This paper shows how the migration of millions of Southern whites in the 20th century transformed the cultural and political landscape across America. Racially and religiously conservative, Southern white migrants created new electoral possibilities for a broad-based coalition with economic conservatives. With considerable geographic scope, these migrants hastened partisan realignment through the 1960s, helping to catalyze and sustain a New Right movement with national influence. More than just a novel voting bloc outside the South, they shaped institutions that reinforced racial sorting across space, shared ideology through religious organizations and popular media, and transmitted cultural norms to non-Southern populations. Together, our findings suggest that this other Great Migration may have forever changed the trajectory of American politics.

Background: Diseases such as COVID-19 are spread through social contact. Reducing social contacts is required to stop disease spread in pandemics for which vaccines have not yet been developed. However, existing data on social contact patterns in the United States (U.S.) is limited. Method: We use American Time Use Survey data from 2003–2018 to describe and quantify the age-pattern of disease-relevant social contacts. For within-household contacts, we construct age-structured contact duration matrices (who spends time with whom, by age). For both within-household and non-household contacts, we also estimate the mean number and duration of contact by location. We estimate and test for differences in the age-pattern of social contacts based on demographic, temporal, and spatial characteristics. Results: The mean number and duration of social contacts vary by age. The biggest gender differences in the age-pattern of social contacts are at home and at work; the former appears to be driven by caretaking responsibilities. Non-Hispanic Blacks have a shorter duration of contact and fewer social contacts than non-Hispanic Whites. This difference is largely driven by fewer and shorter contacts at home. Pre-pandemic, non-Hispanic Blacks have shorter durations of work contacts. Their jobs are more likely to require close physical proximity, so their contacts are riskier than those of non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics have the highest number of household contacts and are also more likely to work in jobs requiring close physical proximity than non-Hispanic Whites. With the exceptions of work and school contacts, the duration of social contact is higher on weekends than on weekdays. Seasonal differences in the total duration of social contacts are driven by school-aged respondents who have significantly shorter contacts during the summer months. Contact patterns did not differ by metro status. Age patterns of social contacts were similar across regions. Conclusion: Social contact patterns differ by age, race and ethnicity, and gender. Other factors besides contact patterns may be driving seasonal variation in disease incidence if school-aged individuals are not an important source of transmission. Pre-pandemic, there were no spatial differences in social contacts, but this finding has likely changed during the pandemic.

Although previous research documents that having dinner together as a family positively relates to long-run child and family outcomes, one aspect of family dinner that has not been explored previously is the role that dinner timing may play in facilitating or hindering parental time investments in their children. We use time diary data for roughly 41,000 families from the nationally representative American Time Use Survey (2003–2019) to examine whether the timing of family dinner is correlated with differential parental time investments in children during the evening. We find that parents who start dinner as a family before the median time (6:15 p.m.) spend more quality time in the evening with their children, including more time reading and playing with their children. The relationship cannot be explained by observable family constraints, as it is stable regardless of parental labor force activity and the day of the week. Additionally, parents who eat dinner later do not reallocate quality time to other times of the day. These findings suggest that having dinner earlier may be an important mechanism facilitating parental time investments in children.

The present study examines how different cultural regions of origin explain variations in divorce and remarriage among immigrants and the native population of the United States. The study sample which includes ever-married adults ages 18 and above has been obtained from the 2014–2018 American Community Survey (N = 170,184,542). Following Schwartz’s cultural value model, seven immigrant regions of origin were identified: Latin America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, English Speaking, South and Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Africa and the Middle East. Relative probabilities of having at least one divorce, two and three or more marriages were estimated using logistic regression. Results showed that, all things being equal, foreign-born persons from Latin America, South and Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Africa and the Middle East were significantly less likely to experience divorce and multiple marriages than U.S.-born non-Hispanic white adults.

