What follows is a study of the historical figure of Emma Hale Smith, as inhabiting a unique location caught between the nexus of both reverent and condemning legacies--legacies shared by and central to both the Church of the Latter Day Saints (LDS) and the Community of Christ (CC) traditions, though in strikingly different modes. A certain methodology which 1 utilizes geographic information systems (GIS) technologies and other data visualization tools will be employed, which I argue are particularly poignant for (re)engaging Emma from renewed vantage points as center rather than periphery. There is clearly a present need in both scholarship and collective consciousness for a resurgence in models of women’s subversion and civil disobedience, which have been procedurally erased ‘off of the map of history,’ particularly in religious contexts. With this case study I seek to illustrate how data and GIS visualization driven approaches might afford unique potential for reclaiming these narratives in powerful ways...

This article exploits heretofore unexplored data from the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League that existed in the United States from 1943 to 1954 to measure and compare the economic loss to male and female professional baseball players. While female ballplayers earned a fraction of male salaries, they captured nearly twice as much of the revenues that they generated, indicating a smaller degree of exploitation. We hypothesize that in addition to the difference in structures of the two leagues, reservation wages explain the large difference in exploitation rates between the male and female players.

Using tools rooted in welfare economics, this paper explores the social welfare loss that arises from occupational segregation by gender and race in the U.S. at the subnational level. Our findings indicate that the phenomenon is not homogenous across the country (and also that spatial variation has increased over time, 1980-2012). After controlling for characteristics, some regional disparities in welfare losses persist. The (conditional) losses are lower in the Northeast than in the South and West according to a wide range of indicators, including those that take into account the relative size of disadvantaged groups (incidence), the magnitude of their losses (intensity), and the inequality among those groups. The intensity of the phenomenon is also lower in the Northeast than in the Midwest. On the contrary, the West has the highest (conditional) losses, although the intensity of the phenomenon barely differs from that in the South or Midwest.

Cities around the country have seen a resurgence of investments and increased private market interest. Local cross-sector efforts and programs such as federal Opportunity Zones continue to promote the revitalization of areas that have long faced disinvestment. Although these investments promise to generate substantial new resources, many communities are having fierce debates over who will benefit from these investments. Governments, philanthropy, and nonprofits are increasingly focusing on how to prevent residential displacement stemming from these changes, often driven by local organizing and activism. Beyond residents being forced to move, communities are also grappling with cultural or commercial displacement due to changing norms and the loss of cultural institutions and neighborhood businesses. Despite the increased attention, comprehensive data to directly measure displacement do not exist. Often, people know from lived experience that their neighborhoods are changing but lack the data to quantify displacement. Further, communities may know which neighborhoods are changing in the present but do not have systems . . .

The recent increase in U.S. mortality has been termed a “working-class” crisis, concentrated among blue-collar and unemployed workers; yet occupation is underrepresented in contemporary research on adult mortality. Individuals’ occupations reflect life chances, including lower versus higher risk for premature death. This study uses restricted-use National Health Interview Survey-Linked Mortality Files (1997-2015) to examine the relationship between individuals’ occupations and working-age cause-specific mortality. Results show that service, blue-collar, and transport workers have significantly higher mortality risk than their professional counterparts, although there is variation across causes. Education attenuates these associations, but overall patterns are unchanged. The unemployed and those not in the labor force also have higher mortality risk than those in professional occupations, especially for poisonings and alcoholic liver disease. In conclusion, occupation is a crucial pathway through which education affects mortality, but we also emphasize growth of precarious labor as an important factor for working-aged mortality risk.

Income inequality is a serious social economic issue in many countries. The issue is deteriorated due to the complex social environment and demographic composition in the Unites States. This study focuses on the racial and gender factors which influence workers’ income. And the easy-qualified year of schooling and working-year are chosen as the other two factors. Basing on the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) analysis, the selected factors are qualified to understand their influence degree in income inequality. By comparing the coefficients of the factors, we find the inner relationships between the factors and income inequality. The precise results not only provide a chance for people to examine their income levels, but also help the government to develop fair policies.

