Introduction: This report analyzes how well the residents of Washington Heights/Inwood (WH/IN) have fared on selected health indicators set forth by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygene between 2000 and 2005. Methods: Data on Latinos and other racial/ethnic groups were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, reorganized for public use by the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, IPUMSusa. Cases in the dataset were weighted and analyzed to produce population estimates. Results: Immigrant families in particular face a multitude of health concerns, as well as specific barriers to accessing health care services. The socioeconomic and health disparities faced by WH/IN residents lead to the recognition that health promotion and disease management in immigrant communities such as WH/IN can be most effective by way of improvements in the socioeconomic conditions of residents. Although health insurance coverage has been found to be an important predictor of access to health care, our findings show that WH/IN residents are less likely to have health insurance than their NYC peers, with low-income Dominicans having the highest rate of Medicaid coverage among all foreign-born and Mexicans being the immigrant group most likely to be uninsured. In addition, over a third of the adult population in WH/IN was without a regular health-care provider in 2005. Discussion: Understanding the ecology of existing health disparities of immigrant communities such as the one in WH/IN may move NYC closer to meeting the unique needs of this growing population, both currently and in the future, and provide insights into how to address future immigrant health challenges.

The news that Hispanics have become the nation's largest minority was no demographic surprise. Its fruition had been predicted at least 30 years ago. This news event, though, was important because the appearance of Latinos on the American scene could no longer be deniedneither in the nation's vital economic or educational policies nor in politics. Nowhere. Once considered a sleeping giant, the Latino population has not only grown tremendously but also now constitutes a significant presence throughout most of the United States. Once confined to a small number of states, the Latino population has migrated to new regions, including much of the South, moved into new sectors of the economy, and become an important voting bloc in many states. Its impact is heightened by the fact that it is considerably younger than an aging non-Latino America, making its potential impact on America's future all the greater.This chapter reports on the factors that account for this growth. Overall, it describes how relatively high rates of immigration and fertility have shaped the growth and the creation of an especially youthful age structure among the Latino population. In particular, it examines how changing immigration policies, social networks, and other factors have led to immigration from Latin America and then how a changing labor market as well as immigration policies have affected migration patterns in the United States and prompted the regional dispersion of Latinos. These demographic foundations are fundamental for understanding nearly every aspect of Latino well-being covered in this book, including their spatial distribution and family structure, their position in the educational system and the labor market, and their access to health care and the political system. A notable example of the importance of this population was its role in the recent presidential election: the Hispanic vote may have influenced the outcome (Cobble and Velaquez, 2004). Given the demographic destiny of the Latino population, that influence is likely to grow with its dispersion into new states and as immigrants become citizens and their children reach voting age.

Minority-owned banks have a mission to promote economic well-being in their communities. In particular, specialization in lending based on a central mechanism of shared-minority identity can yield an advantage in serving community needs through times of financial and economic crises. To test this proposition, we analyze individual banks in their local market context from 2006 to 2020. Results suggest minority-owned banks improve economic resilience in their communities during the global financial crisis (GFC) and the COVID-19 crisis through increased small business and household lending, but fewer benefits are found during other phases of the business cycle. Our results are robust and stand up to treatments of identification concerns, including propensity score matching (PSM) and instrumental variables (IV). Our results imply that if all U.S. banks behaved in a manner consistent with minority-owned banks through the GFC, at least 1.9 million more minority jobs would have been maintained and at least $50 billion more in credit would have been available to small businesses on an annual basis. These findings are consistent with predictions of the economic resilience literature but not those of the finance-growth nexus literature.

The policy debate over globalization in the past decade has largely bypassed the international mobility of labor. Restrict trade and cries of protectionism resound. Suggest linking labor standards to trade and it's protectionism in disguise. Limit capital flows and the International Monetary Fund is on your back. But restrict people flows? That's just an accepted exercise of national sovereignty! During the last few decades, when most countries reduced barriers to trade in goods and services and liberalized financial capital markets, most also sought to limit immigration. In this essay, I examine what we know about the causes and consequences of immigration. I argue that people flows are fundamental to creating a global economy and that the interplay among immigration, capital and trade is essential to understanding the way globalization affects economies. I consider ways to reduce barriers to immigration that could improve the well-being of workers around the world.

