We investigate training choices made by workers entering the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program. This is important as more workers enter these types of programs due to technological change and globalization. We show that workers that choose a training occupation beyond their skill level (skill overshooting) achieve higher earnings and wage replacement rates with the cost being that it lowers their reemployment rates. Specifically, skill overshooting lowers the reemployment rates for these trainees by 2.0 percentage points, but they enjoy an increase in their wage replacement rate by 2.0 percentage points and $615 in annual earnings. An investigation of subsamples, shows that skill overshooting affects different groups of trainees differently. Female and rural-dwelling trainees enjoy the most benefits in earnings ($1,443 and $1,080, respectively) without hurting their chances of reemployment. The highly educated sample enjoys a large increase in earnings but still bears the decline in the reemployment rate.

Italians were the largest contributors to the rise in southern European immigration that took place in the US at the turn of the 20th century. This rise fueled anti-immigrant sentiments which concluded with the US abandoning its open-door policy for European immigrants. I study the selection and economic outcomes of Italians in Argentina and the US, the two largest destinations for Italians in this period. Prior cross-sectional work shows that Italians had faster assimilation in Argentina, but is inconclusive on whether this was due to differences in selection or to differences in host-country conditions. I assemble data following Italians from passenger lists to population censuses, enabling me to compare migrants with similar regional origins and pre-migration characteristics. First-and second-generation Italians had better economic outcomes in Argentina. Observable pre-migration characteristics cannot explain these differences. Path dependence in migration flows can rationalize these differences in an era of open borders.

L’étalement des grandes villes est l’un des principaux moteurs de la transformation de l’espace aux États-Unis et en Arizona. Il est souvent vu comme un exemple emblématique de ce phénomène consommateur d’espace et gourmand en eau. Tucson et l’unité administrative dont elle dépend, le Pima County, émergent dans ce contexte comme un contre-modèle, ayant cherché depuis le début des années 1980 à se distancier de la croissance à tout prix. L’article confronte les ambitions affichées avec la réalité de l’expansion urbaine telle qu’on peut la saisir au travers de nombreuses données géographiques disponibles. Le croisement de ces différentes données permet de mettre au jour quelques succès concernant la gestion des ressources hydriques mais aussi la difficulté des institutions à contrôler les transformations du paysage et l’urbanisation, ainsi que les déséquilibres à moyen et long termes qui sont ainsi engendrés.

Americans of all ages; levels of education; income levels; and races and ethnicities move; less than they used to. Figure 1 provides an illus; population). The percent of individuals (all ages); moved within the U.S. at some point in the year (b; the 1980s and 10 percent in 2017. About half of th; in short-distance moves: the percent changing resi; 4 percentage points over this period. However; the percent of people moving longer distances—; potentially crossing labor markets—has declined su; for example; the percent who changed states in the year (orange; 1980s and 1½ percent in 2017; while the percent who changed states or counties (; orange lines) fell by about 3 percentage points ov

In a climate of polarization, a peculiar idea might have the potential to reach across political frontiers: the idea to grant every citizen a universal income guarantee. This project is not only an attempt to facilitate a nuanced debate about this policy and its possible effects on incomes in the US but also an offer to think about welfare and shared growth in general.

The timing/sequencing of short-term later life-course work pathways and their distribution across individuals in intersecting social locations (such as combinations of age, gender, and education) have considerable theoretical and policy relevance. Yet most later adulthood labor force exit/retirement research considers annual or biennial exits rather than month-to-month continuity and change, investigates variables rather than person-centered pathways in work participation, and simply controls for age, gender and education as separate indicators. We capitalize on massive micro-level monthly panel data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) over 10 years from 2008 to 2018 to examine disparities in biographical pacing—the timing and sequencing of remaining in or out of or exiting/reentering employment over 16 months. We have panel data on 346,488 American women and men ages 50 to 75. This is, to our knowledge, the first population-based panel study specifically addressing associations between intersectional social locations and short-term later-life workforce dynamics.

Diversifying crop production has been proposed as a means of reducing food and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa, but previous empirical studies yield mixed results. Much of this evidence has focused at the household level, but there are plausible reasons to expect that the presence of crop diversity at other scales affects human health. Utilizing data from 11 sub-Saharan African countries housed in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS)-Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) system, this study assesses the association between village-level crop diversity and both dietary diversity and height-for-age among young children. Our findings indicate that, overall, village-level crop diversity contributes to higher dietary diversity and improved height-for-age and that functional diversity measures best account for nutritional outcomes. These findings provide an important basis for future research to explore the importance of crop diversity at scales beyond the household and to consider other contextual determinants of child health.