Research into the relationships between commuting and other activities has been hampered by the lack of suitably comprehensive datasets. This paper identifies a possible source of detailed information for such studies, the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). This paper surveys approaches used by researchers to analyze commuting in the ATUS and outlines a method of measuring commuting in a clear and consistent way. This analysis details the advantages of this method over other approaches. Commuting measured in the ATUS using this methodology is shown to be consistent with commuting measures in other large, nationally representative studies. The proposed methodology makes possible a range of analyses exploiting the unique information in the ATUS.

It's back to school time, and for many teachers that means a return to their regular jobs from the ones they work in the summers to supplement their incomes and help them — literally — pay the rent. Rent is particularly burdensome for teachers early in their careers: At the national level, the median market-rate rent takes a staggering 46.8% of a starting teacher's salary. That improves to 35.6% for mid-career teachers and to 26.6% for the highest paid teachers — the last group finally falling below the 30% generally accepted threshold that deems housing costs to be affordable.

This paper analyzes how education distribution affects the marriage market (in particular, female marriage age) by exploiting a massive primary school construction program in Indonesia in the late 1970s as a quasi-natural experiment. Using the varia- tion across regions in the number of schools constructed and the variation across birth cohorts, I show that in densely populated areas, primary school construction did not affect primary school attainment rate. Moreover, the program decreased secondary school attainment rate for both men and women due to a crowding out of teacher resources. Using this change in the education distribution as a source of variation and taking advantage of the large average spousal age gap (five years), I show a woman marries earlier when average education of other women decreases holding their po- tential husbands education distribution unchanged. I then develop a novel two-to-one dimensional matching model with transferable utilities in an OLG framework and show that the empirical finding suggests that in Indonesia, male education is complementary to both characteristics of women: education and youth.

As countries around the world face a rapidly growing population crisis, various policy measures are being implemented to address the issue of low fertility. In particular, higher child support with the Great Depression of the United States has led to a serious decline in the US population. Accordingly, the United States implemented a child tax deduction policy in 1997 to increase fertility rates. China has also abolished the one-child birth policy that had been adhered to since the reform and opening up in 2016, and is revising its personal income tax and deducting tax subsidies to increase the birth rate. Therefore, this paper examines the prospects and effects of China's first policy attempt to address the low birthrate in relation to the US case. In the first part, the US case analyzes the correlation between household income, number of children, urbanization levels and fertility rates. Statistics show that the birth rate is positively related to household income and the number of children in the household, and the higher the level of urbanization, the more sensitive each family's childbearing behavior is due to the increased child tax credit. Based on this discussion, the second part draws implications for China's birth-related tax policy and presents policy directions. In conclusion, although China's personal income tax amendment and tax subsidy deduction policy is an appropriate policy response to the reduction of population, various tax credit provisions for each household's characteristics are still required. As the world faces a rising demographic crisis, various policy measures are implemented by many nations to tackle the population problem. Notably, high child-raising costs along with the outbreak of Great Depression led to the serious population fall in the United States. As a result, the US enacted Child Tax Credit (CTC) policy in 1997 to encourage childbirth. Likewise, China has also abandoned its one-child policy in 2016 and enacted a revision of Individual Income Tax (IIT) and Special Extra Deduction (SED) to retrieve households out of financial burden and boost the childbirth. Hence, this paper intends to examine the prospect and effectiveness of China's first policy ... China has also abandoned its one-child policy in 2016 and enacted a revision of Individual Income Tax (IIT) and Special Extra Deduction (SED) to retrieve households out of financial burden and boost the childbirth. Hence, this paper intends to examine the prospect and effectiveness of China's first policy ... China has also abandoned its one-child policy in 2016 and enacted a revision of Individual Income Tax (IIT) and Special Extra Deduction (SED) to retrieve households out of financial burden and boost the childbirth. Hence, this paper intends to examine the prospect and effectiveness of China's first policy ...

