Easing immigration restrictions for the highly skilled in developed countries portend a future of increased human capital outflows from developing countries. The myriad consequences of these developments for developing countries include the direct loss of the fiscal contributions of these highly skilled individuals. This paper analyzes the fiscal impact of this loss of talent for a developing country by examining human capital flows from India to the U.S. The escalation of the emigration of highly skilled professionals from India to the U.S is examined by surveying evidence on the changing nature of the Indian-born in the U.S. during the 1990s. The loss of talent to India during the 1990s was dramatic and highly concentrated amongst the prime-age work force, the highly educated and high earners. In order to estimate the fiscal losses associated with these emigrants, this paper first estimates what these emigrants would have earned in India, and then integrates the resulting counterfactual distributions with details of the Indian fiscal system to estimate fiscal impacts. Two distinct methods to estimate the counterfactual earnings distributions are implemented: a translation of actual U.S. incomes in purchasing power parity terms and an income simulation based on a jointly estimated model of Indian earnings and participation in the workforce. The PPP methods indicate that the foregone income tax revenues associated with the Indian-born residents of the U.S. comprise one-third of current Indian individual income tax receipts. Depending on the method for estimating expenditures saved by the absence of these emigrants, the net fiscal loss associated with the U.S. Indian-born resident population ranges from 0.24% to 0.58% of Indian GDP in 2001.

This dissertation is based on an ethnographic study of Afro-Caribbean immigrant women who do nursing work in New York City. The study examines women's personal experiences and subjective understandings of nursing work in the U.S. It also explores the meaning of immigration and work in everyday life for these immigrant women.Overall, the study supports the notion that narrative identities are themselves strategies of negotiation, and involve creating an identity that is more or less congruent with the current social situation. The salience and persistence of particular narrative identities suggest that they are social practices that Afro-Caribbean immigrant women regularly enact, and which are taken-for-granted features of women's lives.

This paper explores the reasons why internal migration rates differ so significantly between the children of immigrants and of native born migrants in the United States between 1880 and 1940 . Social structures place differential constraints on individuals depending on personal characteristics, such as position in the life cycle, socio-economic status, kinship patterns, and minority or ethnic group participation. Different stages of family development also have been found to influence migration. It follows, then, that family composition differences between immigrants and the native born would also contribute to differences in internal migration rates in their native-born children. Using census microdata samples from the IPUMS, this paper describes differences in family structure among the adult children of native born and immigrant parents and then incorporates these family composition variables in a logistic regression analysis to test their effect on the migratory behavior of the adult children of the three groups. Significant differences were found among the three groups on family composition measures but between-group differences showed the opposite effect: For three of the family composition variables the differences between non-migrant and migrant mother groups was relatively small while the difference between them and the immigrant mother group was strikingly large. This suggests significant differences in the family composition between the children of immigrants and the children of native born. The children of immigrant mothers had larger family sizes overall but fewer extended kin when own children, parents and siblings are excluded. When measuring differences in family characteristics, the between-group differences based on own migration behavior are greater than within-group differences on maternal migration history. Within-group differences by maternal migration history on family composition characteristics are smaller for migrants than for non-migrants.

This paper presents new evidence on how state tax policies affect the migration behavior and reported estates of very high-income and high-wealth individuals. We utilize data on federal estate tax return filings by state spanning a period of 33 years, together with Census data on the concentration of high-income people by state at younger ages, and take advantage of the natural experiments created by variation in tax rates across states and time. In the cross-section, we find that inheritance, estate, sales, and income taxes all had significant negative influences on the number of federal estate tax returns filed in a state, after controlling for the state's population of younger high-income people, its overall number of deaths, and other factors. This seems to support the notion that high income people tended to move to states with tax systems that were more favorable to them as they grew older. When we control for state-specific fixed-effects, the impact of inheritance and estate taxes on the migration decisions of the wealthy elderly remains robust, but the effects of other taxes become inconclusive. We also find in the cross section an interesting pattern of relationships between different types of state taxes and the average size of gross estate reported in a state, as well as with the number of high income younger people living in the state. But in both of these cases, estimates of the tax effects tend to become smaller when we control for state fixed-effects, and the standard errors are such that we can no longer be confident of the magnitude or direction of the effects. Finally, aggregate gross estates reported in each state, which should depend on some combination of migration, savings behavior, and various tax avoidance activities, are found to be highly elastic with respect to state inheritance and estate tax rates.

Southern blacks and whites began moving to northern and western cities in large numbers during the second decade of the twentieth century. City-level and ward-level data for 103 northern and western cities are used, along with the 1920 Public Use Microdata Sample, to investigate variation in neighborhood characteristics by race and migration history in 1920. The results of multi-level analyses reveal sharp differences between blacks and whites in the racial composition and quality of residential neighborhoods, even after controlling for a variety of sociodemographic characteristics. Regional origin also affects neighborhood outcomes, primarily because of the racial differences in the urban locations of southern migrants. Black migrants experienced a relative residential disadvantage because of their greater concentration in cities that constrained their residential opportunities. In contrast, white migrants selected destinations that enhanced their locational attainment. These findings highlight the importance of the larger social and economic context in the structuring of group differences in residential outcomes and point to the need for additional research into the selection of destinations by the participants in the Great Migration.

There are many deterministic algorithms that perform the task of finding frequent itemsets in a database. All of them depend somehow on the size of the database, and when this size increases, the computational cost of the algorithms becomes higher. Sampling strategies are a way to overcome this problem. The classical probabilistic approaches for finding frequent sets have been using Chernoff bounds and equivalents to calculate the size of the sample although the result always overestimates. One of the proposed alternatives is online sampling, which adaptatively calculates the size of the sample for each itemset. But this technique has been proved difficult to implement using the current algorithmic schemes for finding frequent itemsets. In this paper we present different implementations of the online scheme using our previous best-first proposal, which meets the requirements needed by online sampling. We compare these proposals with the batch one. Our final approach shows a stable behaviour in several different situations.