This dissertation consists of three essays: “The Effect of Women’s Access to Free Health Care on Breastfeeding Practices: Evidence from Armenia” examines how women’s decisions regarding breastfeeding respond to increased maternal access to medical care. Specifically, I examine the effects of the Armenian “For You, Women” program which grants women access to free health care services for a period of one month each year. Employing a differences-in-differences specification, I explore how the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding are affected by the program. I find that access to free women’s health care leads to a decline in the likelihood of breastfeeding. In “Impacts of the Relocation Program on Native American Migration and Fertility,” I estimate the historical migratory and fertility effects of the US Relocation Program. Between 1952 and 1973, the US federal government attempted to move Native Americans off reservations and to urban areas under the promises of financial assistance and job training. Using the variation in which cities were targeted by the program, I employ a difference-in-differences strategy and estimate that the Relocation Program significantly increased the Native iv American population in target cities. I also find evidence that second-generation Native American women living in cities have a substantially lower fertility rate than Native American women living on tribal land. Jointly, these findings indicate that this federal program substantially shifted the spatial distribution of the Native American population in the US throughout the 20th century. Finally, “Right to Carry Laws and Intimate Partner Homicide,” examines to what extend right to carry laws impact intimate partner homicide rates. I employ generalized difference-in-differences, event study, and synthetic control methods specifications to examine the impact of right to carry laws on annual, state-level intimate partner homicide rates. I find no evidence of an impact of right to carry laws on female victim intimate partner homicide rates. While there are some specifications that suggest a decrease in male victim firearm intimate partner homicide rates, these results are limited and fluctuating across model specifications. Overall, the estimates are noisy but suggest little evidence of an impact, highlighting the importance of more formalized sensitivity analysis for testing the robustness of results.

Background: Structural racism is a complex system of inequities working in tandem to cause poor health for communities of color, especially for Black people. However, the multidimensional nature of structural racism is not captured by existing measures used by population health scholars to study health inequities. Multidimensional measures can be made using complex analytical techniques. Whether or not the multidimensional measure of structural racism provides more insight than the existing unidimensional measures is unknown. Methods: We derived measures of Black-White residential segregation, inequities in education, employment, income, and homeownership, evaluated for 2,338 Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) in the United States (US), and consolidated them into a multidimensional measure of structural racism using a latent class model. We compared the median COVID-19 vaccination rates observed across 54 New York City (NYC) PUMAs by levels (high/low) of structural racism and the multidimensional class using the Kruskal-Wallis test. This study was conducted in March 2021. Findings: Our latent class model identified three structural racism classes in the US, all of which can be found in NYC. We observed intricate interactions between the five dimensions of structural racism of interest that cannot be simply classified as “high” (i.e., high on all dimensions of structural racism), “medium,” or “low.” Compared to Class A PUMAs with the median rate of two-dose completion of 6·9%, significantly lower rates were observed for Class B PUMAs (5·5%, p = 0·04) and Class C PUMAs (5·2%, p = 0·01). When the vaccination rates were evaluated based on each dimension of structural racism, significant differences were observed between PUMAs with high and low Black-White income inequity only (7·2% vs. 5·3%, p = 0·001). Interpretation: Our analysis suggests that measuring structural racism as a multidimensional determinant of health provides additional insight into the mechanisms underlying population health inequity vis-à-vis using multiple unidimensional measures without capturing their joint effects. Funding: This project is funded by the Robert J. Jones Urban Research and Outreach-Engagement Center, University of Minnesota. Additional support is provided by the Minnesota Population Center, which is funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Grant P2C HD041023).

