This paper studies the response of the housing market to immigration shocks. I find a positive association between immigrant flows and changes in rents in the United States’ Metropolitan Areas. Following Card’s (1990) approach, I examine the changes in rental prices in Miami and three comparison groups of cities after the 1980 Mariel boatlift. This exogenous immigration shock added an extra 9% to the renter population in the Miami area in one year. I find that differential real rental prices increased from 8-11% between 1979 and 1981. By 1983 the rent hike differential was still 7%. Higher quality units were not affected by the immigration shock. Units in predominantly low-income Spanishspeaking areas experienced an extra 6% differential hike with respect to other lowincome units in the Miami MSA. Relative housing prices moved in the opposite direction from rents in the short run.

Following up on his successful initial foray into helping students better understand the research results they encounter, author Theodore N. Greenstein has revised and updated his popular Methods of Family Research to benefit a new generation of students and researchers! The Second Edition of Methods of Family Research differs from other research methods texts in a significant way. While traditional texts focus on teaching students how to produce research, this text teaches how to consume research. Written in a clear, concise style, this book introduces the basic concepts of social science research methods without getting bogged down in technical details. The text covers traditional quantitative methods, qualitative methods, and the mixed-method approach, and uses real-life examples to address issues family researchers deal with every day.

A fundamental task in data analysis is understanding the differences between several contrasting groups. These groups can represent different classes of objects, such as male or female students, or the same group over time, e.g. freshman students in 1993 through 1998. We present the problem of mining contrast sets: conjunctions of attributes and values that differ meaningfully in their distribution across groups. We provide a search algorithm for mining contrast sets with pruning rules that drastically reduce the computational complexity. Once the contrast sets are found, we post-process the results to present a subset that are surprising to the user given what we have already shown. We explicitly control the probability of Type I error (false positives) and guarantee a maximum error rate for the entire analysis by using Bonferroni corrections.

The extent of economic gains by African Americans in the decades after slavery is in dispute. Using a newly constructed data set, compiled from the manuscript census schedules and other sources, we find that African Americans in the Mississippi Delta experienced substantial income gains between 1880 and 1910. These gains can be attributed partly to African Americans moving into higher paying occupations-in particular, moving from being farm laborers to being farm operators-and partly to an increase in the incomes received from given occupations, (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Residential segregation along ethnic and racial lines is a fact of life in the US and in many other countries. A substantial body of literature documents the economic and social costs of segregation. Ethnic sorting retards inter-generational improvements for relatively disadvantaged groups1, reduces empathetic connections between ethnic groups and therefore diminishes political support for redistribution (as in Cutler, Elmendorf and Zeckhauser (1993)) and increases statistical discrimination because whites, for example, end up relying more on stereotypes of blacks instead of actual experience (Wilson 1987).While we know a great deal about the outcomes of residential segregation on society the mechanism which gives rise to ghettos2 in the rst place is less clear. What features make a residential area in the city particularly susceptible to ethnic transition? Can we explain why transition occurred so rapidly in North American cities and gave rise to the core of the modern black ghettos between the years 1900 and 1920? Finally, why are ghettos such as the one on the south side of Chicago so persistent over time?...

In this paper we examine the internal migratory response, by native-born non-Hispanic white men and foreign-born men in the United States, to recent immigration. Our analysis does not support the claim that natives have made a migratory response to recent immigration. Native-born men and foreign-born men were less likely to leave states that received large numbers of immigrants in the 1980s than they were to leave other states, and native-born men had less propensity toward out-migration than did foreign-born men. Out-migration was most likely to be deterred if recent immigrants originated in Europe or Asia. Although native-born non-Hispanic white men showed a tendency toward out-migration if recent immigrants originated in Latin America or the Caribbean, this result was insignificant after we controlled for state economic and regional context.

Despite the revitalization of non-agricultural self-employment among men, and especially among women, since 1970, little research has examined sex differences in self-employment participation and outcomes using national longitudinal probability samples. In addition, even less research has examined how these sex differences vary by occupational status. Using IPUMS data from each census between 1940 and 1990, along with data from the 1979-1998 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this dissertation examines sex differences in the historical context of and trends in self-employment, factors that affect the likelihood of self-employment entrance, and earnings returns to self-employment. Analyses are run separately for non-professional and professional workers. Sex differences in the effects of human capital and labor supply, occupational and industrial sex segregation, job characteristics, family factors, and demographic characteristics on self-employment participation and earnings are explored. General theories of self-employment participation, based on the experiences of men, are tested to see if they can explain womens self-employment experiences as well. These theories include three versions of the disadvantaged worker theorythat workers with fewer employable skills, workers in bad jobs, and workers that face employer discrimination will turn to and benefit from self-employment. Two gendered theories that take womens structural position in the economy and the family are also examined. These theories argue that women whose family responsibilities conflict with work obligations and highly skilled women who are trying to circumvent employer discrimination will turn to and benefit from self-employment. Findings show support for the gender-neutral discouraged worker and the gendered work and family conflict theories. Workers in bad jobs are more likely to become self-employed, as are married women and mothers. Less support is found for the glass ceiling breaker theory. Female childless professionals are the only group of women who benefit equally from self-employment, compared with men. All other women face earnings penalties for being self-employed. However, the benefits of self-employment, such as lower child care costs, greater flexibility in work schedules, and control over the intensity of work may compensate for the self-employment penalty mothers incur.