Puerto Ricans maintain a vibrant identity that bridges two very different places--the island of Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland. Whether they live on the island, in the States, or divide time between the two, most imagine Puerto Rico as a separate nation and view themselves primarily as Puerto Rican. At the same time, Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917, and Puerto Rico has been a U.S. commonwealth since 1952. Jorge Duany uses previously untapped primary sources to bring new insights to questions of Puerto Rican identity, nationalism, and migration. Drawing a distinction between political and cultural nationalism, Duany argues that the Puerto Rican "nation" must be understood as a new kind of translocal entity with deep cultural continuities. He documents a strong sharing of culture between island and mainland, with diasporic communities tightly linked to island life by a steady circular migration. Duany explores the Puerto Rican sense of nationhood by looking at cultural representations produced by Puerto Ricans and considering how others--American anthropologists, photographers, and museum curators, for example--have represented the nation. His sources of information include ethnographic fieldwork, archival research, interviews, surveys, censuses, newspaper articles, personal documents, and literary texts.

Digital collections of social science data have existed since the early years of computing. Data archives and data libraries, created by government agencies and academic institutions, have flourished since the mid-1970s. These repositories have provided preservation and access to ever-growing digital collections of social science data. Highly specialized requirements for both maintaining and using social science data collections fostered a specialized network of repositories and providers. These organizations coordinated their activities to assist researchers in identifying, acquiring, and understanding such digital information.

The World Wide Web has undergone remarkable expansion of late and this growth poses challenges to all historians. In an article published recently in the Journal of American History, Roy Rosenzweig offered a variety of measures of that growth: the Online Computer Library Center, for instance, reported a ? vefold increase in unique web sites between 1997 and 2000, estimating some 7.1 million sites in October 2000; the Search engine Google indexed some 1.3 billion web pages, a ? gure that now exceeds 1.6 billion as this article is being written (NovemberDecember 2001); and searchable databases on the World Wide Web, not accessible to conventional search engines, by some estimates total 550 billion web pages.1 As historians we are all used to some version of the information explosion, but this is really too much! What sense can labor historians make of the vast new resources now accessible on the World Wide Web, and how can we best draw on these resources for our research and teaching? It is dif? cult to climb up on a moving train, but climb on this express we must. And while no one can claim to keep up with the rapidly changing state of the World Wide Web, it is important to take stock of some of the more important resources available on the Web and to consider strategies for keeping abreast of this information explosion.

Explored whether females of various racial groups experienced different returns on their investment into human and social capital as measured by home ownership. U.S. Census data indicated that based on a race-class-gender analysis of home ownership, there were a wealth of inequalities between and within female racial groups. Nonwhites were less likely to own homes than whites. (SM)

This report reviews relevant research literature published between the late 1970s and the early 21st century about the reproductive health of African-American adolescents. The objectives of this literature review were to seek possible explanations for recent changes, to determine gaps in knowledge on this important topic, and to suggest the need for further inquiry.

We explore four components of American religious diversity in the twentieth century: (1) denominational diversity, (2) compositional diversity, (3) diversity of practice, and (4) tolerance. Denominational diversity declined as Protestant domination of the religious landscape gave way to, first, Judeo-Christian America, then, more recently, to a fuller array of religious affiliation (including 14 percent who now prefer no religion). Compositional diversity has actually decreased as the ethnic and class composition of groups has diversified. Data on practice (other than the frequency of it) is scarce, but the available evidence indicates that practice has become more standardized over time with the Christian form of a regularly scheduled service presided over by a professional clergy person who gives a speech is becoming widespread even in traditions that do not traditionally feature that form of religious practice. Finally, religious tolerance has substantially increased over time.

This guide is intended for historians who want to use Geographical Information Systems (GIS). It describes how to create GIS databases and how to use GIS to perform historical research. Its aims are to: Define GIS and outline how it can be used in historical research Evaluate the way GIS models the world Describe how to get data into a GIS Demonstrate the basic operations that GIS offers to explore a database Review how time is handled in GIS Explain how GIS can be used for simple mapping and more advanced forms of visualisation Discuss quantitative data analysis within GIS Illustrate the use of GIS for qualitative analysisThe book provides a broad sweep of GIS knowledge relevant to historians without assuming prior knowledge. It includes case studies from a variety of historical projects that have used GIS and an extensive reading list of GIS texts relevant to historians

Chinese immigration to the United States is in fact a dual migration in which poor migrants from Mainland China, in accordance with standard migration theory, come to the United States to improve their economic standing. Immigrants from Hong Kong and Taiwan, more affluent and better educated, come to the United States for a complex of interrelated political and cultural reasons. The two streams of migration cross paths in Metropolitan New York City where, on the one hand, most poor immigrants from Mainland China settle in Chinatown or along the subway line across the East River in Brooklyn. The bulk of affluent immigrants from Taiwan and Hong Kong, along with better educated Mainlanders, settle among diverse ethnic groups throughout the metropolitan area. Chinese communities beyond Manhattans Chinatown including the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, Flushing in Queens, and a loose collection of suburbs in northern New Jersey centered around the township of Edison. These populations have shown greater growth over the past decade than Chinatown itself. The Chinese immigrant community in Metropolitan New York City is restructuring in a more dispersed, diverse ethnic landscape.