Unemployment haunted nineteenth and early twentieth-century workers. Moreeven than low pay, irregular work scarred the lives of working men and women and wasa source of constant anxiety and periodic hardship. Seasonal work, business cycles, andfluctuations in the prosperity of individual firms all meant that workers frequently foundthemselves without employment. The loss of work was serious because very few earnedenough to tide themselves and their families over periods of unemployment withoutserious deprivation, unless supplemental earnings from wives, children, or another jobboosted household earnings. Steady work, therefore, separated the lucky workers fromthe rest, and unemployment composed one of the key elements in structures of inequality.It is also one of the only dimensions of inequality measurable with the 1910 U. S.census

Recent findings show that black southern-born migrants to the north exhibit greater family stability than northern natives do. However, this 'migrant advantage' remains to be explained. Using data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, this study investigates the extent to which it can be explained by selective migration. Findings reveal that migrants of all kinds, regardless of their origins or destinations, are more family-stable than are nonmigrants. Furthermore, selective migration of this sort explains much of the southern migrants' advantage with respect to family stability. Findings also suggest that the residual southern migrant advantage left unexplained by selective migration is unlikely to have resulted from any cultural differences between the north and the south.

The extraordinary unemployment rates of black women during the Great Depression caused a sizeable number to leave the labor farce as "discouraged workers." Consequently, while married white women entered the labor force in increasing numbers, the participation rate of married black women stagnated. The higher unemployment of black women was not primarily a function of their occupational or industrial distribution, but reflected unequal treatment within markets. This article adds support to the view of black economic progress as episodic in nature, with the Depression as a period of relative retrenchment for African Americans. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Since One Kind of Freedom was published in 1977 there have been enormous advances in computer technology and statistical software, and an impressive expansion of microlevel historical data sets. In this essay we "reconsider" our earlier findings on the consequences of emancipation in terms of what might be accomplished using the new technology, methods, and data. We employ the entire sample of 11.202 farms collected for the Southern Economic History Project, not the subsample used to prepare One Kind of Freedom. We revisit the question of declining production of foodstuffs, examining the data this time on a farm-by-farm basis. We conclude that 30% of farms in the cotton regions were "locked-in" to cotton production and another 16% were producing too much food in an effort to avoid the trap of debt peonage. Using probit methods to control for the effects of age, farm size, literacy, family workers, and willingness to assume risk, we find that race accounts for two-thirds of the gap between black and white ownership of farms. Comparing sharecropping and renting, we find that race was much less of a factor in tenure choice. We note that these efforts only scratch the surface of what remains to be done. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

The demand for female labor is a central explanatory component of macrostructural theories of gender stratification. This study analyzes how the structural demand for female labor affects gender differences in labor force participation. The authors develop a measure of the gendered demand for labor by indexing the degree to which the occupational structure is skewed toward usually male or female occupations. Using census data from 1910 through 1990 and National Longitudinal Sample of Youth (NLSY) data from 261 contemporary U.S. labor markets, the authors show that the gender difference in labor force participation covaries across time and space with this measure of the demand for female labor.

Conventional interpretations explain the prevalence of female-headed families among nineteenth-century Irish immigrants in the United States as a sign of social failure attributable to Irish men high mortality rates and propensity to desert their wives. This article argues that women's different maternal strategies and styles of mothering better explain ethnic patterns of female family headship. This exploration of the Irish pattern points to broader generalizations about all women's lives during the Gilded Age. This study challenges two common assumptions about Victorian social realities: that there was a simple and direct relationship between marital disruption and female headship of families, and that female-headed families betokened social failure.

One Kind of Freedom examines the economic institutions that replaced slavery and the conditions under which ex-slaves were allowed to enter the economic life of the United States following the Civil War. The authors contend that although the kind of freedom permitted to black Americans allowed substantial increases in their economic welfare, it effectively curtailed further black advancement and retarded Southern economic development. The new edition of this economic history classic includes a new introduction by the authors, an extensive bibliography of works in Southern history published since the appearance of the first edition, and revised findings based on newly available data and statistical techniques

The extraordinary unemployment rates of black women during the Great Depression caused a sizeable number to leave the labor farce as "discouraged workers." Consequently, while married white women entered the labor force in increasing numbers, the participation rate of married black women stagnated. The higher unemployment of black women was not primarily a function of their occupational or industrial distribution, but reflected unequal treatment within markets. This article adds support to the view of black economic progress as episodic in nature, with the Depression as a period of relative retrenchment for African Americans. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Workers in cities earn 33% more than their nonurban counterparts. A large amount of evidence suggests that this premium is not just the result of higher ability workers living in cities, which means that cities make workers more productive. Evidence on migrants and the cross effect between urban status and experience implies that a significant fraction of the urban wage premium accrues to workers over time and stays with them when they leave cities. Therefore, a portion of the urban wage premium is a wage growth, not a wage level, effect. This evidence suggests that cities speed the accumulation of human capital.

First, you are in the minority.Second, you have always been in the minority.In a special supplement to the 2000 Census, the bureau reported earlier this month that only 46 percent of people living in Oregon were born here...