1. The salary paid to a worker is one of the most important criteria intended by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) to determine whether an employee is an executive, administrative, or professional (EAP) worker who should be exempt from overtime and minimum wage protections. Yet, the salary tests used to determine exemptions have not been changed in the last 25 years. During that period, price levels, as well as wage levels, have more than tripled.2. Indexing the salary tests to inflation would mean that two million workers would no longer earn enough money to qualify for exemption. Further, five million additional workers who currently are exempt using the 'short' duties test would no longer qualify for the 'short' duties test, but would instead be governed by a stricter 'long' duties test. An unknown number of these workers will not meet the stricter test. Consequently, the number of newly protected workers could range from two million to seven million. 3. Analysis of major industry occupation employment trends and 'New Economy' jobs indicates that the distinctions between EAP exempt and non-exempt workers originally intended under the FLSA are still relevant today.

Sociologists have a long tradition of studying the effects of differentials in indicators of socioeconomic status by race. In fact, since Duncans classic study on poverty, differences on such indicators have often been considered a measure of the cost of being black. This paper employs the new paradigm in the study of population, Critical Demography, to develop a measure of racism based upon estimates of the differentials in wealth, status and power. Specifically, the study asks three questions: (1) How is racism measured relative to wealth, status and power in the United States? (2) Based upon this measure, how has racism changed over time? and (3) What are the theoretical implications of this measure for the study of race and ethnicity in sociology, demography and the social sciences in general? The findings provide evidence of Mertonian serendipity: once macro-level measures of racism are controlled, blacks actually exceed whites in levels of education, income and housing values. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of measuring racism from a Critical Demography perspective.

The value of federal income-tax deductions, such as the home mortgage interest deduction (MID), varies across geographic regions. Taxpayers in regions with relatively high incomes, state and local income taxes, and housing costs are more likely to utilize deductions; that is, they are more likely to itemize, more likely to have a larger deduction conditional on itemizing, and more likely to get a larger tax benefit from their deductions. To the extent utilization of the MID varies across regions, any income-tax change that alters the MID may have effects that vary spatially. This paper uses 1995 tax data to investigate the extent to which the current mortgage deduction is utilized, and how the utilization differs across regions. We show that there are substantial regional differences in utilization of the MID. For example, only 21 percent of taxpayers itemize in the West South Central division, while 38 percent itemize in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions. Conditional on claiming a MID, the average size of the MID ranges from $5,700 in the West North Central division to $10,000 in the Pacific division, and the average tax savings associated with the MID range from $1,100 in the East South Central division to $2,100 in the Pacific division. Differences in utilization are related to differences in income, the level of house prices, the rate and form of state and local taxation, and demographic differences that affect homeownership and the amount of mortgage debt. About 40 percent of the explained regional variation in itemization is due to regional differences in house prices, and another 20 percent is due to differences in state and local income and property taxes. About two-thirds of the explained regional variation in the average size of the MID is due to regional differences in housing prices and state and local income and property taxes.

This paper argues that two commonly-used discretization approaches, fixed k-interval discretization and entropy-based discretization have sub-optimal characteristics for naive-Bayes classification. This analysis leads to a new discretization method, Proportional k-Interval Discretization (PKID), which adjusts the number and size of discretized intervals to the number of training instances, thus seeks an appropriate trade-off between the bias and variance of the probability estimation for naive-Bayes classifiers. We justify PKID in theory, as well as test it on a wide cross-section of datasets. Our experimental results suggest that in comparison to its alternatives, PKID provides naive-Bayes classifiers competitive classification performance for smaller datasets and better classification performance for larger datasets.

Las migraciones internacionales jugaron un papel central en la integración de las economías de ambos lados del Atlántico hasta la primera guerra mundial, y entre los países del Norte y del Sur a partir de la segunda. A lo largo de estos períodos, el desplazamiento de la mano de obra fue de la mano de los movimientos del capital. Actualmente, la migración parece 1 presentar una relación paradójica con la globalización económica. Por una parte, las políticas migratorias y económicas asociadas con la globalización apuntan explícita o implícitamente a prevenir más que a facilitar la movilidad humana; y por otra, los mecanismos de mercado que estas políticas buscan reforzar suelen tener efectos múltiples, algunos que incrementan y otros que atenúan los flujos migratorios. Este artículo ofrece dos lecturas de esta evolución reciente y paradójica. Primero, examina las estadísticas sobre los flujos y los stocks de migrantes desde 1965 para analizar la variación de la distribución geográfica mundial de esta movilidad. Este análisis muestra que varias de las afirmaciones corrientes sobre la globalización de la migración internacional son incorrectas. La segunda discute las posibles razones que podrían explicar esta aparente excepción al proceso de globalización, centrándose en dos hipótesis: el período de observación resulta demasiado corto para que los factores demográficos, económicos y políticos hayan producido cabalmente sus efectos, o los diversos y a veces contradictorios efectos de interacción entre la migración y la mundialización no permiten establecer una tendencia indiscutible.

El semanario mexicano El Cosmopolita, que se publicara en Kansas City durante la década de 1910, es un magnífico ejemplo de la producción periodística mexicana en Estados Unidos y una fuente inagotable de información para los investigadores interesados en el tema de la migración México- Estados Unidos. El artículo se propone hacer un análisis de la publicación, su orientación política, en un momento clave de la vida nacional y las pistas que ofrece para entender y conocer a la comunidad mexicana de Kansas City, que jugara un papel preponderante como centro redistribuidor de la mano de obra mexicana en Estados Unidos. The Mexican weekly newspaper EI Cosmopolita was published in Kansas City in the 1910's. It is a magnificent example of Mexican journalistic production in the United States as well as an inexhaustible source of information for researchers interested in Mexico-United States migration themes. This article aims to do an analysis on the publication, its political orientation, on a key moment in national life, and the clues offered to know and understand Kansas City Mexican community, which played a preponderant role as a re-distributor center for the Mexican work force in the United States.

This collection of original essays draws on a variety of theoretical perspectives, methodologies, and empirical data to explore the effects of West Indian migration and to develop analytic frameworks to examine it.