Purpose: Burden of disease (BoD) assessments typically rely on national-level incidence rates for the health outcomes of interest. The impact of using a constant national-level incidence rate, versus a more granular spatially varying rate, remains unknown and understudied in the literature. There has been an increasing number of publications estimating the BoD of childhood asthma attributable to air pollution, as emerging evidence demonstrates that traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) leads to onset of the disease. In this study, we estimated the burden of incident childhood asthma cases which may be attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a criteria pollutant and a good marker of TRAP, in the contiguous United States. We used both a national-level and newly generated state-specific asthma incidence rates and compared results from the two approaches. Methods: We estimated incident childhood asthma cases which may be attributable to NO2 using standard BoD assessment methods. We combined child (<18 years) counts with 2010 NO2 exposures at the census block level, concentration-response function, and state-specific asthma incidence rates. NO2 concentrations were obtained from a previously validated land-use regression model. We sourced the concentration-response function from a meta-analysis on TRAP and risk of childhood asthma. We estimated incidence rates using raw data collected in the 2006–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Asthma Call-back Surveys. We stratified the estimated BoD by urban versus rural status and by median household income, explored trends in BoD across 48 states and the District of Columbia, and compared our results with a published BoD analysis which used a constant national-level incidence rate across all states. Results: The overall mean (min–max) NO2 concentration(s) was 13.2 (1.5–58.3) ug/m3 and was highest in urbanized areas. The estimated national aggregate asthma incidence rate was 11.6 per 1000 at-risk children and ranged from 4.3 (Montana) to 17.7 (District of Columbia) per 1000 at-risk children. The 17 states that did not have data to estimate an incidence rate were assigned the national aggregate asthma incidence rate. Using the state-specific incidence rates, we estimated a total of 134,166 (95% confidence interval: 75,177–193,327) childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2, accounting for 17.6% of all childhood asthma incident cases. Using the national-level incidence rate, we estimated a total of 141,931 (95% confidence interval: 119,222–163,505) incident cases attributable to NO2, accounting for 17.9% of all childhood asthma incident cases. Using the state-specific incidence rates therefore reduced the attributable number of cases by 7,765 (5.5% relative reduction), compared with estimates using the national-level incidence rate. Across states, the change in the attributable number of cases ranged from −64.1% (Montana) to +33.8% (Texas). California had the largest absolute decrease (−6,190) in attributable cases, whereas Texas had the largest increase (+3,615). Stratifying by socioeconomic status and urban versus rural status produced new trends compared with the previously published BoD analysis showing high heterogeneity across the states. Conclusions: We estimated new state-specific asthma incidence rates for the contiguous United States. Using state-specific incidence rates versus a constant national incidence rate resulted in a small change in the NO2 attributable BoD at the national level, but had a more prominent impact at the state level.

Using 391 high-skilled firm entries in the U.S. from 1990–2010, we estimate the effects of the firm entry on incumbent residents’ consumption, finances, and mobility. We compare outcomes for residents living close to the entry location with those living far away while controlling for their proximity to potential high-skilled firm entry sites. We find high-skilled incumbents, especially homeowners, benefit. Low-skilled incumbents on average benefit less. For a representative firm entry with 1000 new employees entering a metropolitan area with a population of 1.1 million, the aggregate welfare benefit across all incumbents is an annual equivalent of $25 million. Lowskilled renters living within 10 minutes from the entry bear the largest costs.

The Principles of Fire and Emergency Services Administration, Second Edition provides in-depth information needed to be a successful company officer, battalion, commander, deputy chief or chief executive officer, providing the necessary base curriculum to meet the FESHE requirements. With experience in leading various departments and national organizations, Chief Bruegman’s experience as a brings a real-world focus on the principles of leadership and management in a changing environment. This text will help you to understand your personal style and tendencies so you can develop your leadership abilities and capacity, with a focus on preparing you to be successful in the future. This text brings a focus on leadership ethics, team building, analytical approaches to the fire and emergency services, continuous quality improvement, community risk reduction, and looks at future trends that will impact the profession. Principles of Fire and Emergency Services Administration, Second Edition answers three key questions for aspiring fire service leaders: What are the important issues for leaders in today’s fire and emergency services? What will make a leader become more successful in the future? What makes excellent fire and emergency service leaders? Principles of Fire and Emergency Services Administration, Second Edition answers these questions in 12 concise chapters and will enable you to succeed as a Company Officer, Battalion Commander, Deputy Chief, or Chief Executive Officer. Each chapter covers a critical fire and emergency service leadership topic and provides meaningful real-world perspectives. Chapter Preview Chapter 1: Our Heritage and Our History - Focuses on the historical events that have forged today’s profession and the lessons that are reflected in each organization. Chapter 2: Preparing for Your Future - Delivers the tools you need to draw a personal roadmap for success. Chapter 3: Principles of Leadership and Management – Demonstrates how the academics of leadership and management research are actually applied on a daily basis. Chapter 4: What Is Your Leadership Style? – Enables you to identify how you lead and manage and why you lead that way. Chapter 5: Leading and Managing in a Changing Environment - Provides an insightful look into how we handle change on a personal and organizational level. Chapter 6: Leadership Ethics - Focuses on the elements critical to ethical leadership and management practices. Chapter 7: Personnel Management: Building Your Team - Explores the elements of team building and explains how to blend various personalities to get the most from your team. Chapter 8: Managing the Fire and Emergency Services - Focuses on the support elements so vital to every organization, budget, and personnel management. Chapter 9: Analytical Approaches to the Fire and Emergency Services - Delivers an in-depth look at the history of deployment practices in the United States and provides the basis to begin developing a standard of coverage model for your own community. Chapter 10: Continuous Quality Improvement for the Fire and Emergency Services – Explores the methods of quality improvement and how the methods enrich the services delivered to citizens every day. Chapter 11: Community Risk Reduction and Resiliency - Provides an in-depth overview of the changes in disaster planning and response since September 11, 2001. Chapter 12: Shaping the Future - Explores the possibilities of what may occur in the fire service, and how you can play an important role in helping to shape the future of the fire service. A Complete Teaching and Learning System for Today’s Learners This text is an integral resource for officers, those studying for promotion, individuals taking civil service examinations, and fire science students. It is part of an integrated teaching and learning system that combines dynamic features and content to support instructors and to help prepare students for their leadership career in the fire service.