There is widespread concern that the United States faces a problem in maintaining its position as the scientific and technological leader in the world and that loss of leadership threatens future economic well-being and national security. Business, science, and education groups have issued reports that highlight the value to the country of leadership in science and technology. Many call for new policies to increase the supply of scientific and engineering talent in the United States. While the reports differ in emphasis, the basic message is uniform: the United States should spend more on research and development (R&D) and increase the number of young Americans choosing scientific and technological careers. In his 2006 State of the Union address, President Bush announced the American Competitiveness Initiative that concurred with these assessments: "For the U.S. to maintain its global economic leadership, we must ensure a continuous supply of highly trained mathematicians, scientists, engineers, technicians, and scientific support staff." In 1957, faced with the analogous challenge of Sputnik, the United States responded with increased R&D spending and by awarding large numbers of National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research and National Defense Education Act fellowships, which together induced a large number of young Americans to invest in science and engineering careers. In the early 1960s, the country gave about one thousand NSF graduate research fellowships per year. Forty-five years later, despite a more-than-threefold increase in the number of college students graduating in science and engineering and a global challenge from the spread of technology and higher education to the rest of the world, the United States still gives the same number of NSF fellowships. With so many more college students, current U.S. NSF fellowship policy gives less of an incentive for students to enter science and engineering than did policies in the earlier period.

People flows refers to the movement of people across international borders in the form of immigration, international student flows, business travel, and tourism. Despite its peripheral status in debates over globalization, the movement of people from low income to high income countries is fundamental in global economic development, with consequences for factor endowments, trade patterns, and transfer of technology. In part because people flows are smaller than trade and capital flows, the dispersion of pay for similarly skilled workers around the world exceeds the dispersion of the prices of goods and cost of capital. This suggests that policies that give workers in developing countries greater access to advanced country labor markets could raise global economic well-being considerably. The economic problem is that immigrants rather than citizens of immigrant-receiving countries benefit most from immigration. The paper considers "radically economic policies" such as auctioning immigration visas or charging sizeable fees and spending the funds on current residents to increase the economic incentive for advanced countries to accept greater immigration.

The food stamp program, serving 24 million persons in 2004 at a cost of $27 billion, is one of themost important income support programs in the United States. Despite this prominence, it hasbeen relatively understudied as it has been difficult for researchers to isolate the causal impact ofthe Food Stamp Program on food spending, nutritional intake, labor supply and other outcomes.Because the program is national, there is not variation in program parameters (such as starkdifferences in state benefit levels or eligibility) that are typically exploited by researchers tomeasure program impacts. In this work, we leverage previously underutilized variation acrosscounties in the date they originally implemented their Food Stamp Program in the 1960s andearly 1970s. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 1960, 1970 and 1980Decennial Census, we employ difference-in-difference methods to estimate the impact ofprogram availability on food spending, family income, labor supply, and health. Using thePSID, we find that that the introduction of food stamps leads to decreases in out of pocket foodexpenses, decreases in the propensity to eat out, and overall increases in food consumption. Theresults are consistent with theoretical predictions but are not precisely estimated. Results fromthe Census and PSID show no evidence of a significant work disincentive from introduction offood stamps.

The aim of thisstudy is to understand of the family of the Irish immigrants in Scotland atthe late 19 century from the perspective of comparing the family structure of the Irish immigrants and the native Scotland and particularly using the concept offamily strategy. I have a hypothesis that in Ireland the type of simple family household with the partible inheritance system was dominated in theearly 19th century, but after 1835 the type changed to extended family households and multiple family households with establishing the system of dowry and matchmaking and the impartible inheritance system. In Scotland the Irish immigrants formed the simple family household for adapting the Scottish community and the head of household and their member had their job for the better well-being from the point of their family strategy. I use the data of 1881 Scotland Census Returns for testing of my hypothesis that has AHDS History of University of Essex. Atthe result of above analyzing I had the following conclusions. 1) I found the distribution of the Irish immigrants concentrated on six counties, namely Lanark (52.5%), Renfrew (13.9%), Edinburgh (6.7%), Ayr (6.5%), Forfar (5.7%) and Dumbarton (3.8%) and the total was 83.4%. 2) On the average of size of the household, the Irish immigrants are 4.1 and the native Scottish is 3.6, butthe size of Irish immigrants issmaller than the native Ireland (4.8).3) The type of the Irish immigrants and the native Scotlanddominated the type of simple household, butthe Irish (73.8%) was much than the native Scotland (64.9%). 4) However when I compared the type offamily by using the detailed tabulation of composition of kin groupper 100 households, we found a very difference in the two types between the Irish immigrants (14.1 persons) and the native Scotland (38.3 persons). The family of the Irish immigrants had very simple type but it was included many borders and lodgers, because they had the strong relations of community spirit of Ireland and to do so was the family strategy for the Irish immigrants.

