Assessing the benefits of local consumption amenities is faced with two challenges. First, the benefits of consumption amenities (e.g. restaurants) are often spatially diffused. Evaluating the impact of consumption amenities on residents requires an understanding of how the amenity benefits diffuse through distance. Second, evaluating how each type of amenity (e.g. restaurants vs. gyms vs. museums) contributes to residents' welfare requires the identification of residents' preference for these amenities. I use an alternative approach to overcome these challenges by estimating a model of amenity choice using time-use surveys and geocoded data of amenity establishments. I then use the model to evaluate the welfare impact of consumption amenities. In the model, I allow agents at each location to choose bundles of visits to various types of consumption amenities based on their taste for each type of amenities, the substitutability between choices of amenity establishments, cost of visits and travel time. The model microfounds spatial diffusion and preference for amenities and empirically links these features to amenity visit patterns, which are observable in the time-use data. After estimating the model parameters, I use the model to assess the welfare effect of local consumption amenities.

Статья отражает исторические особенности процесса возникновения и становления Национальных правозащитных институтов (НПИ). Осуществление правозащитных функций негосударственными органами и организациями имеет огромное значение для прогрессивного развития гражданского общества и государства. Права человека являются ограничителем политической власти, выступают в качестве средства контроля за ее осуществлением. Автором исследуется как зарубежный, так и отечественный опыт формирования и деятельности НПИ. Обращается внимание на деятельность омбудсменов в современных странах, связанную с соблюдением законности и укреплением правовой основы в деятельности исполнительной власти, внесудебного контроля. Анализ деятельности НПИ позволяет выявить их общие и специфические черты. НПИ являются важным дополнительным (субсидиарным) механизмом правового обеспечения, не подменяющим, а действующим наряду с парламентским, судебным, административным и другими формами контроля, существующими в государстве. Главной их задачей является защита прав граждан. Проводится сравнительный анализ нормативно-правового обеспечения деятельности НПИ. Отмечается необходимость международного сотрудничества, обмена опытом. Делается вывод о том, что законодательное обеспечение деятельности НПИ способствует развитию демократических процессов, связанных с реализацией прав и свобод человека и гражданина.

Do Black children have natural disadvantages in school because most are from single-parent homes? Several years ago, before his conviction for sexual assault, comedian and actor, Bill Cosby, chided the "apathy" he observed among Black parents (Roberts, 2007). He, like many others, believes that the fading presence of the Black nuclear family places Black children at a social disadvantage, and creates a burden on society. The link between father absence and community dissonance among Black people was postulated almost 50 years ago in the U.S. Depart1nent of Labor's Moynihan report (Ziegler, 1995). Since then, the percent of Black children being raised in single-parent homes has grown from 20 percent to 70 percent. In the United States, 31 percent of Black children have both a mother and a father in the home; 53 percent have o-nly a mother present; 7 percent have only a father present; and 9 percent have neither parent present. 1 These figures have been represented in various ways in the media to portray a single-parent crisis in the Black community.

This study uses a sample of 1,316 firm-year observations of S&P 500 companies (2012–2016) to investigate whether and how social media (i.e., Twitter) affects firms' voluntary nonfinancial disclosure (i.e., corporate political disclosure). Our results show that Twitter-adopting firms are generally more transparent in their disclosure of corporate political contributions and of related policies and board oversight. Moreover, firms with more Twitter followers and firms whose corporate political activities are targeted in more Twitter messages are more transparent in such disclosures. Our cross-sectional analysis suggests that this effect is stronger for firms whose stakeholders are more active on Twitter and firms that are less visible or more reputable. Our results remain robust to different econometric model specifications and controlling for alternative social media platforms. Taken together, our findings suggest that social media (i.e., Twitter) presence exerts pressure on firms' voluntary nonfinancial disclosure practices (i.e., corporate political disclosure).

