Although most conventional methods of preserving data privacy focus on static datasets, which remain unchanged after processing, real-world datasets may be dynamically modified often. Therefore, privacy-preservation methods must maintain data privacy after dataset modification. Re-anonymization of entire datasets is inefficient when large datasets are frequently modified. Although several previous studies have addressed data privacy for incremental data updates (i.e., record insertions), they have not adequately it for dynamic changes made to existing datasets (i.e., record updates and deletions). Therefore, we identified limitations of data-privacy preservation for dynamically evolving datasets and used anatomy instead of generalization and suppression to develop a more efficient l-diversity algorithm for preserving privacy of such datasets. We also used a Cuckoo filter, a new probabilistic data structure for approximate set-membership tests, to improve data-processing efficiency. Experimental results demonstrated that our proposed data-anonymization algorithm processed data more efficiently than other conventional algorithms, requiring much less running time than conventional re-anonymization of entire datasets. The Cuckoo-filtered algorithm was especially efficient, dramat

Impossible de passer à côté tant le sujet est au centre de toutes les préoccupations : l’intelligence artificielle va tout changer, à commencer par les entreprises. Mais ce changement ne va pas seulement concerner la transformation digitale, il va ouvrir de nouveaux horizons qui vont impacter les métiers, transformer les schémas organisationnels, les pratiques professionnelles, en particulier les méthodes de management. Pour l’entreprise, l’intelligence artificielle c’est la promesse de disrupter les pratiques, générer de nouveaux espaces de valeurs et optimiser l’existant. Pour les collaborateurs, c’est la promesse d’en finir avec les tâches à faible valeur ajoutée et la possibilité d’avoir des métiers plus riches et plus créatifs.

The M-Distinct is an excellent model that supports the anonymization of a fully dynamic set of data. This study aimed to explore and analyze the M-Distinct model. First of all, sensitive values in the QI-Group have certain randomness which caused the M-Distinct model prone to be property attacked. However, the (M, CUS)-Distinct model was proposed and required additional records in anonymity in the process. Therefore, its QI-Group-sensitive attribute value must belong to the same set of CUS to reduce the probability of property attacks. Secondly, the M-Distinct model involved time and cost. The proposed (M, CUS)-Distinct model creation phase generated disjoint barrel queues to ensure that each record could be stored in the record distribution phase, which reduced the time complexity of the algorithm. Finally, the experiment based on real data sets showed that the (M, CUS)-Distinct model was superior to the M-Distinct model in terms of data security, faked records processing, and execution time.

This paper uses data on the task content of occupations to study the role of labor supply in occupational choice. In 1970, married women were less likely to choose occupations characterized by analytically intensive tasks than were men. By 2010, gender differences in occupational choice had narrowed significantly. I use the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to measure the value of skill in an occupation and find an increase in this value with the analytical intensity of occupational tasks. I argue that, as a significant part of skill is accumulated on the job, sources that encourage women to commit to market work contributed to the gender convergence in occupational choice. A quantitative exercise measures that labor-saving technical change in the household sector, occupation-biased technical change in final good production, declining gender gaps in wages and schooling account for 58% of the gender convergence in occupational choice, via the labor supply channel.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in 2010 and was designed, in part, to vastly increase health insurance coverage. In this study, I build on past research to examine whether the Medicaid expansion provision of the ACA affected rates of cohabitation and marriage among young adults, and I compare estimates across two nationally representative data sets: the American Community Survey (ACS) and the Current Population Survey (CPS). I use data from the 2008-2016 waves to estimate difference-in-difference models. Preliminary results indicate that the Medicaid expansion was associated with significant declines in both cohabitation and marriage, with effects for cohabitation being larger in the CPS than in the ACS, likely as a result of differences in the measurement of cohabitation, and effects generally being larger for women than men. Implications of these findings and discrepancies are discussed.