The increase in the proportion of children living in female-headed families implies that men's likelihood of living with their children has declined. However, this may understate men's coresidence with children, as many female family heads live with other men, either with their fathers or in cohabiting relationships. Many of the absent fathers of these children live with children, their younger siblings or with stepchildren. Sex differences in living with children may not have increased as much as have femaleheaded families. In this paper, we examine patterns of coresidence with children under age 15 over the period 1880 to 1990 in the U.S., using the Integrated Public Use Samples (IPUMS) of the U.S. Census. We distinguish between "own children" and other children, and compare men and women. We examine the extent to which men and women's living with children is a function of age, marital status, education, and farm residence. Our results are as follows: (1) Recent declines in male coresidential parenthood are simply extensions of the trend from 1880 onwards, rather than any new crisis in family life; (2) The long-term historical decline in parenting is quite similar for both men and women, with only a slight divergence towards fewer men engaged in coresidential parenting of an own child; (3) Coresidential parenting of children other than own children is somewhat higher among males, although differences were larger prior to 1950; and (4) The historical declines in fatherhood are associated with increasing non-farm residence and proportions unmarried. Fatherhood nevertheless continues to occupy a central, but more compact, role in the lives of American men.

The articles in this issue are the work of members of the Canadian Families Project (CFP), a collaborative project funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.1 Although six articles cannot reflect the full range of the research being carried out by a team of fourteen scholars, they reveal something of the scope and diversity of our multifaceted and interdisciplinary approach to the history of families and households in Canada. We began in 1996 with a shared belief that the historical study of family in Canada required new empirical foundations, a more concentrated application of methods already applied by historians in other countries, and a team effort. We began with a shared interest in seeing what would happen when different disciplines—history, geography, sociology, anthropology—were brought to bear upon shared sources, a single geopolitical space, and the same time period (the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries). We shared an interest in breaking down barriers between cultural historians who used textual sources, social scientists who applied quantitative methods to routinely generated information, and historical geographers who mapped the spatial contours of family and household. We shared a belief that the impressive Canadian work on family and household could be better connected to the international scholarly literature in the field.2 Many of us shared an interest in informing public debates on family at a time when politicians and pundits often appeal to the past, invoking family forms and family values alleged to be traditional. Much of the project’s intellectual energy has focused on a shared database: we began by creating a national sample of individuals and households from the census enumeration of 1901.3 A national sample would afford a new perspective on regional patterns within Canada and allow comparisons with wider North American patterns. Before the CFP created its sample of the 1901 census . . .

This project investigates whether the rise in income inequality over the last three decades can be explained in part by the growth of corporate restructuring. Internal job ladders within firms may have been weakened by changes such as the growth of out-sourcing of employment, privatization of public sector work, the de-regulation of service industries, mergers, and a shift in the balance of power towards shareholders and away from managers. The research will test the importance of these restructuring changes by comparing changes in earnings inequality across 115 cities between 1970 and 2000 using decennial Census data. Changes in corporate restructuring (e.g., increases in subcontracting industries) are expected to be correlated with increases in wage inequality across the four panels.

With the acceptance of processable metadata and the exploding growth of todayʼs online data storage capacity, current stateless, largely context-free http- or cgidriven extraction interfaces are quickly proving inadequate for traversing the vast amounts of online social science information. This paper explores ways of taking advantage of the latest technology for the discovery and access to ever-growing amounts of social science data as they are explored for the development of the NHGIS project at the Minnesota Population Center at the University of Minnesota.

The report provides estimates and projections of renter housing demand and supply in Florida's 67 counties.

Microsoft Data Mining approaches data mining from the particular perspective of IT professionals using Microsoft data management technologies. The author explains the new data mining capabilities in Microsoft's SQL Server 2000 database, Commerce Server, and other products, details the Microsoft OLE DB for Data Mining standard, and gives readers best practices for using all of them. The book bridges the previously specialized field of data mining with the new technologies and methods that are quickly making it an important mainstream tool for companies of all sizes.Data mining refers to a set of technologies and techniques by which IT professionals search large databases of information (such as those contained by SQL Server) for patterns and trends. Traditionally important in finance, telecommunication, and other information-intensive fields, data mining increasingly helps companies better understand and serve their customers by revealing buying patterns and related interests. It is becoming a foundation for e-commerce and knowledge management.Unique book on a hot data management topic Part of Digital Press's SQL Server and data mining clusters Author is an expert on both traditional and Microsoft data mining technologies

Although average income per head was far lower in Canada than in the US in the late nineteenth century, Canada attracted large numbers of immigrants from the UK. Approximately 30% of male anglophone workers in large Canadian cities in 1901 had been born in the UK. Using individual-level data from the US Census of 1900 and the Canadian Census of 1901, this paper shows that average annual real earnings by occupation group in Canadian cities were only 10-15 per cent lower than in the US. UK immigrants worked in broadly the same kinds of occupations in the two countries, suggesting that the US did not attract only the highly skilled immigrants. Minor differences in tastes, attitudes, and information are sufficient to explain why many UK immigrants chose to live in Canada.

Children live in a variety of family arrangements, some of which are complex, as a consequence of the marriage, divorce, and remarriage patterns of their parents. In addition, one-third of children today are born out-of-wedlock and may grow-up in single-parent families or spend significant portions of their lives with other relatives or stepparents. This report examines the diversity of childrens living arrangements in American households. The data are from the household relationship module of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), collected in the fall of 1996,and update a 1994 study that presented estimates from the 1991 SIPP panel of the number of children growing up in various family situations.1As in the earlier survey, detailed information was obtained on each persons relationship to every other person in the household, permit-ting the identification of many types of relatives, and parent-child and sibling relation-ships. This report describes family situations beyond the traditional nuclear family of parents and their children and includes discussions of extended family households with relatives and non relatives who may contribute substantially to a childs development and to the households economic well-being.