Many Americans approach retirement in poor financial condition: the median American older than age 50 has few financial assets and a mortgage balance. But typically they have home equity. Monetizing this equity is important for achieving a decent living standard in old age. This article discusses the benefits of two instruments older adults could use to convert home equity into cash: the home equity line of credit, and the reverse mortgage, often known as the home equity conversion mortgage. It discusses the challenges involved in making these products sustainable.

Research on Medicaid typically focuses on insurance coverage, utilization, and expenditures. The possibility that Medicaid had positive consequences beyond medicine – reverberating into other aspects of daily life – has not been sufficiently explored. Using the timing and geographical variation of the Medicaid expansion in 2014, I provide the causal impact of gaining Medicaid on adult and child food insecurity. As a result of the expansion, families in expanded states experienced an increase of 11.2 percentage points (p<0.001) in Medicaid coverage, compared to those in non-expanded states. Such increase in coverage translates to a decline of 2.07 percentage point (p<0.01) and 7.9 percentage points (p<0.05) in food insecurity for adults and children, respectively. The effect on food insecurity is due to families increasing their food expenditure as a result of declining medical spending, not because they are encouraged to apply for food assistance programs when signing up for Medicaid.

This appendix describes how we estimated enrollment reductions if Medicaid work requirements under nine state Section 1115 waivers approved by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) are implemented. 1 (CMS also approved work requirements in Maine, but we are not including it because the state decided not to move forward.) Research indicates that imposing work requirements in public programs can substantially lower enrollment. To estimate the potential impact of work requirements in the nine states with approvals from CMS, we use the most recent information available, which includes analyses of participation declines that occurred after work requirements began in Arkansas’s Medicaid program and analyses of the effects across the nation when similar work requirements were added in SNAP.9 This appendix also provides background on the caseload losses that occurred in seven of the nine states within a year after SNAP work requirements were implemented, information that states were likely aware of when they submitted waivers for Medicaid work requirements. In most cases, Medicaid work requirements were modeled in part based on SNAP policies.

The U.S. Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) in part by establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), which requires federal agencies to address their cultural resources. NHPA Section 110 requires federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources, and Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of federal undertakings on those potentially eligible for the NRHP. In 2017, ERDC-CERL was tasked with conducting a Phase I Archaeological survey of Raven Rock Mountain Complex (RRMC) Site R in Pennsylvania, which was built in 1951 and is now a division of the Washington Headquarters Service. In 2001, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District conducted an archaeological Phase I survey of the Site R facility. A 2017 historical resources survey of the facility recommended additional archaeological resources research to supplement the 2001 survey. This report provides supplemental historic context and field documentation of archaeological sites and features described in the 2001 report. In consultation with the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Officer, this work fulfills Section 110 processes for the land at Site R.

We conducted a resume correspondence experiment to measure discrimination in hiring faced by Indigenous Peoples in the United States (Native Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians). We sent employers realistic 13,516 resumes for common jobs (retail sales, kitchen staff, server, janitor, and security) in 11 cities and compared callback rates. We signaled Indigenous status in one of four different ways. We almost never find any differences in callback rates, regardless of the context. These findings hold after numerous robustness checks, although our checks and discussions raise multiple concerns that are relevant to audit studies generally.

This paper examines the effects of high school curriculum reforms on infant health by exploiting sharp and staggered changes across states in core course requirements for graduation. Our results suggest that curriculum reforms significantly reduced the incidence of low birth weight and prematurity for black mothers. For white mothers, the estimated effects are small and generally insignificant. Improvements in maternal health behaviors and family income appear to explain a non-negligible fraction of the observed effects. Finally, we calculate a large social gain induced by favorable infant health outcomes. Several robustness checks and different placebo tests support our findings.