When collecting information, local differential privacy (LDP) alleviates privacy concerns of users, as users’ private information is randomized before being sent to the central aggregator. However, LDP results in loss of utility due to the amount of noise that is added. To address this issue, recent work introduced an intermediate server and with the assumption that this intermediate server did not collude with the aggregator. Using this trust model, one can add less noise to achieve the same privacy guarantee; thus improving the utility. In this paper, we investigate this multiple-party setting of LDP. We first analyze the threat model and identify potential adversaries. We then make observations about existing approaches and propose new techniques that achieve a better privacy-utility tradeoff than existing ones. Finally, we perform experiments to compare different methods and demonstrate the benefits of using our proposed method.

This paper examines the impact of sibling gender on adolescent experiences and adult labor market outcomes for a recent cohort of U.S. women. We document an earnings penalty from the presence of a younger brother (relative to a younger sister), finding that a next-youngest brother reduces adult earnings by about 7%. Using rich data on parent-child interactions, parents’ expectations, disruptive behaviors, and adult outcomes, we provide a first step at examining the mechanisms behind this result. We find that brothers reduce parents’ expectations and school monitoring of female children while also increasing females’ propensity to engage in more traditionally feminine tasks. These factors help explain a portion of the labor market penalty from brothers.

Using the 2005-2014 waves of the American Community Survey –a period characterized by the rapid expansion of interior immigration enforcement initiatives across the United States, we evaluate the impact of a tougher policy environment on undocumented immigrants’ fertility. We find that a one standard deviation increase in enforcement lowers childbearing among likely undocumented women by 5 percent. The effect emanates from police-based measures linked to increased deportations, which may raise uncertainty about the future of the family unit and its resources. Understanding these impacts is important given the critical contributions of immigrants and their offspring to diversity, the economy and the sustainability of the welfare state.

Theories and empirical evidence suggest older women face heightened discrimination on the basis of age and sex. Current legislation does not adequately offer protection for older women in the labor force against discrimination based on the intersectionality of age and sex. This article discusses invoking an age-plus-sex or sex-plus-age cause of action for older women’s intersectional discrimination. This Article explains the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act frameworks for discrimination, along with an explanation on why courts do not recognize this cause of action. In addition, this Article analyzes the rising concern regarding older women facing discrimination and compares relevant case law. Older women compose a large share of the labor force in the United States.1 There are two federal statutes that provide protection for older women against discriminatory behavior by employers: the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (“Title VII”). Theories and empirical evidence suggest that older women are more discriminated against for being old and female.2 Despite this evidence, there is a concerning policy implication that current legislation does not provide adequate protection for older women. The main reason for this concern is that the prevalence of older women’s intersectional discrimination in the workplace calls for the invocation of an age-plus-sex or sex-plus-age cause of action. However, the courts do not recognize this cause of action under the ADEA and they have mixed views on this issue under Title VII. This Article discusses evidence of older women’s intersectional discrimination and the importance of recognizing this intersectionality in proof structure. The Article also reviews case law and the effectiveness of age discrimination laws on older women’s labor market outcomes. The findings indicate that the ADEA does not provide equal employment opportunities for older women. Older women’s legal recourse for their unique intersectional discrimination for being old and female is constrained under the ADEA and Title VII strictly due to legislative peculiarities in statutes intended to solve this exact problem.

An emerging literature empirically establishes that individuals migrate to adapt to climate variability. How these adaptation strategies affect society is poorly understood. We posit the influx of environmental migrants in receiving areas may affect society in that their presence may place pressure on labor markets, resources and services; create ethnic tensions; and foster ill-perceptions of migrants. It remains an additional open question whether any of the above relationships may contribute to societal unrest. Using census and satellite products available between 1976 and 2010, we provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the social consequences of environmental migration on receiving communities in Africa. The remaining empirical challenges are how to distinguish environmental immigration from broader economic migration and how to identify a causal relationship between the outcome of interest and environmental immigration. To address both concerns, we adopt the procedure used by Maystadt, Mueller, and Sebastian (2016).

