Over the past year, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has proposed changes to three aspects of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP: the unemployment standards required for waivers from time limits for adults who are mentally and physically able to work, have no dependents, and do not meet work requirements; the types of government benefits that automatically qualify families for SNAP; and the approach to calculating standard utility allowances. (Box 1 lists further details of the changes.) Such changes to the nation’s largest nutrition assistance program1 could affect how millions of poor and low-income Americans purchase food.

Literasi seharusnya sudah menjadi kebiasaan bagi masyarakat Indonesia, karena literasi sudah dimulai pada abad ke V masehi pada zaman kerajaan. Revolusi industri 4.0 memberikan dampak positif dan negatif terhadap keberaksaan yaitu kemampuan membaca dan manulis. Masyarakat terutama siswa lebih senang menggunakan ponsel pintar daripada membaca buku. Teknik pembiasaan literasi secara konvensional memerlukan waktu lama, dan hasilnya belum tentu maksimal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui teknik anchoring dalam menanamkan kebiasaan berliterasi yaitu membaca dan menulis. Hasil penelitian ini dapat diaplikasikan oleh guru dalam menanamkan kebiasaan berliterasi. Teknik anchoring dilakukan dengan cara mengoptimal peran alam bawah sadar dalam mengubah perilaku siswa dalam berliterasi.

To what extent do parents exhibit preferential treat- ment for one gender with respect to financial gifts to children? Using the Health and Retirement Study from 1992-2014, I esti- mate differences in the frequency and magnitude of gifts to sons and daughters. Conditional on a transfer, there is no evidence of differences in amounts between sons and daughters. However par- ents give to daughters at higher rates. I explore potential mecha- nisms for this disparity: in particular, I address the altruism and exchange motives for inter vivos transfers. I find that the differ- ence in giving rates is partially explained by higher expected rates of future care from daughters. Even after controlling for discrep- ancy in care-taking, income levels, and other observable character- istics, parents are still 10-20% more likely to give a transfer to their daughters. The discrepancy in giving rates is driven by unmarried children: once daughters marry they are less likely to receive a transfer.

In this paper, we examine use-of-force incidents as neighborhood processes to understand how rates and levels of use-of-force vary across New York City. We suggest that there are two distinct outcomes of force by the police: number of use-of-force incidents and level of force. Applying theories of racial threat, social disorganization, and Klinger’s ecological theory of policing, we conceptualize use-of-force as a neighborhood phenomenon rather than individual events. Our results suggest that rates and levels of force operate in some distinct ways. In particular, while we find that use-of-force is concentrated in Black neighborhoods, and is also more severe in Black neighborhoods, neighborhoods with higher racial and ethnic heterogeneity have decreasing force incidents, but with increasing severity. This may reflect different types of policing, with high rates of low-level police harassment occurring in primarily poorer, Black neighborhoods, and more isolated but severe incidents occurring in middle-income and wealthier mixed neighborhoods.

We use results from the December 2016 CalSpeaks Survey to assess citizen understanding about how the property tax functions and the distributional impact of the tax. Key issues include (1) do California citizens today understand the provisions of Proposition 13 and the implications for how the property tax operates in California, and (2) given that knowledge, what is the perspective of California residents about the income incidence (progressivity) of the property tax. The survey results reveal weak current understanding of the tax rate limitations of Proposition 13 and a resulting overestimate of actual property tax payments. Only about one third of residents believe that the property tax is progressive (i.e. a greater percentage of income for a typical high-income person), with robust evidence that greater knowledge of the basic elements of Proposition 13 (fixed rate and method of assessment) increases the likelihood of belief that the property is progressive.

This report is intended as an empirical investigation of the voting behavior of immigrants in Colorado and the naturalization backlog within the state as part of the Golda Meir Center and Metropolitan State University of Denver’s missions to provide relevant and timely communitybased research. The data and analyses are presented to provide the public and stakeholders with evidence to further a discourse regarding immigrant voting rights and the naturalization process. The report covers three main topics: the naturalization backlog in Colorado; the propensity of immigrants in Colorado to vote; and the electoral preferences of Latino immigrants (the largest single group of immigrants in Colorado).

Land use regulations cause local housing supply restrictions and raise local housing prices, as shown in a large empirical literature. If supply is restricted by local regulation, it is likely to cause a spillover of housing demand to other localities, depending on the regulation in the surrounding jurisdictions as well as demand. This spillover effect should reduce price rises in the locality imposing regulatory constraints, all else equal. In this paper, we test for the home community price effect resulting from regulatory spillovers which we identify as a general equilibrium effect. We develop a general equilibrium model with household choice on consumption and location and local housing production with empirical implications for which we test. Using property transaction data from 1993 to 2017 in California and a regulatory index compiled from the Wharton Residential Land Use Survey (Gyourko, Saiz and Summers, 2008), we structurally estimate and identify general equilibrium and partial equilibrium effects. Founded on the structural model, we derive a spatial measure of relative regulatory restrictiveness that allows us to separate the partial equilibrium effect from the general equilibrium effect in reduced-form analysis. We examine cities in Greater Los Angeles and find that the home regulatory and spillover effects are significantly positive and depend on city and property characteristics.