Florida’s latest Minimum Wage Initiative (Initiative #18-01) is highly likely to appear on November’s voting ballot. This amendment proposes raising the current minimum wage of $8.46 to $10.00 per hour beginning September 30th, 2021. Each year following the initial increase, the minimum wage would increase another $1.00 per hour until it reaches the goal of $15.00 per hour by the year 2026, which is marked by the dotted red line in Figure 1. Based on this information, the Florida Legislature has tasked AERG with a multi-stage economic analysis that involves estimating employment effects, as well as tax revenue and social services expenditures.

A growing literature has investigated the consequences of climate change and variability for population-level outcomes in the developing world, but adult morbidity and temporary migration have as of yet received little attention, in part due to data limitations. We use 68 DHS surveys from 18 African countries to investigate the consequences of temperature and precipitation anomalies for women's nutritional status and temporary migration. Preliminary results for nutrition indicate that both hot and cool periods have negative consequences for women's health. We will extend these results to test for vulnerability across subpopulations and also replicate them for temporary migration. Of pedagogical interest, this research is being implemented as part of a new research-based class for undergraduates who learn to use Stata, QGIS and the IPUMS interface.

Objective: This study examines whether and, if so, how the gender composition of their children influences mother’s and father’s well-being during parenting activities. Background: Despite that parents socialize and interact with girls and boys differently and spend different amounts of time with them, little attention has been paid to how gender composition of children may matter for parental well-being. Method: The analyses are based on a nationally representative sample of over 18,000 activities from nearly 9,300 parents from the 2010, 2012, and 2013 Well-being Module and American Time Use Survey. Random intercept models are used to account for the multilevel structure of the data. Results: Mothers and fathers report similar levels of happiness and meaning while parenting across different gender compositions of children, with one exception: mothers of adolescent daughters report lower meaning than mothers of adolescent sons. At the same time, both mothers and fathers report greater negative emotions (like stress or fatigue) while parenting girls than while parenting boys. These patterns can be partly explained by differences in activities that parents do with girls versus boys. Conclusion: Our study, which we contextualize in broader literature on gender stereotypes and gendered socialization and interactional processes, makes several contributions to research on gender, family, and health and identifies a key factor—gender composition of children—that moderates mothers’ and fathers’ emotional well-being while parenting.

Background: Traumatic brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) disproportionately affect young, able-bodied individuals. Beyond direct costs associated with medical treatment, there are far-reaching indirect costs related to disability and lost productivity. Our objective was to estimate per-patient indirect cost associated with BPI. Methods: We estimated indirect costs as the sum of (1) short-term wage loss, (2) long-term wage loss, and (3) disability payments. Short-term (6-month) wage loss was the product of missed work days and the average earnings per day. The probability of return to work was derived from a systematic review of the literature, and long-term wage loss and disability payments were estimated. Monte Carlo simulation was used to perform a sensitivity analysis of long-term wage loss by varying age, sex, and return to work simultaneously. Disability benefits were estimated from U.S. Social Security Administration data. All cost estimates are in 2018 U.S. dollars. Results: A systematic review of the literature demonstrated that the patients with BPI had a mean age of 26.4 years, 90.5% were male, and manual labor was the most represented occupation. On the basis on these demographics, our base case was a 26-year-old American man working as a manual laborer prior to BPI, with an annual wage of $36,590. Monte Carlo simulation estimated a short-term wage loss of $22,740, a long-term wage loss of $737,551, and disability benefits of $353,671. The mean total indirect cost of traumatic BPI in the Monte Carlo simulations was $1,113,962 per patient over the post-injury lifetime (median: $801,723, interquartile range: $22,740 to $2,350,979). If the probability of the patient returning to work at a different, lower-paying job was doubled, the per-patient total indirect cost was $867,987. Conclusions: BPI can have a far-reaching economic impact on both individuals and society. If surgical reconstruction enables patients with a BPI to return to work, the indirect cost of this injury decreases.