How much have government programs improved the well-being of the most vulnerable elderly? To analyze this question, I examine the impact of Old Age Assistance (OAA) the first significant U.S. welfare program for the elderlyon the mortality of older Americans from 1930-1955. I construct two new data sets: a database of OAA benefits and rules, and a database of mortality by age, race, gender, and cause of death. To control for the joint determination of income and mortality, I use a simulated instrumental variables approach that relies on exogenous changes in OAA legislation at the state and year level. I find a substantial reduction in mortality for many vulnerable elderly groups, especially poor males. Mortality decreased mainly because of declines in risky behavior, infectious diseases (after the introduction of antibiotics) and suicides. Household survey analyses reveal changes in consumption consistent with these patterns. Overall, OAA income transfers were highly effective in preventing deaths among the elderly poor by increasing their access to health care and altering their behavior.

A readable and compelling social critique of consumer societyFundamentally questions the assumption that consumer choice maximizes our individual and social well-being. Combines social and economic history with insights from a range of other disciplines, including economics, psychology, sociology, politics, and anthropology. Includes a theoretical analysis of the relationship between affluence and welfare, historical case studies of these concepts in practice, and an investigation of the effects of affluence upon our social and inter-personal relations Since the 1940s Americans and Britons have come to enjoy an era of rising material abundance. Yet this has been accompanied by a range of social and personal disorders, including family breakdown, addiction, mental instability, crime, obesity, inequality, economic insecurity, and declining trust.Avner Offer argues that well-being has lagged behind affluence in these societies, because they present an environment in which consistent choices are difficult to achieve over different time ranges and in which the capacity for personal and social commitment is undermined by the flow of novelty. His approach draws on economics and social science, makes use of the latest cognitive research, and provides a detailed and reasoned critique of modern consumer society, especially the assumption that freedom of choice necessarily maximizes individual and social well-being.The book falls into three parts. Part one analyses the ways in which economic resources map on to human welfare, why choice is so intractable, and how commitment to people and institutions is sustained. It argues that choice is constrained by prior obligation and reciprocity. The second section then applies these conceptual arguments to comparative empirical studies of advertising, of eating and obesity, and of the production and acquisition of appliances and automobiles. Finally, in part three, Offer investigates social and personal relations in the USA and Britain, including inter-personal regard, the rewards and reversals of status, the social and psychological costs of inequality, and the challenges posed to heterosexual love and to parenthood by the rise of affluence. Readership: Scholars and students of twentieth century history. The general reader interested in politics, economics, and social issues. Economists, economic historians, sociologists, and social anthropologists.Contents Preface1 IntroductionPart One: Evaluating Affluence2 Economic Welfare Measures and Human Well-Being3 Passions and Interests: Self-Control and Well-Being4 Myopic and Rational Choice5 Between the Gift and the Market: The Economy of RegardPart Two: In the Marketplace6 The Mask of Intimacy: Advertising and Well-Being7 Epidemics of Abundance: Body-Weight and Self-Control8 Household Appliances and the Use of Time9 The American Automobile Frenzy of the 1950s10 Driving Prudently: American and EuropeanPart Three: Self and Others11 Affluence and the Pursuit of Status12 Inequality Hurts13 All You Need is Love? Mating since the 1950s14 Women and Children Last: The Ebbing of Commitment15 Conclusion Authors, editors, and contributors Avner Offer, Chichele Professor of Economic History, University of Oxford, Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and Fellow of the British Academy

The Great Migration of southerners away from their region of birth stands as one of the most significant demographic events in U.S. history. The first waves of migrants headed primarily to the Northeast and Midwest. During and after World War II, a larger proportion moved to the West. We use information from the 1970 through 2000 public use samples to compare the economic status of onward migrants from the Northeast and Midwest with that of direct migrants from the South. Our findings show that onward migrants had greater incomes and higher occupational status, but were not more likely to be employed, than direct migrants with the same sociodemographic profiles. The economic advantages enjoyed by onward migrants were shared by blacks and whites, and prevailed across three of the four decades considered in our analysis.

The "demographic revolution" the aging of societies has become a worldwide phenomenon, affecting governments, economies, social trends, relationships among nations, and, most of all, the elderly themselves and their families. The pace of aging differs among nations, however, as do the solutions for the new social needs and the rate of addressing them. Although no two nations are alike, one way for dealing effectively with new social demands is to learn from the creativity, achievements, and failures of other societies.This volume examines the issues confronting global aging through the prism of three multicultural nations; the United States, Israel, and Australia. All three countries face the challenges of coping with continued immigration, dramatic social and demographic change, and the growing nexus of social diversity, along with aging, but have established different infrastructures of programs, services, and public benefits for their older citizens. While highlighting their societies' experiences, the scholars contributing to this book discuss international achievements in meeting the ultimate challenge of aging well, as well as limitations and unmet needs, focusing on the art of coping with growing old, adapting to health challenges, and making a place for older persons in society. The authors not only identify the insights, indicators, and trends that may affect both developed and developing worlds, but also offer practical solutions for enhancing personal and societal well-being, thus making the most of this demographic revolution.