The study of occupations has a long history in the social sciences. The United States Census Bureau creates and updates occupation codes based on the Standard Occupation Classification System to systematically identify similar jobs and classify them into occupations. Periodic updates to occupation codes are necessary for capturing changes in occupations and appropriately reflecting the labor market. While these updates are important for capturing the changing jobs that are performed in the United States, they are changes that make it more complicated for researchers to make appropriate comparisons over time. This paper presents the methodology we use to harmonize 2010 and 2002 Census occupation codes. Our work builds upon the foundation of existing harmonized occupation data available through IPUMS, most notably the variable OCC1990. Combining our contribution with existing IPUMS infrastructure creates a consistent measure of occupation for all seven coding schemes over the 1950-2018 period.

Nashville is known as Music City, but many homes on both the for-sale and rental market remain out of reach for musicians and singers. In the entire Nashville metro area, musicians could afford the monthly mortgage payment in about three-quarters of ZIP codes, thanks to low mortgage interest rates. But the typical musician could afford rent in just five of the Nashville metro area ZIP codes.

What are the downstream political consequences of state activity explicitly targeting a racial or ethnic minority group? This question is well studied in the comparative context, but less is known about the effects of explicitly racist state activity on minority groups in liberal western democracies such as the United States. We investigate this question by looking at a significant and tragic event in American history—the mass internment of people of Japanese descent during World War II. We find that Japanese Americans who were interned are significantly less likely to have faith in government or be politically active and this demobilizing effect increases with internment length. In terms of the mechanism behind this demobilization, we find that camp experience matters: those who went to camps that witnessed violence or strikes had sharper declines in faith in government, levels of interest in U.S. politics, and willingness to protest against internment. Taken together, our findings both contribute to a growing literature documenting the demobilizing e?ects of ethnically targeted incarceration and expand our understanding of these forces within the U.S.

Introduction This study sought to empirically evaluate whether the Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act increased smoking cessation among low-income childless adult smokers. Methods The effects of the Medicaid expansion on smoking quit attempts and the probability of 30- and 90-day smoking cessation were evaluated using logistic regression and data from the 2010–2011 and 2014–2015 waves of the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Using boosted logistic regression, the Tobacco Use Supplement was restricted to an analytic sample composed of childless adults with high probability of being <138% of the federal poverty level. Propensity score weighting was used to compare changes in smoking cessation among a sample of current and past smokers in states that expanded Medicaid with a control sample of current and past smokers in states that did not expand Medicaid with similar sociodemographic characteristics and smoking histories. This study additionally controlled for state socioeconomic trends, welfare policies, and tobacco control policies. Analysis was conducted between January 2018 and June 2019. Results After weighting by propensity score and adjusting for state socioeconomic trends, welfare policies, and tobacco control policies, the Medicaid expansion was not associated with increases in smoking quit attempts or smoking cessation. Conclusions The Medicaid expansion did not appear to improve smoking cessation, despite extending health insurance eligibility to 2.3 million low-income smokers. Greater commitments to reducing barriers to cessation benefits and increasing smoking cessation in state Medicaid programs are needed to reduce smoking in low-income populations.

The 1831 census database is the newest addition to the series of 19th century Canadian census microdata available for social science research, thanks to a collaboration between the Programme de recherche en démographie historique (PRDH) and FamilySearch. This article presents the work undertaken to prepare this database and the main challenges encountered in the course of this work. While the data extracted from the 1831 census are an invaluable tool for demographic research, particularly on account of the agricultural and industrial questions included in this census, cleaning these data have required particular attention to the age-sex-marital status tallies of the household co-residents. Additional efforts were devoted to integrating missing data for Montréal’s Notre-Dame parish and for other parishes.

This article outlines a temporal dynamics approach to the study of industry clusters. Despite extensive work on cluster size (or “mass”), little attention has been paid to their temporal dynamics (or “motion”). We propose that understanding cluster dynamics is important, because clusters are seldom stable, and cluster dynamics may have strategic implications not accounted for by existing approaches. We introduce a novel measure of cluster motion. Applying this measure to data on establishments in the U.S. computer and semiconductor industries, we document wide variation in cluster mass over time, both within and across regions. Furthermore, utilizing patent data, we find that cluster motion correlates with localized knowledge spillovers in ways different from cluster mass, suggesting that our approach may offer novel insights to strategy researchers.