In the pages of this journal, Glynn and Quinn (2011a) suggests that the typical parametric and semi-parametric approaches to causal inference yield impossibly high estimates of election day registration (EDR), one of the most scrutinized forms of convenience voting. After consulting their replication materials, available in the journal’s public Dataverse collection (hdl: 1902:1/ 15920; Glynn and Quinn [2011b]), I identified an unfortunate oversight in their coding. Glynn and Quinn mistakenly code Michigan as an EDR state and Maine as a control state in their data set. The state variable in the Current Population Survey (CPS) data set is GESTFIPS (or alternatively, GESTCEN); the authors create an EDR variable and assign a value of 1 to the states with GESTFIPS codes of 16, 27, 26, 33, 55, and 56. Referencing the 2004 CPS codebook, these values correspond to Idaho, Minnesota, Michigan, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. As evidenced by the authors’ commentary within their code, they actually intended to include Maine and omit Michigan to reflect the true collection of states that offered EDR in 2004. I reproduce the authors’ findings exactly when I retain the coding error (Table A1 of . . .

Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey for Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we examine whether the heavily feminized health care industry produces “good jobs” for workers without a college degree as compared to other major industries. For women, we find that jobs in the health care industry are significantly more likely than the food service and retail industries to provide wages above $15 per hour, health benefits, fulltime hours, and job security. Jobs in the health care industry are not “good jobs” for low- and middle-skill men in terms of wages, relative to the industries of construction and manufacturing, but health care jobs can provide men with greater job security, and in comparison to construction, a higher probability of employer-based health insurance. That said, the findings emphasize that because men and women are differentially distributed across industries, access to different forms of job quality is also gendered across industries, with important implications for gender dynamics and economic strain within working class families.

Objective To study social and demographic differentiation of assisted reproduction technology (ART) use at the population level in the United States. Design Population-based study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Women 15–49 years old in the American Community Survey and National Vital Statistics Birth Certificate data from 2010–2017. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) Birth rate after ART by major sociodemographic categories and likelihood of having an ART birth. Result(s) Net of education, age, period, and marital status, the incidence rates of ART births are lower for black women (0.57 times; 95% CI, 0.52–0.62) and Hispanic women (0.67 times; 95% CI, 0.57–0.62) relative to white women's rates; for Asian women, the incidence rates are 1.21 times that of white women's rates. Further, the incidence rates of ART births are higher for women with more than a 4-year degree (2.08 times; 95% CI, 1.90–2.27) relative to women with a 4-year degree, and are lower for women with less education. Women who are married have an incidence rate of ART that is 5.72 times (95% CI, 5.37–6.09) that of unmarried women. The incidence rates for 2013–2016 are statistically significantly higher than for 2010 by a factor of 1.16 (95% CI, 1.02–1.31), 1.16 (95% CI, 1.03–1.31), 1.27 (95% CI, 1.12–1.43), and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.43–1.82), respectively. The educational differences in ART exist across all age groups from 20 to 49, but are the largest among the 35–39 and 40–44 age groups. Conclusion(s) Large differences in the risk of an ART birth and the proportion of births and the total fertility rate due to ART exist across period, age, race, education, and marital status groups in the United States. Current measures of ART births may disguise an unmet need for ART.

Housing is the most important asset for the vast majority of American households and a key driver of racial disparities in wealth. This paper studies how residential segregation by race eroded black wealth in prewar urban areas. Using a novel sample of matched addresses from prewar American cities, we find that over a single decade rental prices soared by roughly 50 percent on city blocks that transitioned from all white to majority black. Meanwhile, pioneering black families paid a 28 percent premium to buy a home on a majority white block. These homes then lost 10 percent of their original value as the block became majority black. These findings strongly suggest that segregated housing markets cost black families much of the gains associated with migrating to the North.