Using 2008–2017 National Health Interview Survey data (N = 127,973), we investigated the relationship between income and psychological distress, measured by the Kessler 6 (K6) Scale (range 0–24), net of education, employment, and other sociodemographic characteristics. Regression models allowed the association to differ by disability status and number of disabilities. Lower income predicted higher psychological distress for those with and without disabilities. However, the adverse association was stronger among people with disabilities. Compared to those with incomes at least four times the poverty threshold, poor individuals with disabilities scored 2.81 (95% CI = 2.55,3.67) points higher on the K6 Scale versus 0.58 (95% CI = 0.48,0.69) points higher for those without disabilities. Differences in associations by number of disabilities were not statistically significant. Nonetheless, those with multiple disabilities were still at increased risk of distress because they were disproportionately poor. People with disabilities who are poor are particularly disadvantaged and should be prioritized in outreach efforts.

COVID-19 mortality increases markedly with age and is also substantially higher among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) populations in the United States. These two facts can have conflicting implications because BIPOC populations are younger than white populations. In analyses of California and Minnesota-demographically divergent states-we show that COVID vaccination schedules based solely on age benefit the older white populations at the expense of younger BIPOC populations with higher risk of death from COVID-19. We find that strategies that prioritize high-risk geographic areas for vaccination at all ages better target mortality risk than age-based strategies alone, although they do not always perform as well as direct prioritization of high-risk racial/ethnic groups. Vaccination schemas directly implicate equitability of access, both domestically and globally.

A large literature documents how cities vary in their skill structure and how this has implications for their economic growth. By contrast, how cities vary in their age structure and the potential implications of this for their economic growth has been a hitherto largely neglected research area. Using novel data from a variety of historical and contemporary sources, we first show that there is marked variation in the age structure of the world's largest cities, both across cities and over time. We then study how age structure affects economic growth for a global cross-section of mega-cities and find that mega-cities with higher dependency ratios - i.e. with more children and/or seniors per working-age adult - grow slower. Overall, and despite the many data and econometric challenges posed by this type of analysis, we advocate for more research on the subject given its importance.

On Thursday, The Buckeye Institute released an analysis using data from the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to estimate the impact of a $15 an hour minimum wage proposal included in the Raise the Wage Act of 2021. The analysis found that nearly 18,000 West Virginia workers would lose their jobs if the federal wage hike is imposed (see the chart below or download a PDF). “While some will see their wages increase, The Buckeye Institute’s analysis shows that nearly 18,000 West Virginians would lose their jobs if this misguided wage increase is imposed by Washington, D.C.,” said Logan Kolas, an economic policy analyst with the Economic Research Center at The Buckeye Institute who conducted the analysis. “West Virginia cannot afford these job losses and Senator Joe Manchin is right to oppose this attempt to forcibly raise wages to $15 dollars an hour. The better policy is to leave minimum wage decisions to the states to ensure that local economies can grow, create more jobs, and hire more workers.”