Background Population-level estimates of patient-reported time seeking medical care in the United States by disability status are unknown. Objective To estimate the likelihood of seeking medical care on an average day and the number of minutes spent traveling to, waiting for, and receiving medical care among those receiving care, by disability status. Methods Data are analyzed from the nationally representative 2008, 2010, and 2012–2016 American Time Use Surveys. Weighted logistic and linear regression models evaluate the association between sensory, cognitive, physical, or multiple disabilities and time spent seeking medical care, net of age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, employment, nativity, marital status, parental status, income, metropolitan area, and self-rated health. Results The presence of a disability positively associates with the likelihood of seeking medical care on an average day. Patients with disabilities spend more total time in medical care than patients without disabilities as a result of longer clinical and travel time. These differences cannot be explained by sociodemographic disparities or by poorer self-rated health. Conclusions Patient time burden is exacerbated by the presence of a disability. It is important to consider disability status along with other social disparities when evaluating the delivery of timely and equitable care.

An equity-based Statistics course for pre-service mathematics teachers could play a role in the development of pre-service teachers’ equity literacy, encouraging conversations about equity in education and illuminating structural factors that contribute to the educational opportunity gap in the U.S. In the Winter 2019 semester, a faculty team at the author’s university piloted such a course. The course included data explorations dealing with structural inequities by race – one of the most difficult topics to address productively in a teacher preparation course. For the present study, a survey of pre-service teachers’ views on educational equity was administered in a required Social Foundations course for pre-service teachers as well as in the Statistics for Teachers pilot section. Pre-post analysis of this survey, along with interviews and classroom observations in both courses, illuminated the ways in which each course contributed to pre-service teachers’ emerging views on educational equity. In this paper the results of the study are analyzed in the context of the history and sociology of American education as well as the existing literature on equitable teaching practices and teacher education.

The term “streetlight effect” is used to describe an observational bias in research, given the tension that often exists between the observational demands of a research question and the measurements at hand to answer it. The fact that direct experiments are relatively uncommon in economics is a reflection of this tension. One might argue further that US consumption, with few detailed data sources compared to economic variables like employment and income, is particularly prone to these issues. Today, the interplay of methodological advances and data availability is driving a broader empirical shift in the economics profession that is very much in operation with reference to the US consumer. As the area circumscribed by “good light” expands, a more holistic view is emerging of consumer motivations, constraints, and, ultimately, behavior, and the observational biases inherent to this line of research are gradually diminishing. This chapter discusses the evolution of data sources used in the analysis of the US consumer and describes key themes in this area of research.

As national populations age, a central policy recommendation for many years have been to raise labor force participation among older individuals, thereby mitigating some of the effects of population aging on public expenditures. However, in spite of intentions, life expectancy increase in many ageing economies has in recent decades been accompanied by a decline in the labor force participation of older workers. Reforms intended to raise retirement ages in ageing economies could potentially be challenged by age-related declines in health of those subject to the reforms. As Latin America experiences substantial ageing following rapid decreases in both mortality and fertility rates, in this paper we investigate labor force participation, retirement patterns and health conditions of those aged 50 years and above in Latin America from 1970 to 2010 based on census data from IPUMS. We focus on three health indicators: mortality risks, the overall disease burden and disability rates. Our results reveal, for instance, older men aged 60 to 64 have very similar health patterns compared those aged 55 to 59, but very different patterns of labor force participation. The results indicate that the same health status translates into lower labor force participation today than in the past. Our results indicate a potential to raise retirement ages for an extended working life period, given improvements in health over recent decades.

Amounts and types of leisure are behavioral indicators of health and social integration that are linked with gender and social class disparities in health. Intersecting influences of sexuality and gender have been overlooked, despite evidence sexuality affects leisure preferences and constraints, and health outcomes. We use 2003-2017 American Time Use Survey data to examine leisure activity differences between cohabiting or married gay men, lesbian women, and heterosexual women and men. We find gay men report less sedentary and socially isolated leisure than heterosexual men, but more than lesbian women. Lesbian women also report more sedentary and socially isolated leisure compared with heterosexual women. However, sociodemographic differences account for associations of sexuality with leisure within gender, but do not explain leisure disparities comparing gay men and lesbian women. Our work contributes by using an intersectional lens to advance the evidence base about the complex connections between social disadvantage and leisure disparities.