This work comparatively analyses the determinants of integration into the American labor market by qualification level of the occupation of Mexican professional migrants. To meet the objective, we estimate two multinomial econometric models that examine the odds of not being filled or used in positions of different level of qualification. Based on these results, scenarios are built. In the first that combines academic degree with the presence of children, the high probability for the female population of being outside the workforce was blunt, with the exception of having a doctorate. The second scenario, which relates to immigration conditions, schooling and English proficiency, illustrates vulnerability as immigrants, when optimal conditions are not present, but in this case women have greater likely to be left out of the workforce.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate how the intersection of race, class, and gender within law enforcement influences the utilization of public safety strategies grounded in the broken windows policing philosophy. Drawing from Acker's inequality regime framework, we hypothesize that greater workplace inequalities produce institutionalized systems of social processes that increase the likelihood that organizations will implement aggressive enforcement of order maintenance offenses as a strategy for sustaining public safety. Using data collected from 1,218 U.S. police departments, the results suggest that stronger inequality regimes are associated with higher arrest rates for disorder offenses, marijuana possession, and liquor law violations. Further, the results suggest that stronger inequality regimes are related to higher arrest rates for Black community members. As many law enforcement agencies across the nation face a legitimacy crisis, prompted by concerns about how police interact with people of color, the results from this study suggest that increasing representation and reducing inequality in law enforcement should result in agencies becoming less reliant on large-scale arrest-driven order maintenance strategies by including more diverse perspectives in the decision-making process and developing alternative models for maintaining public safety.

This study examines proximate sources of change in first-marriage trajectories in the United States between 1960 and 2010. This was a period of tremendous social change: divorce became more common, people started marrying later or not marrying at all, innovations in medicine and changes in social and behavioral factors led to reduced mortality, inequality grew stronger and was reflected by more intense assortative mating, and the country underwent a massive educational expansion. Each of these factors influenced the formation and dissolution of first marriages over this period. This article extends the multiple-decrement life table to incorporate heterogeneity and assortative mating, which allows the quantification of how changes in the incidence of marriage, divorce, and mortality, along with changes in educational attainment and assortative mating, have shaped trends in first-marriage trajectories. The model is used to prove that stronger educational assortative mating leads to longer average durations of first marriage. Using data from multiple sources and this model, this study shows that although the incidence of divorce was the primary determinant of changes in first-marriage trajectories between 1960 and 1980, it has played a relatively smaller role in driving change in marital trajectories between 1980 and 2010. Instead, factors such as later age at first marriage, educational expansion, declining mortality, narrowing sex differences in mortality, and more intense educational assortative mating have been the major drivers of changes in first-marriage trajectories since 1980.

The assumption that housework is a uniformly disliked activity underpins the academic literature on domestic labor. This assumption ignores the possibilities that (1) some housework activities, such as cooking or gardening, may actually be enjoyable, and (2) there may be systematic variation among individuals in how they experience doing housework. We test the assumption that housework is uniformly disliked by examining men’s and women’s reports of happiness during housework. We test how happiness varies depending on the activity undertaken and by gender and other socio-demographic characteristics. Preliminary results indicate that there is substantial variation in happiness across activities and by gender. Respondents report most happiness during yard work and cooking and least happiness during laundry. Women report significantly more happiness than men in most housework activities. The findings of this study will facilitate a better understanding of how housework is allocated in families and why housework remains persistently gendered.

Using the 2010-2014 5-year sample of the American Community Survey, this paper investigates the roles that sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity play in explaining occupational achievements and earnings. By combining the approach of Del Río and Alonso-Villar (2015) with the counterfactual method of DiNardo et al. (1996) and Gradín (2013), the authors offer a framework that allows for the simultaneous comparison of all sexual orientation–gender–race/ethnicity groups whereas controlling for characteristics. The analysis suggests that occupations matter in explaining earnings differences among groups. The sexual orientation wage premium of lesbians is quite small for blacks and much higher for Hispanics and Asians than for whites. The high magnitude of the gender wage gap in an intersectional framework is also displayed. For men, departing from the white heterosexual model involves a substantial punishment; the racial penalty is larger for heterosexuals whereas the sexual orientation penalty is greater for whites.