As for that existing personalized privacy anonymous technology can not solve the problem that the numerical sensitive attribute is vulnerable to the proximity breach, an anonymous model called (εi, k)-anonymity model is proposed and the model is based on clustering technology. Firstly, the model divides the sensitive attribute values in ascending order into several sub-intervals based on the clustering method; then, it proposes an (εi, k)-anonymity principle for numerically sensitive attributes against proximity breach; finally, a maximum bucket-first algorithm is proposed to implement the (εi, k)-anonymity principle. The experimental results show that compared with the existing scheme used for resisting proximity breach, the information loss of the proposed anonymous scheme is reduced, the algorithm execution efficiency is improved and it can reduce the leakage risk of user privacy effectively.

Numerous reports suggest that rising rents in some U.S. metropolitan areas are pushing workers to live further from their workplaces over time and contributing to lengthening commutes. Drawing on data from the last three vintages of the U.S. National Household Travel Survey (2001, 2009, and 2017), we test whether the relationship between residential location and commute distance varies significantly between low-income and higher-income workers and has changed over time. The data show that commute distances have increased for both low- and higher-income workers with much of the increase occurring in lower density areas. Statistical models show a strong positive relationship between living in a low-density neighbourhood and commute distance for all workers. This relationship appears stronger for low-income than higher-income workers but the strength of the relationship has not increased over time. The findings suggest that the growth in commute distance among low-income workers is largely due to a shift in their residential location towards low-density neighbourhoods.

During the Great Recession, US regions that experienced large declines in household debt also experienced large drops in consumption, employment, and wages. We develop a search and matching model in which tighter debt constraints raise the cost of investing in new job vacancies and so reduce job-finding rates and employment. On-the-job human capital accumulation is critical to generating sizable drops in employment: it increases the duration of the benefit flows from posting vacancies, thereby amplifying the employment drop from a credit tightening 10-fold relative to the standard model. Our model reproduces the salient cross-regional features of the US Great Recession.

Migration may influence family planning in low-resource settings. We examine unmet need for family planning and migration history in Ethiopia using the 2017 sample of the IPUMS PMA survey. We describe women’s characteristics by internal migration history and run a model to determine internal migration’s effect on Ethiopian women’s unmet need for family planning. We find internal migrants are on average more educated and wealthy than non-migrants. Non-migrants experience more unmet need for family planning and access health care less than internal migrants. In our multilevel logistic regression model controlling for urban location, geographic region, partnered status, wealth, education level, health facility visits, ever given birth, and religion, women who had never migrated had 1.58 times the odds of unmet need for family planning, compared to internal migrant women. This motivates further research on family planning needs of rural, non-migrant women in low-resource settings.

We study the immigration policy that maximizes the welfare of the native population in an economy where the government designs an optimal redistributive welfare system and supplies public goods. We show that when immigrants can be excluded from the welfare system, free immigration is optimal. It is also optimal to use the tax system to encourage the immigration of high-skill workers and discourage that of low-skill workers. When immigrants and natives must be treated alike, it is optimal to ban low-skill immigration and have free immigration for high-skill workers. However, high-skill workers may choose not to immigrate when there are heavy taxes levied on all high-skill workers, natives and immigrants alike. We use a calibrated version of the model to study how the optimal immigration policy responds to changes in the skill premia in the U.S. and abroad.

In this paper, we describe mating patterns in the United States from 1964 to 2017 and measure the impact of changes in marital preferences on between-household income inequality. We rely on the recent literature on the econometrics of matching models to estimate complementarity parameters of the household production function. Our structural approach allows to measure sorting on multiple dimensions and to effectively disentangle changes in marital preferences and in demographics, addressing concerns that affect results from existing literature. We answer the following questions: has assortativeness increased over time? Along which dimensions? To which extent the shifts in marital preferences can explain inequality trends? We find that, after controlling for other observables, assortative mating on education has become stronger. Moreover, if mating patterns had not changed since 1971, the 2017 Gini coefficient between married households would be lower by 6%. We conclude that about 25% of the increase in between-household inequality is due to changes in marital preferences. Increased assortativeness on education positively contributes to the inequality rise, but only modestly.