Off-farm work has increasingly become a crucial component of US farms’ risk management strategy, and is credited with closing the income gap between US farm and non-farm households (Mishra and Chang, 2012). This study addresses how off-farm income earned by the farm spouse (almost always a woman) and the farm operator (almost always male) differentially affects farm financial viability. I use a measure of Chinese manufacturing import penetration based on Autor et al. (2018) as a plausibly exogenous measure of changing offfarm opportunities for men and women. Farm-level data, aggregated up to the commuting zone level, come from the Agricultural and ResourceManagement Survey (ARMS), which includes data on household structure and off-farm income sources and hours for both the primary operator and his spouse. This study is among the first to examine a deterministic relationship between gender-differentiated off-farm labor and the ways in which farm’s manage their finances in the United States. It provides evidence that there are potential unintended consequences for the expansion of the federal farm safety net and that farm households accept a financial penalty in order for the primary operator to remain male.

We introduce and provide the first comprehensive comparative assessment of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Consumer Credit Panel (CCP) to demonstrate the utility and unique advantages of these data for research on internal migration in the United States. Relative to other data sources on U.S. internal migration, the CCP permits highly detailed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of migration, both temporally and geographically. After introducing these data, we compare cross-sectional and longitudinal estimates of migration from the CCP to similar estimates derived from the American Community Survey, the Current Population Survey, Internal Revenue Service data, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Our results firmly establish the comparative utility and advantages of the CCP. We conclude by identifying some profitable directions for future research on U.S. internal migration using these data.

Vacant houses tell a story about how racial and spatial inequality are built and maintained. Baltimore's official count of vacant buildings topped sixteen thousand properties at the outset of the national foreclosure crisis in 2008.1 These buildings are the physical consequence of decisions by people dedicated to preserving housing segregation, enacting transportation and land use policies that favor automobiles, and taxing and policing buildings in ways that stigmatize poverty. The concentration of these properties in historically segregated black neighborhoods in East and West Baltimore makes vacant housing an urgent problem for tens of thousands of poor residents. Even more residents share the risks to both individual and collective health and safety created by vacant and abandoned buildings. For the city, vacancy reduces tax revenue needed to support public services, farcing the remaining occupied buildings to bear a greater share of the costs. Ultimately, vacant buildings are a problem that affects everyone, whether or not they live in a neighborhood with a high vacancy rate.2

Children of immigrants are the fastest growing population of children in the United States. Compared to children of US born parents, children of immigrants face unique social and economic circumstances, which have profound implications for their development, social mobility, and health. More recently, legal status has been posited to contribute to immigrant health disparities. Legal status stratification has created a hierarchy of classes of immigrants through a sliding scale of entitlement and privileges (e.g., public assistance, income, employment) with implications for their health. Additionally, legal status has been posited to have spillover effects across other family members (including children) through pathways of family relationship dynamics and psychosocial stressors. These associations are currently understudied. In response to these issues, the dissertation examines intergenerational effects of US citizenship status, family factors, and psychosocial stressors on outcomes of education (as a social determinant of health) and health among a diverse sample of second-generation immigrant youth. This dissertation used data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study to conduct three studies, each building upon the other to examine both risk and protective factors on education and health for second-generation immigrant youth. In my first study, I found that citizenship status (both parent and youth) and parent factors (parent-child communication and educational expectations) were significantly associated with educational attainment. In the second study, I initially found that parent citizenship status was significantly associated with depressive symptoms; however, after controlling for all predictors and covariates, this association was attenuated. Strong family relationships were inversely associated with depressive symptoms, while psychosocial stressors were positively associated with depressive symptoms. In my third study, as these youth transition into young adulthood, I found that their own citizenship status and health insurance status were initially associated with health; however, the relationship between these factors and self-rated health were attenuated after accounting for all predictors and covariates. Results suggest that educational attainment and psychosocial stressors were salient for young adults’ self-rated health. Collectively, my findings indicate that citizenship status may be associated with health via pathways of access to education and other critical family and psychosocial resources (e.g., family support, income, psychosocial stressors) that regulate health within and across generations. For young adults, educational attainment was significantly associated with their health, which suggests that citizenship status may contribute to their health through associations with educational attainment. Specifically, parents’ citizenship status may be associated with educational attainment through providing financial support and supporting their children for college preparation, with influence on their children’s education extending into adulthood. Additionally, strong family relationships were protective for the health of immigrant youth; conversely, psychosocial stressors were negatively associated with health among immigrant youth across the life course. Findings suggest that family dynamics may buffer the adverse effects of psychosocial stress for the health of immigrant youth and their protective influence spanning beyond adolescence. These results also suggest that immigrant youth may be experiencing multiple stressors which may have cumulative and adverse consequences for their health into adulthood. Furthermore, the link between citizenship status and health may be mediated by family and psychosocial factors, with future assessment of these relationships needed. This dissertation contributes to the literature in understanding the relationship between citizenship status and risk and protective factors on the health of second-generation immigrant youth across the life course.