Tiebout (1956) put forth his influential “voting with their feet” theory that people move across regions to match their preferences for the optimal bundle of tax and government services. Other previous studies had emphasized the significant impacts of locational characteristics on individual moving decisions especially those made by young professional workers (Florida, 2014). The issue of migration has important policy implications. On the one hand, policy makers actively use region-based policies to attract business activities and high-productivity worker groups that are critical for a region’s future growth. For example, the smart specialization concept calls for the promotion of “a local skills base that can facilitate widespread local incremental improvements across a range of the region’s economic activities” (McCann and Ortega-Argilés, 2015), as it has been found that inflows of skills that are related to the existing knowledge base of the region had a positive effect on regional economic growth (Boschma et al., 2009). On the other hand, policy makers and the public are concerned about mitigating the impacts of socio-economic changes on incumbent residents and have enacted policies to protect them from displacement. For example, community activists have long been concerned that gentrification might drive up the housing values in a community and displace long-term incumbent residents through higher property-tax burdens. Several state and local governments have debated or enacted caps on the taxation of owner-occupied property as anti-displacement measures. Many policy makers appear to assume that long-term homeowners in gentrifying neighborhoods require special tax treatment to prevent their displacement. The three chapters of this dissertation investigated how people migrate in response to statelevel and intra-metropolitan socio-economic changes. Chapter one uses a Computational General Equilibrium (CGE) model of Illinois to estimate a tax policy’s impacts on labor migration as well as on the wider state economy. In 2011, the Illinois state government raised individual and corporate income taxes as one contribution to easing the problem of short term and longer-term fiscal deficits; However, the impact of the tax increase goes beyond state balance sheets and contemporary labor statistics since higher taxes may drive corporations and taxpayers out of the state, seeking lower tax rates and greater employment opportunities in other locations. The average number of Illinois migrants who moved to other states was 65,100 from 2008 to 2011, but this number jumped significantly to 97,947 between 2012 and 2013, one year after the tax increase. iii To quantify the impact of the 2011 tax increase on migration, Chapter one first estimates parameters related to Illinois’s labor market then plug them back to the CGE model. Sensitivity checks show that the CGE model has enhanced explanatory power when the labor market parameters were estimated rather than borrowed from existing studies of other regions and historical periods. Comparison of the simulations with/out the 2011 tax increase provides an approximation of its long-term negative impacts on Illinois regional economy in terms of GRP, labor out-migration, total employment, and real wage, although the state government’s income increased in the short term. Moreover, this income gain is temporary because the tax increase has shrunk the size of Illinois’s tax base, as a result of the enhanced out-migration of taxpayers. In the long run, the state government’s tax revenue will decrease. In addition, the simulation results show that the tax increase alone will not quickly change Illinois’s financial standing unless the state government allocates a significantly greater share of its revenue to debt repayment. However, this additional allocation comes at a price of aggravating the negative economic impacts of the tax increase. To summarize, policy maker should be cautious of the tension between addressing the state’s fiscal responsibility (in hopes of retaining corporate activities as well as lowering the interest on bonds) through unilateral changes in tax rates versus reducing the short-run negative impact on the economy. Chapter two of the dissertation uses a national data to study the tax-induced migration of top scientists that are economically important and associated with the fostering of new industries and job creation (Zucker et al. 1998; Zucker and Darby 2006). The existing literature on taxinduced migration (TIM) has a literature gap with important policy implications. By far it has mainly focused on the estimation of the average elasticity of migration to taxes but has largely ignored the variance around these estimates. For example, if TIM has a threshold pattern where migrants respond only to tax differentials outside an “inertia range,” then small-scale fiscal adjustments might not attain the policy goal of skill attraction. Chapter two aims to fill this