In the wake of the Affordable Care Act, some US states expanded Medicaid eligibility to lowincome, working-age adults while others did not. This study investigates whether this divergence induces migration across state borders to obtain Medicaid, especially in border regions. It compares border with interior regions' in-migration in the concerned subgroup before and after the Medicaid expansion in linear probability difference-in-difference and triple difference regression frameworks. Using individual-level data from the American Community Surveys over 2012—2017, this study finds a tendency towards increases in in-migration to expansion states' border regions after the expansion. The odds of having migrated increase by about 34 % in these regions after the Medicaid expansion compared to before and control regions. However, this additional migration increases the number of Medicaid-eligible working-age adults by less than 1.5 % in border regions. If all additional migrants take up Medicaid, the number of Medicaid beneficiaries in these regions increases by approximately 4 %. Thus, the concerned individuals might value Medicaid, but the induced migration appears unlikely to impose meaningful fiscal externalities at the regional level.

Argentina and the United States were the principal destinations for Italian immigrants during the Age of Mass Migration. I assemble data following Italians from passenger lists to censuses in Argentina and the United States, enabling me to compare the economic outcomes of migrants with similar pre-migration characteristics but who moved to different countries. Italians assimilated faster in Argentina, and this advantage was unlikely to be due to selection. A higher human capital relative to natives and the Italian-Spanish similarity largely explain Italians’ advantage in Argentina. These findings highlight the importance of the fit between migrants’ characteristics and those of the receiving country.

Objective: Undernutrition and anaemia-the commonest micronutrient deficiency, continue to remain prevalent and persistent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) alongside a rising prevalence of overweight and obesity. However, there has been little research on the co-existence of all three conditions in the same household in recent years. This study examines the co-existence and correlates of the different conditions of household burden of malnutrition in the same household across SSA. Setting: The study involved twenty-three countries across SSA who conducted demographic and health surveys between 2008 and 2017. Participants: The analytical sample includes 145,020 households with valid data on the nutritional status of women and children pairs (i.e. women of reproductive age; 15-49 years and children under-five years). Design: Logistic regression analyses were used to determine household correlates of household burden of malnutrition. Results: Anaemia was the most common form of household burden of malnutrition, affecting about 7 out of 10 households. Double and Triple burden of malnutrition though less common, was also found to be present in 8 and 5 percent of the households respectively. The age of the household head, location of the household, access to improved toilet facilities and household wealth status were found to be associated with various conditions of household burden of malnutrition. Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal that, both double and triple burden of malnutrition is of public health concern in SSA, thus nutrition and health interventions in SSA must not be skewed towards addressing undernutrition only, but also address overweight/obesity and anaemia.

We analyze the impacts of recent city minimum wage increases in California and nationwide, following a pre-analysis plan (PAP) registered prior to the release of data covering two years of minimum wage increases. For California cities we find a hint of negative employment effects. Nationally, we find some evidence of disemployment effects for teens, but not young adults or high school dropouts. City-specific analyses provide limited evidence of adverse effects on the share low-income, but the pooled city analysis does not; the national analysis generally finds no impact on the share low-income, with one exception that may reflect prior trends.

COVID-19 has had dramatic impacts on economic outcomes across the United States, yet most research on the pandemic’s labor-market impacts has had a national or urban focus. We overcome this limitation using data from the U.S. Current Population Survey’s COVID-19 supplement to study pandemic-related labor-force outcomes in rural and urban areas from May 2020 through February 2021. We find the pandemic has generally had more severe laborforce impacts on urban adults than their rural counterparts. Urban adults were more often to go unpaid for missed hours, to be unable to work, and to be unable to look for work due to COVID-19. However, rural workers were less likely to work remotely than urban workers. These differences persist even when adjusting for adults’ socioeconomic characteristics and state-level factors. Our results suggest that rural-urban differences in the nature of work during the pandemic cannot be explained by well-known demographic and political differences between rural and urban America.