Economists have long noted that the tax exclusion of employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) caused workers to purchase health plans that differ in price and other characteristics from those they would otherwise choose for themselves. We explore the short-term and long-term benefits of giving workers better control over ESI funds. To measure near-term benefits, we execute a simulation in which employees in large group plans capitalize on a new opportunity to use tax-advantaged Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs) to control the full ESI contribution. Employees would deduct for income tax purposes the amount used for health insurance and, if they spend less than the amount of their ESI funds, take the remainder as taxed income. Our calculations adjust for adverse selection by providing a cross-subsidization holdback from the ESI funds. We find that employees increase annual after-tax household income between $101–$252 billion and that federal income tax revenues would increase by $39–$163 billion. Lower- and middle-income households gain proportionately more income. Long-term benefits include the increased take-up of new policies that reduce net spending, spillover benefits to governmental health care programs, and innovative educational and navigational services. We compares these results to those in nations with similar consumer–driven health care systems. The U.S. results rest on offering workers HRAs newly integrated with health plans, adequate plan choice, and transparency about plan actuarial values and ESI contributions. Our policy recommendations include expanded transparency in Box 12 of IRS Form W-2, currently the only required source of employee information about their ESI.

Promoting cloud services must consider the privacy requirements between the user and the provider. Both privacy and trust are related to knowledge about an entity; however, there is an inherent conflict between trust and privacy. In this paper, we research the relationship between privacy and trust in the cloud computing. First, we construct a trust model based on multiple factors, such as direct trust, trust risk, reward-punishment, and feedback trust; the weight of trust factor is determined by class diversity and information entropy theory. Second, we propose a novel privacy metric model with multiple factors, such as privacy preference, credential attribute, interaction history, and privacy feedback, and the weight of privacy factor is based on the maximum dispersion. Third, we propose a tradeoff between privacy and trust; both user and the provider can choose privacy protection or trust establishment priority by personal preference and requirement. Fourth, we demonstrate and compare the tradeoff between privacy and trust, interaction success rate, trust evaluation accuracy, and privacy disclosure rate by different experiments; these simulation results show that the privacy of each partner can be effectively protected.

Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) during pregnancy and from delivery-related complications among US women increased by 45% between 2006 and 2015, from 101.3 to 146.6 per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations. SMM during the postpartum period has also risen, increasing by 114% between 1998 and 2009. Most efforts to track severe maternal morbidity use inpatient data. Inpatient data does not provide a full picture of preconception factors, health during pregnancy, and the health events or experiences with SMM for which women sought care outside of a hospital during the postpartum period. The current study will use longitudinal 2000-2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data to make two contributions to current knowledge: 1) we develop a profile of the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum health of women who experienced SMM compared to those who did not; and 2) we produce refined SMM estimates using additional information from medical events occurring in the postpartum period.

The use of tax increment financing (TIF) remains a popular, yet highly controversial, tool among policy makers in their efforts to promote economic development. This study conducts a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of Missouri’s TIF program, specifically in Kansas City and St. Louis, in creating economic opportunities. We build a time-series data set starting 1990 through 2012 of detailed employment levels, establishment counts, and sales at the census block-group level to run a set of difference-in-differences with matching estimates for the impact of TIF at the local level. Although we analyze the impact of TIF on a wide set of indicators and across various industry sectors, we find no conclusive evidence that the TIF program in either city has a causal impact on key economic development indicators.