The aim of this chapter is to examine the concept of social generation as it relates to the analysis of the distribution of well-being, and to compare American and French welfare regime dynamics. The French case is not unique in its generational imbalances; the United States also faces major generational imbalances. In previous publications on the social consequences of economic fluctuations, from the Trente glorieuses (1945-1975) to the Croissance ralentie (1975-today), I have demonstrated the existence in France of a generational cleavage (fracture gnrationnelle) between the generations born before 1955 (the early baby boom generations and the previous ones, who benefited most from the economic acceleration of the postwar period) and those born after 1955 (who are facing an economic slowdown, high youth unemployment, and the resulting social problems). Thus we find an insiderization of previous generations and an outsiderization of new ones. This generational cleavage is often denied by policymakers and in the public debate; however, the long-term implications of these generational dynamics could have major consequences for the stability of the welfare state. This cleavage may be less visible than those based on class, ethnic or gender inequalities, but it nevertheless alters the long-term sustainability of the system. After defining social generations, and briefly discussing some theories of generational dynamics, I will analyze the consequences of macroeconomic changes in the context of strong social regulation on the opportunities of successive generations. I will first consider the different dimensions of the generational cleavage in France and then discuss national specificities within a French-American comparison.

Using multiple births as an exogenous shift in family size, I investigate the impact of the number of children on child investment and child well-being. Using data from the 1980 US Census Five-Percent Public Use Micro Sample, 2SLS results demonstrate that parents facing a change in family size reallocate resources in a way consistent with Beckers Quantity & Quality model. A larger family generated by twins in a later birth reduces the likelihood that older children attend private school, reduces the mothers labor force participation, and increases the likelihood that parents divorce. The impact of family size on a measure of child outcome, such as grade retention, is less clear. The results indicate that for both measures of child investment and child well-being, the 2SLS estimates are statistically distinguishable from OLS estimates, indicating an omitted variables bias in the single equation model.

This reports analysis is centered on the economic and political reforms of the 1990s. If most of these reforms did not directly address gender equality, they nevertheless received considerable scrutiny from a gender perspective. And whatever their intentions, they had significant and mixed implications for gender relations and womens well-being. As its title alludes, achieving gender equality and gender justice will be very difficult in a world that is increasingly unequal. The report presents strong arguments for why gender equality must be placed at the core of efforts to reorient the development agenda.

Do variations in the duration of grandparents caring for grandchildren result in significantly different patterns of poverty and receipt of public assistance for the household and disability for the grandparent caregiver? Using data from the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Samples (IPUMS) from the Census 2000, this paper explores how grandparent caregivers and their households fare as the length of caregiving extends from the possibly temporary category of under 6 months to a more permanent situation of over five years. The results indicate that households in the higher duration of grandparent caregiving categories have a significantly lower likelihood of living below 150% of the poverty threshold and a higher likelihood of receiving public assistance, after controlling for demographic and human capital covariates[JI1]. Disability of the caregiver varies slightly as the length of caregiving reaches five or more years.

This report is the product of a 2-year study by a panel of experts convened by the National Academies and supported by several foundations and U.S. government agencies. This panel was charged with conducting a study of the significant demographic changes taking place among the U.S. Hispanic population and their progress relative to the mainstream in several key areas. The panel could also consider ways to improve related data collection. The main purpose of the report is to help inform future policy debate and provide government, public institutions, and the private sector with the information needed to allocate resources for the enduring benefit of both the Hispanic population and the nation as a whole.In the edited volume Hispanics and the Future of America that serves as the companion to this report, readers will find a more detailed review of Hispanics' history, demography, geography, education, family, employment, economic well-being, health, and political engagement.

This study brings to light the phenomenon of aging in the West Indian migrant community in the United States. It presents the results of a cross-sectional exploratory survey of 107 community-dwelling West Indian women aged 55 years and over living in the Greater Hartford region of Connecticut. The data analysis reveals positive self-reports of health and few limiting or disabling conditions. However, there is substantial income inequality, a negative relationship between age group and income and limited use of services among those women most likely to require them. The findings suggest that some of the qualities which contributed to West Indians becoming the Black success model in the U.S. may be counterproductive for successful aging. A community-based strategy for addressing these issues is outlined. (Copies of this article are available from: Haworth Document Delivery Centre, Haworth Press Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580).