El 12 de septiembre de 2018, el Consejo General del Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) aprobó, mediante Acuerdo INE/CG1305/2018, la creación de la Comisión Temporal de Vinculación con Mexicanos Residentes en el Extranjero y Análisis de las Modalidades de su Voto (CVME), a efecto de dar seguimiento a las actividades de planeación y organización del Voto de las Mexicanas y los Mexicanos Residentes en el Extranjero (VMRE), mantener comunicación permanente con la comunidad mexicana residente fuera del territorio nacional, dar continuidad a la revisión y análisis de las diversas modalidades de votación extraterritorial previstas en la Ley General de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (LGIPE), y coordinar acciones con los Organismos Públicos Locales (OPL) que reconocen en su legislación el VMRE. En ese sentido, dentro del Programa de Trabajo de la CVME, aprobado 14 de noviembre de 2018, y modificado el 6 de febrero de 2019 por el propio Consejo General, se estableció en el numeral 3.2.2., como uno de sus objetivos específicos, mantener una vinculación permanente con la ciudadanía mexicana en el extranjero y garantizar las condiciones necesarias para el ejercicio de sus derechos político-electorales, por el cual, la CVME conocerá las actividades institucionales dirigidas a la difusión, promoción, comunicación y vinculación con la comunidad mexicana residente en el extranjero, a través de estrategias que favorezcan el uso de medios tradicionales, alternativos y digitales. Bajo estas premisas, con el fin de dar cumplimiento al Programa de Trabajo referido, y a propósito de promover la participación electoral de la ciudadanía residente en el extranjero y su importancia; fomentar la vinculación y alianzas con las instituciones, medios, la academia y ciudadanía en general; así como difundir y orientar sobre la credencialización en el exterior, y los procedimientos y mecanismos para el ejercicio del sufragio en las elecciones de que se trate, se presenta la Estrategia Integral de Promoción del Voto de las Mexicanas y los Mexicanos Residentes en el Extranjero, 2019-2021.

Using 2011, 2012, and 2013 American Community Survey data to replicate a 2016 study by Padavic and Prokos, Aiming High: Explaining the Earnings Advantage for Female Veterans. The purpose of the original study and this replication study was to answer three questions: Do female veterans experience an earnings advantage over nonveteran women? Do the differences in occupations held by veterans and nonveterans explain the effect of veteran status on earnings? And, will there be a larger veteran advantage for race/ethnic minority females who face the lowest opportunity costs? Results found that (a) net of controls, veteran status accounts for 3 percent of the wage increase that female veterans experience, (b) occupation choice of veterans, partly explains the effect of veteran status has on earnings, and (c) a significant relationship between veteran status and race could not support a larger advantage for race/ethnic minority females. Finally, the author discusses why there may be a wage advantage for female veterans and what implications this may have on the gender wage gap.

Racial and socio-economic gaps in educational achievement widen during the summer months and remain steady during the school year. What explains the “summer setback” documented in previous research? We analyze time-use data asking two questions: 1) Are there racial and socio-economic differences in both how parents spend time and types of activities done with children during the summer? 2) Are there racial and socioeconomic differences in the types of activities parents engage in with their children during the summer compared to the school year? We hypothesize that racial/ethnic minority and low-SES parents spend less time engaging with children in educationally-beneficial activities, and racial and socioeconomic differences in such time-use will be larger in summer months as compared to academic year months. Using American Time Use Survey time diaries, we develop broader, richer measures of the activity’s parents engage in with children. This research extends knowledge on parenting and the achievement gap.

In the existing literature, skill-biased technical change (SBTC) is predominantly associated with widening the wag gap; but how has this increase in the returns to skill impacted intergenerational investments in human capital, and subsequently the mobility of skills? To answer this, I first develop a SBTC model with an intergenerational framework, where heterogeneously-skilled households make transfers to determine the skill outcome of their next generation. Under constant technology, the portion of skilled workers and returns to skill in the model evolve endogenously to steady-state. Comparative statistics then show that technical change, by increasing the returns to skill, leads to households adjusting their transfers so that the likelihood of their future generation becoming skilled improves. For empirical verification, I use Chetty’s (2014) data from U.S. commuting zones (CZs) which show how college attendance rates of children are linked to the income-rank of their parents. A technology measure for CZs is constructed using their share of STEM workers, which I instrument using a Bartik-type IV to deal with endogeneity concerns. From 2SLS estimations, I find that if a CZ lies 1 SD above the mean technology score, college attendance rates of children increase by 1.3 percent points for households ranked in the 25th percentile and by 0.55 points for households ranked in the 75th percentile. Thus, skill-biased technology is found to improve both absolute and relative skill mobility

Active-duty military households spend 24.9% of their incomes on market rent, while veteran households spend 20.1% – significantly less than the 29.6% of income that the typical U.S. household pays for rent in 2019. Service members and veterans also pay a lower share of their incomes on mortgages: 13.4% and 10.9%, respectively, compared with 16% for all U.S. households.