Background The cancer burden in South Florida, with a population of more than 6 million with a heavily Hispanic and large Afro-Caribbean population, has not been quantified. Methods We analyzed 2012-2016 cancer mortality data from South Florida for white, Hispanic, and black populations with disaggregation for Cuban, Puerto Rican, South American, African American, and Afro-Caribbean groups. We calculated cancer site-specific and allsites combined age-adjusted mortality rates, and we used negative binomial regression to determine mortality rate ratios to compare South Florida's cancer mortality rates with those of the rest of the nation. Results We analyzed 53,837 cancer deaths. Per 100,000 population, cancer mortality rates in South Florida were similar among white (173 per 100,000) and black (176 per 100,000) men and among white and black women (133 for both), and they were lowest among Hispanic men (151 per 100,000) and women (93 per 100,000). However, compared with their counterparts nationally, Hispanic residents in South Florida had higher cancer mortality rates, largely driven by Cuban residents, and mortality rates among white and black residents, especially male residents, were substantially lower. Liver cancer rates were high among white and Puerto Rican "baby boomers"; lung cancer mortality was low among all groups except Cuban men; cervical cancer was high among white, black, and Puerto Rican women. Conclusion Cancer patterns are not monochromatic in all US regions; South Florida is distinctive. Meeting the needs of an aging diverse population presents challenges for all major metropolitan areas. Expanding surveillance, increasing minority participation in clinical trials, and investing in culturally specific community-based health promotion must continue.

We know little about the French-Canadian population of the American West, especially before a distinction is added to the 1890 American census that allows us to distinguish French Canadians and English Canadians. Using for the first time a dictionary of French-Canadian surnames applied to American census microdata, this text draws the main features of the French-Canadian population of the American West from 1850 to 1910 by comparing it to other regions of the United States. It shows a growing population following the arrival of new immigrants, mostly men, but mainly due to the increase in the number of descendants of immigrants. Internal movements from the East also contribute to this growth during the period, as for the rest of the American population.

The concurrence of health insurance expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and increasing opioid‐related mortality has led to debate whether insurance increases or decreases opioid deaths. I use the introduction of the ACA young adult (YA) provision as a quasi‐experiment and utilize the resulting policy‐induced variation across states over time in YA access to insurance to study the effect of coverage on opioid‐related mortality. I rely on the share of state populations which stood to gain insurance before the ACA to perform a dose–response analysis, and find that the YA provision reduced opioid‐related mortality. The analysis suggests that 1 percentage point more coverage reduced opioid mortality among YA by 2.5/100,000 or 19.8%.

Music in the American Diasporic Wedding explores the complex cultural adaptations, preservations, and fusions that occur in weddings between couples and families of diverse origins. Discussing weddings as a site of negotiations between generations, traditions, and religions, the essays gathered here argue that music is the mediating force between the young and the old, ritual and entertainment, and immigrant lore and assimilation. The contributors examine such colorful integrations as klezmer-tinged Mandarin tunes at a Jewish and Taiwanese American wedding, a wedding services industry in Chicago's South Asian community featuring a diversity of wedding music options, and Puerto Rican cultural activists dancing down the aisles of New York's St. Cecilia's church to the thunder of drums and maracas and rapping their marriage vows. These essays show us what wedding music and performance tell us about complex multiethnic diasporic identities and remind us that how we listen to and celebrate otherness defines who we are.

This study examines whether the addition of money via the receipt of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) affects parent-child time use patterns. Using difference-in-differences analyses that exploit seasonal variation in EITC refund receipt with nationally representative time-diary data from the 2003-2017 American Time Use Survey-Current Population Survey (ATUS-CPS), the plausibly causal effects of EITC receipt on the quantity and quality of parent-child time use were estimated. Results suggest that receipt of EITC refunds are associated with short-term increases in time with children for females, particularly unmarried females, and short-term decreases in time with children for males. Among the parents of children under 6, EITC receipt was associated with more time spent working. EITC receipt also predicted a short-term decrease in parent-child time spent in enriching activities, but this appears may be attributed to seasonal fluctuations. Research and policy implications are discussed.

Korinek, Mistiaen, and Ravallion 2007 (Journal of Econometrics 136: 213-235) proposes a method to correct the bias generated by unit nonresponse that depends on household characteristics such as income. They make use of Current Population Survey (CPS) data from 1997 to 2004. In this paper we replicate and extend their empirical results, confirming that response probability is strictly dependent on income levels. With one exception, we replicate in a ‘narrow sense’ the set of year-by-year point estimates. In addition, we use data from 1977 to 2018 to extend the previous results along three dimensions. First, we show that the estimated parameters vary in an important way over time, especially during the last decade. Second, we find that the best specification changes over time but it often appears to be one that includes a quadratic term on income, which fits with recent evidence of non-monotonicity in response rates of the CPS. Finally, the adjustment of household survey weights for differential nonresponse results in substantial upward adjustments for the Gini index (8.5% on average across years), top income shares (40% on average across years), total income (8.1% on average across years), and a downward correction in poverty rates (-8.1% on average across years).

Occupational sorting now is one of the main drivers of the gender wage gap. Differential rates of human capital depreciation, or knowledge obsolescence, have been put forward as one potential explanation. This paper provides new evidence on this relationship using a dataset on academic citations constructed by the authors. The dataset covers numerous fields and decades, making it a more recent and comprehensive measure of human capital depreciation. Using data on occupations from the ACS we find that higher rates of knowledge obsolescence are associated with reductions in women’s presence in a field. We also find that knowledge obsolescence reduces female presence in college majors at the undergraduate level.