Importance Tobacco companies have shifted their marketing and production to sub-Saharan African countries, which are in an early stage of the tobacco epidemic. Objective To estimate changes in the prevalence of current tobacco use and socioeconomic inequalities among male and female participants from 22 sub-Saharan African countries from 2003 to 2019. Design, Setting, and Participants Secondary data analyses were conducted of sequential Demographic and Health Surveys in 22 sub-Saharan African countries including male and female participants aged 15 to 49 years. The baseline surveys (2003-2011) and the most recent surveys (2011-2019) were pooled. Exposures Household wealth index and highest educational level were the markers of inequality. Main Outcomes and Measures Sex-specific absolute and relative changes in age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use in each country and absolute and relative measures of inequality using pooled data. Results The survey samples included 428 197 individuals (303 232 female participants [70.8%]; mean [SD] age, 28.6 [9.8] years) in the baseline surveys and 493 032 participants (348 490 female participants [70.7%]; mean [SD] age, 28.5 [9.4] years) in the most recent surveys. Both sexes were educated up to primary (35.7%) or secondary school (40.0%). The prevalence of current tobacco use among male participants ranged from 6.1% (95% CI, 5.2%-6.9%) in Ghana to 38.3% (95% CI, 35.8%-40.8%) in Lesotho in the baseline surveys and from 4.5% (95% CI, 3.7%-5.3%) in Ghana to 46.0% (95% CI, 43.2%-48.9%) in Lesotho during the most recent surveys. The decrease in prevalence ranged from 1.5% (Ghana) to 9.6% (Sierra Leone). The World Health Organization target of a 30% decrease in smoking was achieved among male participants in 8 countries: Rwanda, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Benin, Liberia, Tanzania, Burundi, and Cameroon. For female participants, the number of countries having a prevalence of smoking less than 1% increased from 9 in baseline surveys to 16 in the most recent surveys. The World Health Organization target of a 30% decrease in smoking was achieved among female participants in 15 countries: Cameroon, Namibia, Mozambique, Mali, Liberia, Nigeria, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Kenya, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Zambia. For both sexes, the prevalence of tobacco use and the decrease in prevalence of tobacco use were higher among less-educated individuals and individuals with low income. In both groups, the magnitude of inequalities consistently decreased, and its direction remained the same. Absolute inequalities were 3-fold higher among male participants, while relative inequalities were nearly 2-fold higher among female participants. Conclusions and Relevance Contrary to a projected increase, tobacco use decreased in most sub-Saharan African countries. Persisting socioeconomic inequalities warrant the stricter implementation of tobacco control measures to reach less-educated individuals and individuals with low income.

An extensive social scientific literature has documented the importance of schooling in preventing overweight and obesity among women. However, prior quasi-experimental studies investigating the causal effect of schooling on women's overweight and obesity have focused almost exclusively on high-income countries (HICs). Schooling effects may differ in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs), where information about the harms of being overweight is often sparse and where larger body sizes can be socially valued. Here I evaluate the causal impact of schooling on women's probability of being overweight or obese in an LMIC, Nigeria, using data from the 2003, 2008, and 2013 Demographic Health Surveys. In 1976, the Nigerian government abolished primary school fees and increased funding for primary school construction, creating quasi-random variation in access to primary school according to an individual's age and the number of newly constructed schools in their state of residence. I exploit both sources of variation and use a two-stage instrumental variables approach to estimate the effect of increased schooling on the probability of being overweight or obese. Each additional year of schooling increased the probability of being overweight or obese by 6%, but this effect estimate was not statistically different from zero. This finding differs from the protective effect of schooling documented in several HICs, suggesting that contextual factors play an important role calibrating the influence of additional schooling on overweight or obesity. Furthermore, my findings contrast markedly with the positive correlation between schooling and overweight/obesity identified in previous studies in Nigeria, suggesting that studies failing to account for selection bias overestimate the causal effect of schooling. More robust causal research is needed to examine the effect of schooling on overweight and obesity in LMIC contexts.