This dissertation is composed of two chapters studying the impact of government policies on retail prices and welfare. The first chapter estimates the impact of the minimum wage on retail prices using store-level scanner data. I provide empirical evidence that a 10% increase in the minimum wage raises grocery store prices by 0.6%-0.8%, and suggest that the minimum wage not only raises labor costs but also affects product demand, especially in poorer regions. This points to novel channels of heterogeneity in pass-through that have distributional consequences, with key implications for real wage inequality. The second chapter estimates the impact of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly the Food Stamp Program) on retail prices, sales, and household consumption. We develop a theoretical partial equilibrium framework to calculate the local incidence of SNAP benefits for SNAP-eligible products, using our reduced-form estimates as sufficient statistics. We find that producers mostly benefit at the expense of non-SNAP households due to market power. A marginal dollar of SNAP benefits increases producer surplus by about $0.5, increases SNAP consumer surplus by about $0.7, and decreases non-SNAP consumer surplus by about $0.4. If the objective of SNAP is to guarantee a floor of real spending power on food, federal maximum benefits should be increased by about 10% to account for the price response.

This paper investigates how establishments adjust their production on various margins when wage rates rise. Exploiting state-by-year variation in minimum wage laws, I analyze U.S. manufactur- ing plants’ responses over a 23-year period using restricted-access Census Microdata. A one-percent increase in production workers’ hourly wages reduces total production worker hours by 0.7 percent and increases capital investment on machines by 2.7 percent. Manufacturing plants reduce average hours per production worker more than number of production workers. The elasticity of substitution between capital and labor is 0.85. In addition, when wage rates increase, manufacturing plants are also more likely to exit. Finally, suggestive evidence shows that when minimum wage laws increase the wages of some of the establishments in a firm, the firm also increases the wages for its other establishments.

This study examines the self-employment behavior of artists. Using data from the Current Population Survey between 2003 and 2015, we estimate a series of logit models to predict transitions from paid employment to self-employment in the arts. The results show that artists disproportionately freelance and frequently switch in and out of self-employment compared to all other professional workers. We also find that artists exhibit unique entrepreneurial profiles, particularly in terms of their demographic and employment characteristics. In particular, artist workers are considerably more likely to attain self-employment status when living in a city with a high saturation of artist occupations.

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between self-reported racial discrimination and allostatic load, and whether the association differs by socioeconomic position. METHODS We recruited a purposive cross-section of midlife (ages 30–50) African American women residing in four San Francisco Bay area counties (n = 208). Racial discrimination was measured using the Experience of Discrimination scale. Allostatic load was measured as a composite of 15 biomarkers assessing cardiometabolic, neuroendocrine, and inflammatory activity. We calculated four composite measures of allostatic load and three system-specific measures of biological dysregulation. Multivariable regression was used to examine associations, while adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS In the high education group, reporting low (b = −1.09, P = .02, 95% CI = −1.99, −0.18) and very high (b = −1.88, P = .003, 95% CI = −3.11, −0.65) discrimination was associated with lower allostatic load (reference=moderate). Among those with lower education, reporting low (b = 2.05, P = .008, 95% CI = 0.55,3.56) discrimination was associated with higher allostatic load. Similar but less consistent associations were found for poverty status. Associations were similar for cardiometabolic functioning, but not for neuroendocrine or inflammatory activity. CONCLUSIONS Racial discrimination may be an important predictor of cumulative physiologic dysregulation. Factors associated with educational attainment may mitigate this association for African American women and other groups experiencing chronic social stress.