to age 90. Primarily used in clinical, psychoeducational, and research settings, the Vineland-3 evaluates development of functional skills whose impairment is commonly identified as core to a diagnosis of intellectual disability.

We study the effects of the size of older cohorts on labor force participation (LFP) and wages of older workers. In the standard relative supply framework usually applied to relative cohort size, we would expect larger older cohorts to experience lower wages and hence lower employment or LFP. However, there are two reasons that we might find a positive effect. First, we might expect the age structure of the population to affect the composition of consumption and, hence, labor demand; it is possible that the age structure of employment is such that relative labor demand for an age cohort increases when the relative size of that cohort increases. Second, a large older cohort implies that the old cohort is large relative to at least some other narrowlydefined age cohorts. If two age cohorts are substitutable, then a decline in the relative size of one of them can imply an increase in the relative demand for the other. We use panel data on states, treating the age structure of the population as endogenous, owing to migration. We find that when older cohorts are large relative to a young cohort, the evidence fits the relative supply hypothesis. But when older cohorts are large relative to 25 to 49 year olds, the evidence points to a relative demand shift. Thus, we need a more nuanced view than simply whether the older cohort is large relative to the population; the cohort they are large relative to matters.

his project contributes the first population-level analysis of same-sex partners’ health similarity and its role in sexual minority health and economic inequality. Although there are decades of research on the health of intimate partners, such research largely focuses on different-sex spouses. Similarly, the recent proliferation of sexual minority population health research has largely overlooked couple relationships. To address this disconnect, this dissertation pursues three related questions with population-level data from the National Health Interview Surveys. First, how similar are same-sex partners’ self-rated health and activity limitations compared to different-sex spouses and cohabiters? Second, how do couple characteristics relate to sexual minority health disparities? Third, how do couples’ activity limitations and gender impact partners’ employment? Overall, results show high levels of health similarity among same-sex partners, and elevated risk of health disadvantages compared to different-sex spouses, particularly among same-sex female couples. For same-sex couples, partners’ combined socioeconomic resources provide a boost for health, particularly for women, whereas different-sex cohabiters’ sparse resources drive couple health downward. Finally, same-sex partners do not follow heteronormative work trends when a partner has activity limitations. Ultimately, this project provides a path toward inclusive couple health research that addresses the needs of diverse couples, increasing our ability to identify and address health disparities in unmarried and sexual minority couples.

The Pakistani Diaspora in North America is both young and new, therefore, there is lack of systemic study on Pakistani immigrants flow into North America and their characteristics. In this backdrop, the paper looks at the engagement of the Pakistani-North Americans in the countries of origin and destination while existing in transnational spaces. Governments are looking for avenues to increase their collaboration with diaspora communities. This interest is not only limited to economic sphere but also encompasses a range of other resources that can be mobilized through transnational and other networks for mutual benefit. This paper also highlights that Canada’s officially multicultural environment appears less inclusive for diaspora communities in socioeconomic terms than assimilationist America. There are, however, studies on Muslims or South Asians (mostly Indians) in America from which insights and parallels can be drawn. While the interest in the diaspora and their links to home countries have . . .

Prior to the Great Migration taking place, there were communities of middle class blacks living in the North. I study the migration of southern blacks into the urban North during the first Great Migration (1916-1930), and estimate its effects on northern-born blacks’ employment outcomes. I exploit variations in the extent of inmigration across northern counties and instrument migration inflow by interacting exogenous demographic patterns in the South before the migration with the pre-existing southern-born black’s settlement patterns in the North. I find that northern-born blacks from high in-migration counties had lower probability of employment; if employed, however, they had higher occupational standing on average than northernborn blacks from low in-migration counties. Their occupational advancement could have arisen from the newly generated commercial demand for black consumers in the expanded ghetto that provided more opportunities for northern-born blacks to higherpaid jobs.

This article is the first to empirically analyze the impact of tort liability on suicide. Counter-intuitively, our analysis shows that suicide rates increase when potential tort liability is expanded to include psychiatrists-the very defendants who would seem best able to prevent suicide. Using a 50-state panel regression for 1981 to 2013, we find that states that would hold psychiatrists (but not other doctors) liable for malpractice resulting in a suicide experienced a 12.8% increase in suicides. The effect is even stronger, 16.8%, when we include controls. We do not believe this is because suicide prevention doesn't work. Rather, we theorize that it is because some psychiatrists facing potential liability choose not to work with patients at high risk for suicide. The article makes important contributions to the law of proximate cause and to the more general phenomenon of regulatory avoidance. Traditionally, one could not be liable for malpractice that caused another's suicide-the suicide was considered a superseding and intervening cause. About half of states retain the old common law rule. Others have created exceptions for psychiatrists only, or for all doctors, and some have abandoned the old rule entirely. Our findings suggest that expanding liability for psychiatrists may have an adverse affect. Accordingly, this article suggests that the best policy might be to retain or revive the traditional no-liability-for-suicide rule for mental health specialists. The implications are enormous: over 40,000 people in the United States die each year from suicide.

This paper studies the economic origins of customs aimed at constraining female sexuality, such as a particularly invasive form of female genital cutting, restrictions on women’s mobility, and norms about female sexual behavior. The analysis tests the anthropological theory that a particular form of pre-industrial economic production – subsisting on pastoralism – favored the adoption of such customs. Pastoralism was characterized by heightened paternity uncertainty due to frequent and often extended periods of male absence from the settlement, implying larger payoffs to imposing constraints on women’s sexuality. Using within-country variation across 500,000 women in 34 countries, the paper shows that women from historically more pastoral societies (i) are significantly more likely to have undergone infibulation, the most invasive form of female genital cutting; (ii) are more restricted in their mobility, and hold more tolerant views towards domestic violence as a sanctioning device for ignoring such constraints; and (iii) adhere to more restrictive norms about virginity and promiscuity. Instrumental variable estimations that make use of the ecological determinants of pastoralism support a causal interpretation of the results. The paper further shows that the mechanism behind these patterns is indeed male absenteeism, rather than male dominance per se.

Violence against women by their husbands is a problem for women worldwide. However, the majority of women do not seek help. This article presents findings from a national survey in India on empowerment-related correlates of help-seeking behaviors for currently married women who experienced spousal violence. We examined individual-, relationship-, and state-level measures of empowerment on help-seeking from informal and formal sources. Findings indicate that help-seeking is largely not associated with typical measures of empowerment or socio-economic development, whereas state-level indicators of empowerment may influence help-seeking. Although not a target of this study, we also note that injury from violence and the severity of the violence were among the strongest factors related to seeking help. Taken together, the low prevalence of help-seeking and lack of strong individual-level correlates, apart from severe harm, suggests widespread barriers to seeking help. Interventions that affect social norms and reach women and men across social classes in society are needed in addition to any individual-level efforts to promote seeking help for spousal violence.