literature gap by investigating the nonlinear effects of taxes on migration. Specifically, it applied a spline regression to the dataset of Moretti and Wilson (2017) and observe different nonlinear patterns in the effects of four types of taxes on scientist migration. Then it uses bin regression to confirm the statistical significance of observed marginal effect variations. The results suggest that personal income tax and research and development tax iv credit have threshold patterns in their effects on inter-state migration and migration only occurred once certain thresholds in tax/credit gaps are met. The inter-state gap of net-of-ATR and R& D tax credit need to be respectively greater than or equal to 4 and 10 percentage points to induce migration. In contrast, corporate income tax has a linear effect on migration: a one-percent increase in tax differentials between two states leads to a fixed percentage increase in the migration flows between the two states, as described by an average elasticity. Meanwhile, investment tax credits have a stable effect on migration only when the destination state initially has higher credits than the origin state. To summarize, chapter two finds salient and distinctively different nonlinear patterns in the effects of inter-state tax differences on scientists’ migration. Chapter three shifts the focus from socio-economic changes in macro-environment to gentrification in local neighborhoods that alters the immediate surroundings of residents. The socioeconomic upgrading of gentrifying neighborhoods has been believed to be associated with the displacement of its long-term, incumbent residents (Marcuse, 1985). The mechanisms of gentrification also predict that renters should face higher displacement pressure than homeowners because they face the displacing factors of gentrification like rent appreciation but are excluded from the retaining factors such as the expectation of greater housing sales price in the future. By far, the empirical literature generally had overlooked the substantial differences between owners and renters (Martin and Beck, 2018). The owner-renter displacement incidence has important policy implications: If the policy goal is to protect long-term residents in gentrifying neighborhoods, then policy makers should prioritize stabilizing the rental markets. Chapter three studies the owner/renter incidence difference of gentrification from a novel perspective of downward mobility. Ding et al. (2016) was the first to find that although residents with low credit scores and without a mortgage were no more likely to exit gentrifying neighborhoods than their counterparts in non-gentrifying neighborhoods, individuals that did move out were more likely to move to lower-income neighborhoods. These findings highlight the importance of investigating the quality and destination of residential moves as opposed to solely studying mobility rates. However, the data of Ding et al. (2016) did not have a direct distinction between homeowners and renters thus did not address the potential owner-renter incidence gap of gentrification. Chapter three overcomes this limitation with a longitudinal dataset, InfoUSA, that contains annual information between 2010-2015 of Chicago households’ residential location, owner/renter v status, and other demographic characteristics. This paper develops the gentrification-displacement literature by investigating how downward mobility is impacted by not only gentrification but also housing tenure status. The empirical results confirm that renter migrants have a greater incidence of downward movement than homeowners. Renters on average have a 12.2 percentage-point higher probability than homeowners to move to a more disadvantaged destination, regardless of the gentrification intensity in the origin neighborhood. On the other hand, intensely gentrified neighborhoods observe a 5.4 percentage point higher downward mobility than nongentrified neighborhoods, renters and owners alike. Although the synergy of housing tenure and gentrification can make a difference in downward movement probability as high as 17.6 percentage points, their interaction terms tend to be insignificant meaning that the magnitude of the ownerrenter incidence gap is not different across gentrifying and nongentrifying neighborhoods. More importantly, As the synergy between gentrification and housing tenure status redistribute renters to less advantaged neighborhoods, policy makers and researchers should pay attention to the detrimental effects of this residential redistribution on local community development and focus on preventing and mitigating the relevant negative consequences. The rest of the dissertation is organized as follows. Section two, three, and four respectively lays out the structures of chapters one to three. The figures and tables of each chapter are included after their conclusion sections. A reference list of the full dissertation is given at the end of the docum